---
title: "The Histories · Ἱστορίαι"
author: "Polybius"
translator: "Evelyn S. Shuckburgh"
languages: [grc, en]
shelf: "Classical Greek"
section: 51 of 103
url: https://scriptura.si/works/polybius-histories/51/
cite: "Polybius, tr. Evelyn S. Shuckburgh, The Histories · Ἱστορίαι, section 51. Scriptura (scriptura.si), https://scriptura.si/works/polybius-histories/51/"
---

# The Histories · Ἱστορίαι

*Polybius, tr. Evelyn S. Shuckburgh*

How did Rome conquer the known world in under fifty-three years? A Greek hostage who became Scipio’s friend explains, with the Punic Wars, Hannibal, the Roman constitution and the fall of Carthage.

> Greek: ed. Theodor Büttner-Wobst, from the Perseus Digital Library (canonical-greekLit, tlg0543.tlg001, CC BY-SA 4.0).

> English: Evelyn S. Shuckburgh, from the Perseus Digital Library (tlg0543.tlg001.perseus-eng2). Notes are not included.

> Rows follow the references the two texts share (books, chapters and sections), cut where both reach the end of a sentence.

## 51. Book IX · chapters 30–44

Source: https://scriptura.si/works/polybius-histories/51/ · cite a paragraph as https://scriptura.si/works/polybius-histories/51/#p-N

[¶0] 30. “Again, what need to speak more on the wickedness of Philip? For of his impiety towards the gods his outrages on the temples at Thermus are a sufficient proof; and of his cruelty towards man, his perfidy and treachery to the Messenians.” “So much for the past. But as to the present resolution before you, it is in a way necessary to draft it, and vote on it, as though you were deciding on war, and yet in real truth not to regard it as a war. For it is impossible for the Achaeans, beaten as they are, to damage your territory: but I imagine that they will be only too thankful to heaven if they can but protect their own, when they find themselves surrounded by war with Eleans and Messenians as allied to us, and with ourselves at the same time. And Philip, I am persuaded, will soon desist from his attack, when involved in a war by land with Aetolians, and by sea with Rome and King Attalus. The future may be easily conjectured from the past. For if he always failed to subdue Aetolians when they were his only enemies, can we conceive that he will be able to support the war if all these combine?”

> Greek: 30. περί γε μὴν τῆς Φιλίππου παρανομίας τίς χρεία πλείω λέγειν; τῆς μὲν γὰρ εἰς τὸ θεῖον ἀσεβείας ἱκανὸν ὑπόδειγμʼ αἱ περὶ τοὺς ἐν Θέρμῳ ναοὺς ὕβρεις, τῆς δʼ εἰς τοὺς ἀνθρώπους ὠμότητος ἡ περὶ τοὺς Μεσσηνίους ἀθεσία καὶ παρασπόνδησις … Αἰτωλοὶ γὰρ μόνοι μὲν τῶν Ἑλλήνων ἀντωφθάλμησαν πρὸς Ἀντίπατρον ὑπὲρ τῆς τῶν ἀδίκως ἀκληρούντων ἀσφαλείας, μόνοι δὲ πρὸς τὴν Βρέννου καὶ τῶν ἅμα τούτῳ βαρβάρων ἔφοδον ἀντέστησαν, μόνοι δὲ καλούμενοι συνηγωνίζοντο, βουλόμενοι τὴν πάτριον ἡγεμονίαν τῶν Ἑλλήνων ὑμῖν συγκατασκευάζειν. ταῦτα μὲν οὖν ἡμῖν ἐπὶ τοσοῦτον εἰρήσθω. περὶ δὲ τοῦ νῦν ἐνεστῶτος διαβουλίου γράφειν μὲν καὶ χειροτονεῖν ἀναγκαῖόν πώς ἐστιν ὡς περὶ πολέμου βουλευομένοις, τῇ μέντοι γʼ ἀληθείᾳ μὴ νομίζειν τοῦτον εἶναι πόλεμον. Ἀχαιοὺς μὲν γὰρ οὐχ οἷον διανοησομένους βλάπτειν ὑμῶν τὴν χώραν, μεγάλην δὲ χάριν ἕξειν αὐτοὺς ὑπολαμβάνω τοῖς θεοῖς, ἐὰν δύνωνται τὴν ἰδίαν τηρεῖν, ἐπειδὰν αὐτοῖς ὁ πόλεμος ὑπʼ Ἠλείων καὶ Μεσσηνίων διὰ τὴν πρὸς ἡμᾶς συμμαχίαν, ἅμα δὲ τούτοις ὑφʼ ἡμῶν περισταθῇ. Φίλιππον δὲ πάντως πέπεισμαι λήξειν τῆς ὁρμῆς κατὰ μὲν γῆν ὑπʼ Αἰτωλῶν πολεμούμενον, κατὰ δὲ θάλατταν ὑπό τε Ῥωμαίων καὶ τοῦ βασιλέως Ἀττάλου. λίαν δʼ εὐμαρῶς ἔστι συλλογίσασθαι τὸ μέλλον ἐκ τῶν ἤδη γεγονότων. εἰ γὰρ πρὸς μόνους Αἰτωλοὺς πολεμῶν μηδέποτε δυνατὸς ἦν χειρώσασθαι τούτους, ἦ που συμβεβηκότων ἀξιόχρεως ἂν εἴη πρὸς τὸν ἐνεστῶτα πόλεμον;

[¶1] 31. “I have said thus much with the deliberate purpose of showing you that you are not hampered by previous engagements, but are entirely free in your deliberations as to which you ought to join—Aetolians or Macedonians. If you are under an earlier engagement, and have already made up your minds on these points, what room is there for further argument? For if you had made the alliance now existing between yourselves and us, previous to the good services done you by Antigonus, there might perhaps have been some reason for questioning whether it were right to neglect an old treaty in gratitude for recent favours. But since it was subsequent to this much vaunted freedom and security given you by Antigonus, and with which they are perpetually taunting you, that, after deliberation and frequent consideration as to which of the two you ought to join, you decided to combine with us Aetolians; and have actually exchanged pledges of fidelity with us, and have fought by our side in the late war against Macedonia, how can any one entertain a doubt on the subject any longer? For the obligations of kindness between you and Antigonus and Philip were cancelled then. It now remains for you to point out some subsequent wrong done you by Aetolians, or subsequent favour by Macedonians: or if neither of these exist, on what grounds are you now, at the instance of the very men to whom you justly refused to listen formerly, when no obligation existed, about to undo treaties and oaths—the strongest bonds of fidelity existing among mankind.” Such was the conclusion of what was considered a very cogent speech by Chlaeneas.

> Greek: 31. ταῦτα μὲν οὖν εἰρήσθω μοι κατὰ τὴν ἐξ ἀρχῆς πρόθεσιν χάριν τοῦ γνῶναι πάντας ὑμᾶς διότι καὶ μὴ προεισδεδεμένους, ἀλλʼ ἐξ ἀκεραίου βουλευομένους, μᾶλλον Αἰτωλοῖς ἡμᾶς ἢ Μακεδόσιν ἐχρῆν συμμαχεῖν. εἰ δὲ καὶ προκατέχεσθε καὶ προδιειλήφατε περὶ τούτων, τίς ἔτι καταλείπεται λόγος; εἰ γὰρ συνέθεσθε τὴν νῦν ὑπάρχουσαν ὑμῖν πρὸς ἡμᾶς συμμαχίαν πρότερον τῶν ὑπʼ Ἀντιγόνου γεγονότων εἰς ὑμᾶς εὐεργετημάτων, ἴσως ἦν εἰκὸς διαπορεῖν, εἰ δέον ἐστί, τοῖς ἐπιγεγονόσιν εἴκοντας παριδεῖν τι τῶν πρότερον ὑπαρχόντων. ἐπεὶ δὲ συντετελεσμένης ὑπʼ Ἀντιγόνου τῆς πολυθρυλήτου ταύτης ἐλευθερίας καὶ σωτηρίας, ἣν οὗτοι παρʼ ἕκαστον ὑμῖν ὀνειδίζουσι, μετὰ δὲ ταῦτα βουλευόμενοι καὶ πολλάκις ἑαυτοῖς δόντες λόγον, ποτέροις ὑμᾶς δεῖ κοινωνεῖν πραγμάτων, Αἰτωλοῖς ἢ Μακεδόσιν, εἵλεσθε μετέχειν Αἰτωλοῖς, οἷς ἐδώκατε περὶ τούτων πίστεις καὶ κατελάβετε παρʼ ἡμῶν, καὶ συμπεπολεμήκατε τὸν πρῴην συστάντα πόλεμον ἡμῖν πρὸς Μακεδόνας, τίς ἔτι δύναται περὶ τούτων εἰκότως ἐπαπορεῖν; τὰ μὲν γὰρ πρὸς Ἀντίγονον καὶ Φίλιππον ὑμῖν ὑπάρχοντα φιλάνθρωπα παρεγράφη τότε. λοιπὸν ἢ διʼ Αἰτωλῶν ἀδίκημά τι δεῖ μετὰ ταῦτα γεγονὸς εἰς ὑμᾶς δεικνύειν ἢ διὰ Μακεδόνων εὐεργεσίαν ἢ μηδετέρου τούτων ἐπιγεγονότος, πῶς, οἷς πρότερον ἐξ ἀκεραίου βουλευόμενοι δικαίως οὐ προσέσχετε, τούτων νῦν ἐντραπέντες ἀνασκευάζειν μέλλετε συνθήκας, ὅρκους, τὰς μεγίστας πίστεις παρʼ ἀνθρώποις;’ ὁ μὲν οὖν Χλαινέας τοιαῦτα διαλεχθεὶς καὶ δόξας δυσαντιρρήτως εἰρηκέναι κατέπαυσε τὸν λό γον.

[¶2] 32. After him the ambassador of the Acarnanians, Lyciscus, came forward: and at first he paused, seeing the multitude talking to each other about the last speech; but when at last silence was obtained, he began his speech as follows:— “I and my colleagues, men of Sparta, have been sent to you by the common league of the Acarnanians; and as we have always shared in the same prospects as the Macedonians, we consider that this mission also is common to us and them. For just as on the field of war, owing to the superiority and magnitude of the Macedonian, force, our safety is involved in their valour; so, in the controversies of diplomacy, our interests are inseparable from the rights of the Macedonians. Now Chlaeneas in the peroration of his address gave a summary of the obligations existing between the Aetolians and yourselves. For he said, ‘If subsequent to your making the alliance with them any fresh injury or offence had been committed by Aetolians, or any kindness done by Macedonians, the present proposal ought properly to be discussed as a fresh start; but that if, nothing of the sort having taken place, we believe that by quoting the services of Antigonus, and your former decrees, we shall be able to annul existing oaths and treaties, we are the greatest simpletons in the world.’ To this I reply by acknowledging that I must indeed be the most foolish of men, and that the arguments I am about to put forward are indeed futile, if, as he maintains, nothing fresh has happened, and Greek affairs are in precisely the same position as before. But if exactly the reverse be the case, as I shall clearly prove in the course of my speech,—then I imagine that I shall be shown to give you some salutary advice, and Chlaeneas to be quite in the wrong. We are come, then, expressly because we are convinced that it is needful for us to speak on this very point: namely, to point out to you that it is at once your duty and your interest, after hearing of the evils threatening Greece, to adopt if possible a policy excellent and worthy of yourselves by uniting your prospects with ours; or if that cannot be, at least to abstain from this movement for the present.”

> Greek: 32. μετὰ δὲ ταῦτα Λυκίσκος ὁ τῶν Ἀκαρνάνων πρεσβευτὴς εἰσελθὼν τὸ μὲν πρῶτον ἐπέσχε, θεωρῶν τοὺς πολλοὺς ἐν αὑτοῖς διαλαλοῦντας ὑπὲρ τῶν προειρημένων, ἐπεὶ δέ ποτε καθησύχασαν, οὕτως πως ἤρξατο τοῦ λέγειν " 1Ἡμεῖς, ἄνδρες Λακεδαιμόνιοι, παρεγενόμεθα μὲν ὑπὸ τοῦ κοινοῦ τῶν Ἀκαρνάνων ἀπεσταλμένοι πρὸς ὑμᾶς, μετέχοντες δὲ σχεδὸν ἀεί ποτε Μακεδόσι τῶν αὐτῶν ἐλπίδων καὶ τὴν πρεσβείαν ταύτην κοινὴν ὑπολαμβάνομεν ἡμῖν ὑπάρχειν καὶ Μακεδόσιν. ὥσπερ δὲ καὶ κατὰ τοὺς κινδύνους διὰ τὴν ὑπεροχὴν καὶ τὸ μέγεθος τῆς Μακεδόνων δυνάμεως ἐμπεριέχεσθαι συμβαίνει τὴν ἡμετέραν ἀσφάλειαν ἐν ταῖς ἐκείνων ἀρεταῖς, οὕτως καὶ κατὰ τοὺς πρεσβευτικοὺς ἀγῶνας ἐμπεριέχεται τὸ τῶν Ἀκαρνάνων συμφέρον ἐν τοῖς Μακεδόνων δικαίοις. διόπερ οὐ δεῖ θαυμάζειν ὑμᾶς, ἐὰν τὸν πλείω λόγον ὑπὲρ Φιλίππου ποιώμεθα καὶ Μακεδόνων. Χλαινέας τοιγαροῦν, καταστρέφων τὴν δημηγορίαν, ἀπότομόν τινα συγκεφαλαίωσιν ἐποιήσατο τῶν ὑπαρχόντων πρὸς ὑμᾶς δικαίων. ἔφη γάρ, εἰ μὲν ἐπιγέγονέ τι μετὰ τὸ θέσθαι τὴν συμμαχίαν ὑμᾶς τὴν πρὸς τούτους ἤτοι βλαβερὸν καὶ δυσχερὲς ὑπʼ Αἰτωλῶν ἢ καὶ νὴ Δία φιλάνθρωπον ὑπὸ Μακεδόνων, εἰκότως ἂν καὶ τὸ νῦν διαβούλιον ἐξ ἀκεραίου σκέψεως τυγχάνειν· εἰ δὲ μηδενὸς ἐπιγεγονότος τοιούτου τὰ κατʼ Ἀντίγονον προφερόμενοι τὰ πρότερον ὑφʼ ὑμῶν δεδοκιμασμένα πεπείσμεθα νῦν ἡμεῖς ἀνασκευάσειν ὅρκους καὶ συνθήκας, εὐηθεστάτους πάντων ἡμᾶς ὑπάρχειν. ἐγὼ δʼ, εἰ μὲν μηδὲν ἐπιγέγονε κατὰ τὸν τούτου λόγον, μένει δὲ τὰ πράγματα τοιαῦτα τοῖς Ἕλλησιν οἷα πρότερον ἦν, ὅτε πρὸς αὐτοὺς Αἰτωλοὺς ἐποιεῖσθε τὴν συμμαχίαν, ὁμολογῶ πάντων εὐηθέστατος ὑπάρχειν καὶ ματαίους μέλλειν διατίθεσθαι λόγους· εἰ δὲ τὴν ἐναντίαν ἔσχηκε διάθεσιν, ὡς ἐγὼ σαφῶς δείξω προϊόντος τοῦ λόγου, καὶ λίαν ἐμὲ μὲν οἴομαι φανήσεσθαί τι λέγειν ὑμῖν τῶν συμφερόντων, Χλαινέαν δʼ ἀγνοεῖν. παραγινόμεθα μὲν οὖν ὑπὲρ αὐτοῦ τούτου πεπεισμένοι δεῖν ἡμᾶς ποιεῖσθαι τοὺς λόγους, ὑπὲρ τοῦ δεῖξαι διότι καὶ πρέπον ὑμῖν ἐστι καὶ συμφέρον, εἰ μὲν δυνατόν, ἀκούσαντας τῆς ἐπιφερομένης τοῖς Ἕλλησι περιστάσεως καλόν τι βουλεύσασθαι καὶ πρέπον ἑαυτοῖς, μετασχόντας ἡμῖν τῶν ἐλπίδων· εἰ δὲ μή, τούτων τὴν ἡσυχίαν ἔχειν κατὰ τὸ παρόν.

[¶3] 33. “But since the last speaker has ventured to go back to ancient times for his denunciations of the Macedonian royal family, I feel it incumbent on me also to say a few words first on these points, to remove the misconception of those who have been carried away by his words.” “Chlaeneas said, then, that Philip son of Amyntas became master of Thessaly by the ruin of Olynthus. But I conceive that not only the Thessalians, but the other Greeks also, were preserved by Philip’s means. For at the time when Onomarchus and Philomelus, in defiance of religion and law, seized Delphi and made themselves masters of the treasury of the god, who is there among you who does not know that they collected such a mighty force as no Greek dared any longer face? Nay, along with this violation of religion, they were within an ace of becoming lords of all Greece also. At that crisis Philip volunteered his assistance; destroyed the tyrants, secured the temple, and became the author of freedom to the Greeks, as is testified even to posterity by the facts. For Philip was unanimously elected general-in-chief by land and sea, not, as my opponent ventured to assert, as one who had wronged Thessaly; but on the ground of his being a benefactor of Greece: an honour which no one had previously obtained. ‘Ay, but,’ he says, ‘Philip came with an armed force into Laconia.’ Yes, but it was not of his own choice, as you know: he reluctantly consented to do so, after repeated invitations and appeals by the Peloponnesians, under the name of their friend and ally. And when he did come, pray observe, Chlaeneas, how he behaved. Though he could have availed himself of the wishes of the neighbouring states for the destruction of these men’s territory and the humiliation of their city, and have won much gratitude too by his act, he by no means lent himself to such a policy; but, by striking terror into the one and the other alike, he compelled both parties to accommodate their differences in a congress, to the common benefit of all: not putting himself forward as arbitrator of the points in dispute, but appointing a joint board of arbitration selected from all Greece. Is that a proceeding which deserves to be held up to reproach and execration?”

> Greek: 33. ἐπεὶ δʼ ἀνέκαθεν οὗτοι κατηγορεῖν ἐτόλμησαν τῆς Μακεδόνων οἰκίας, ἀναγκαῖον εἶναί μοι δοκεῖ πρότερον ὑπὲρ τούτων βραχέα διαλεχθέντʼ ἀφελέσθαι τὴν ἄγνοιαν τῶν πεπιστευκότων τοῖς εἰρημένοις. ἔφη τοιγαροῦν Χλαινέας Φίλιππον τὸν Ἀμύντου διὰ τῆς Ὀλυνθίων ἀτυχίας κύριον γενέσθαι Θετταλίας. ἐγὼ δὲ διὰ Φίλιππον οὐ μόνον Θετταλούς, ἀλλὰ καὶ τοὺς λοιποὺς Ἕλληνας ὑπολαμβάνω σεσῶσθαι. καθʼ οὓς γὰρ καιροὺς Ὀνόμαρχος καὶ Φιλόμηλος καταλαβόμενοι Δελφοὺς ἀσεβῶς καὶ παρανόμως ἐγένοντο κύριοι τῶν τοῦ θεοῦ χρημάτων, τότε τίς ὑμῶν οὐκ οἶδε διότι τηλικαύτην συνεστήσαντο δύναμιν, πρὸς ἣν οὐδεὶς ἔτι τῶν Ἑλλήνων ἀντοφθαλμεῖν δυνατὸς ἦν; ἀλλʼ ἐκινδύνευον ἅμα ταῖς εἰς τὸ θεῖον ἀσεβείαις καὶ τῆς Ἑλλάδος γενέσθαι κύριοι πάσης. ἐν οἷς καιροῖς Φίλιππος ἐθελοντὴν αὑτὸν ἐπιδοὺς ἐπανείλετο μὲν τοὺς τυράννους, ἠσφαλίσατο δὲ τὰ κατὰ τὸ ἱερόν, αἴτιος δʼ ἐγένετο τοῖς Ἕλλησι τῆς ἐλευθερίας, ὡς αὐτὰ τὰ πράγματα μεμαρτύρηκε καὶ τοῖς ἐπιγενομένοις. οὐ γὰρ ὡς ἠδικηκότα Φίλιππον Θετταλούς, καθάπερ οὗτος ἐτόλμα λέγειν, ἀλλʼ ὡς εὐεργέτην ὄντα τῆς Ἑλλάδος, καὶ κατὰ γῆν αὐτὸν ἡγεμόνα καὶ κατὰ θάλατταν εἵλοντο πάντες· οὗ πρότερον ἀνθρώπων οὐδεὶς ἔτυχε. νὴ Δίʼ, ἀλλὰ παρεγένετο μετὰ τῆς δυνάμεως εἰς τὴν Λακωνικήν· οὐ κατά γε τὴν αὑτοῦ προαίρεσιν, ὡς ὑμεῖς ἴστε, καλούμενος δὲ καὶ πολλάκις ὀνομαζόμενος ὑπὸ τῶν ἐν Πελοποννήσῳ φίλων καὶ συμμάχων μόλις αὑτὸν ἐπέδωκε. καὶ παραγενόμενος πῶς τοῖς πράγμασιν ἐχρήσατο, ὦ Χλαινέα, σκόπει. δυνάμενος γὰρ συγχρήσασθαι ταῖς τῶν ἀστυγειτόνων ὁρμαῖς πρός τε τὴν τῆς χώρας τῆς τούτων καταφθορὰν καὶ τὴν τῆς πόλεως ταπείνωσιν, καὶ τοῦτο πρᾶξαι μετὰ τῆς μεγίστης χάριτος, ἐπὶ μὲν τὴν τοιαύτην αἵρεσιν οὐδαμῶς αὑτὸν ἐνέδωκε, καταπληξάμενος δὲ κἀκείνους καὶ τούτους ἐπὶ τῷ κοινῇ συμφέροντι διὰ λόγου τὴν ἐξαγωγὴν ἀμφοτέρους ἠνάγκασε ποιήσασθαι περὶ τῶν ἀμφισβητουμένων, οὐχ αὑτὸν ἀποδείξας κριτὴν ὑπὲρ τῶν ἀντιλεγομένων, ἀλλὰ κοινὸν ἐκ πάντων τῶν Ἑλλήνων καθίσας κριτήριον. ἄξιόν γε τὸ γεγονὸς ὀνείδους καὶ προφορᾶς.

[¶4] 34. “Again, you bitterly denounced Alexander, because, when he believed himself to be wronged, he punished Thebes: but of his having exacted vengeance of the Persians for their outrages on all the Greeks you made no mention at all; nor of his having released us all in common from heavy miseries, by enslaving the barbarians, and depriving them of the supplies which they used for the ruin of the Greeks,—sometimes pitting the Athenians against the ancestors of these gentlemen here, at another the Thebans; nor finally of his having subjected Asia to the Greeks.” “As for Alexander’s successors how had you the audacity to mention them? They were indeed, according to the circumstances of the time, on many occasions the authors of good to some and of harm to others: for which perhaps others might be allowed to bear them a grudge. But to you Aetolians it is in no circumstance open to do so,— you who have never been the authors of anything good to any one, but of mischief to many and on many occasions! Who was it that called in Antigonus son of Demetrius to the partition of the Achaean league? Who was it that made a sworn treaty with Alexander of Epirus for the enslaving and dismembering of Acarnania? Was it not you? What nation ever sent out military commanders duly accredited of the sort that you have? Men that ventured to do violence to the sanctity of asylum itself! Timaeus violated the sanctuary of Poseidon on Taenarum, and of Artemis at Lusi. Pharylus and Polycritus plundered, the former the sacred enclosure of Here in Argos, the latter that of Poseidon at Mantinea. What again about Lattabus and Nicostratus? Did not they make a treacherous attack on the assembly of the Pan-Boeotians in time of peace, committing outrages worthy of Scythians and Gauls? You will find no such crimes as these committed by the Diadochi.”

> Greek: 34. πάλιν Ἀλεξάνδρῳ διότι μὲν ἀδικεῖσθαι δόξας τὴν Θηβαίων πόλιν ἐκόλασε, τοῦτο πικρῶς ὠνείδισας, ὅτι δὲ τιμωρίαν ἔλαβε παρὰ τῶν Περσῶν ὑπὲρ τῆς εἰς ἅπαντας τοὺς Ἕλληνας ὕβρεως, οὐκ ἐποιήσω μνήμην, οὐδὲ διότι μεγάλων κακῶν κοινῇ πάντας ἡμᾶς ἔλυσε, καταδουλωσάμενος τοὺς βαρβάρους καὶ παρελόμενος αὐτῶν τὰς χορηγίας, αἷς ἐκεῖνοι χρώμενοι κατέφθειραν τοὺς Ἕλληνας, ποτὲ μὲν Ἀθηναίους καὶ τοὺς τούτων προγόνους ἀγωνοθετοῦντες καὶ συμβάλλοντες, ποτὲ δὲ Θηβαίους, καὶ τέλος ὑπήκοον ἐποίησε τὴν Ἀσίαν τοῖς Ἕλλησι. περὶ δὲ τῶν διαδεξαμένων πῶς καὶ τολμᾶτε μνημονεύειν; ἐκεῖνοι γὰρ κατὰ τὰς τῶν καιρῶν περιστάσεις οἷς μὲν ἀγαθῶν οἷς δὲ κακῶν ἐγίνοντο παραίτιοι πολλάκις· περὶ ὧν τοῖς μὲν ἄλλοις ἴσως ἂν ἐξείη μνησικακεῖν, ὑμῖν δʼ οὐδαμῶς καθήκει τοῦτο ποιεῖν τοῖς ἀγαθοῦ μὲν μηδενὶ μηδενὸς παραιτίοις γεγονόσι, κακῶν δὲ πολλοῖς καὶ πολλάκις. ἐπεὶ τίνες οἱ τὸν Ἀντίγονον εἰσὶ τὸν Δημητρίου παρακαλέσαντες ἐπὶ διαιρέσει τοῦ τῶν Ἀχαιῶν ἔθνους; τίνες δʼ οἱ πρὸς τὸν Ἀλέξανδρον τὸν Ἠπειρώτην ὅρκους ποιησάμενοι καὶ συνθήκας ἐπʼ ἐξανδραποδισμῷ καὶ μερισμῷ τῆς Ἀκαρνανίας; οὐχ ὑμεῖς; τίνες δὲ κατὰ κοινὸν τοιούτους ἡγεμόνας ἐξέπεμψαν οἵους ὑμεῖς; οἵ γε καὶ τοῖς ἀσύλοις ἱεροῖς ἐτόλμησαν προσάγειν τὰς χεῖρας. ὧν Τίμαιος μὲν τό τʼ ἐπὶ Ταινάρῳ τοῦ Ποσειδῶνος καὶ τὸ τῆς ἐν Λούσοις ἱερὸν Ἀρτέμιδος ἐσύλησε, Φάρυκος δὲ καὶ Πολύκριτος, ὁ μὲν τὸ τῆς Ἥρας ἐν Ἄργει τέμενος, ὁ δὲ τὸ τοῦ Ποσειδῶνος ἐν Μαντινείᾳ διήρπασε. τί δαὶ Λάτταβος καὶ Νικόστρατος; οὐ τὴν τῶν Παμβοιωτίων πανήγυριν εἰρήνης οὔσης παρεσπόνδησαν, Σκυθῶν ἔργα καὶ Γαλατῶν ἐπιτελοῦντες; ὧν οὐδὲν πέπρακται τοῖς διαδεξαμένοις.

[¶5] 35. “Not being able to say anything in defence of any of these acts, you talk pompously about your having resisted the invasion of Delphi by the barbarians, and allege that for this Greece ought to be grateful to you. But if for this one service some gratitude is owing to the Aetolians; what high honour do the Macedonians deserve, who throughout nearly their whole lives are ceaselessly engaged in a struggle with the barbarians for the safety of the Greeks? For that Greece would have been continually involved in great dangers, if we had not had the Macedonians and the ambition of their kings as a barrier, who is ignorant? And there is a very striking proof of this. For no sooner had the Gauls conceived a contempt for the Macedonians, by their victory over Ptolemy Ceraunus, than, thinking the rest of no account, Brennus promptly marched into the middle of Greece. And this would often have happened if the Macedonians had not been on our frontiers.” “However, though I have much that I could say on the past, I think this is enough. Of all the actions of Philip, they have selected his destruction of the temple, to fasten the charge of impiety upon him. They did not add a word about their own outrage and crime, which they perpetrated in regard to the temples in Dium, and Dodona, and the sacred enclosures of the gods. The speaker should have mentioned this first. But anything you Aetolians have suffered you recount to these gentlemen with exaggeration: but the things you have inflicted unprovoked, though many times as numerous as the others, you pass over in silence; because you know full well that everybody lays the blame of acts of injustice and mischief on those who give the provocation by unjust actions themselves.”

> Greek: 35. καὶ πρὸς οὐδὲν τούτων ἀπολογηθῆναι δυνάμενοι σεμνύνεσθε, διότι τὴν ἐπὶ Δελφοὺς ἔφοδον τῶν βαρβάρων ὑπέστητε, καὶ φατὲ δεῖν διὰ ταῦτα χάριν ἔχειν ὑμῖν τοὺς Ἕλληνας. ἀλλʼ εἰ διὰ μίαν ταύτην χρείαν Αἰτωλοῖς χάρις ὀφείλεται, τίνος καὶ πηλίκης δεῖ τιμῆς ἀξιοῦσθαι Μακεδόνας, οἳ τὸν πλείω τοῦ βίου χρόνον οὐ παύονται διαγωνιζόμενοι πρὸς τοὺς βαρβάρους ὑπὲρ τῆς τῶν Ἑλλήνων ἀσφαλείας; ὅτι γὰρ αἰεί ποτʼ ἂν ἐν μεγάλοις ἦν κινδύνοις τὰ κατὰ τοὺς Ἕλληνας, εἰ μὴ Μακεδόνας εἴχομεν πρόφραγμα καὶ τὰς τῶν παρὰ τούτοις βασιλέων φιλοτιμίας, τίς οὐ γινώσκει; μέγιστον δὲ τούτου σημεῖον· ἅμα γὰρ τῷ Γαλάτας καταφρονῆσαι Μακεδόνων νικήσαντας Πτολεμαῖον τὸν Κεραυνὸν ἐπικαλούμενον, εὐθέως καταγνόντες τῶν ἄλλων ἧκον οἱ περὶ Βρέννον εἰς μέσην τὴν Ἑλλάδα μετὰ δυνάμεως. ὃ πολλάκις ἂν συνέβαινε γίνεσθαι μὴ προκαθημένων Μακεδόνων. οὐ μὴν ἀλλὰ περὶ μὲν τῶν γεγονότων ἔχων πολλὰ λέγειν ἀρκεῖν ἡγοῦμαι· τῶν δὲ Φιλίππῳ πεπραγμένων εἰς ἀσέβειαν ὠνείδισαν τὴν τοῦ ναοῦ καταφθοράν, οὐ προσθέντες τὴν αὑτῶν ὕβριν καὶ παρανομίαν, ἣν ἐπετελέσαντο περὶ τοὺς ἐν Δίῳ καὶ Δωδώνῃ ναοὺς καὶ τὰ τεμένη τῶν θεῶν. ἐχρῆν δὲ λέγειν τοῦτο πρῶτον. ὑμεῖς δʼ ἃ μὲν ἐπάθετε, τούτοις ἐξηγήσασθε, μείζω ποιοῦντες τῶν γεγονότων, ἃ δʼ ἐποιήσατε πρότεροι, πολλαπλάσια γεγονότα παρεσιωπήσατε, σαφῶς εἰδότες ὅτι τὰς ἀδικίας καὶ ζημίας ἅπαντες ἀεὶ τοῖς ἄρχουσι χειρῶν ἀδίκων ἐπιφέρουσι.

[¶6] 36. “Of Antigonus I will only make mention so far, as to avoid appearing to despise what was done, or to treat as unimportant so great an undertaking. For my part I think that history does not contain the record of a more admirable service than that which Antigonus performed for you: indeed it appears to me to be unsurpassable. And the following facts will show this. Antigonus went to war with you and conquered you in a pitched battle. By force of arms he became master of your territory and city at once. He might have exercised all the rights of war upon you: but he was so far from inflicting any hardships upon you, that, besides other benefits, he expelled your tyrant and restored your laws and ancestral constitution. In return for which, in the national assemblies, calling the Greeks to witness your words, you proclaimed Antigonus your benefactor and preserver.” “What then ought to have been your policy? I will speak what I really think, gentlemen of Sparta: and you will I am sure bear with me. For I shall do this now from no wish to go out of my way to bring railing accusations against you, but under the pressure of circumstances, and for the common good. What then am I to say? This: that both in the late war you ought to have allied yourselves not with Aetolians but with Macedonians; and now again, in answer to these invitations, you ought to join Philip rather than the former people. But, it may be objected, you will be breaking a treaty. Which will be the graver breach of right on your part,—to neglect a private arrangement made with Aetolians, or one that has been inscribed on a column and solemnly consecrated in the sight of all Greece? On what ground are you so careful of breaking faith with this people, from whom you have never received any favour, while you pay no heed to Philip and the Macedonians, to whom you owe even the very power of deliberating to-day? Do you regard it as a duty to keep faith with friends? Yet it is not so much a point of conscience to confirm written pledges of faith, as it is a violation of conscience to go to war with those who preserved you: and this is what, in the present instance, the Aetolians are come to demand of you.”

> Greek: 36. περὶ δὲ τῶν κατʼ Ἀντίγονον ἕως τούτου βούλομαι ποιήσασθαι τὴν μνήμην, [ἕως] τοῦ μὴ δόξαι καταφρονεῖν τῶν γεγονότων μηδʼ ἐν παρέργῳ τίθεσθαι τὴν τηλικαύτην πρᾶξιν. ἔγωγʼ εὐεργεσίαν μείζω τῆς ὑπʼ Ἀντιγόνου γεγενημένης εἰς ὑμᾶς οὐδʼ ἱστορεῖσθαι νομίζω· δοκεῖ γὰρ ἔμοιγε μηδʼ ὑπερβολὴν ἐπιδέχεσθαι τὸ γεγονός. γνοίη δʼ ἄν τις ἐκ τούτων. ἐπολέμησε πρὸς ὑμᾶς Ἀντίγονος, καὶ μετὰ ταῦτα παραταξάμενος ἐνίκησε· διὰ τῶν ὅπλων ἐγένετο κύριος τῆς χώρας ἅμα καὶ τῆς πόλεως. ὤφειλε ποιεῖν τὰ τοῦ πολέμου· τοσοῦτον ἀπέσχε τοῦ πρᾶξαί τι καθʼ ὑμῶν δεινόν, ὡς πρὸς τοῖς ἄλλοις ἐκβαλὼν τὸν τύραννον καὶ τοὺς νόμους καὶ τὸ πάτριον ὑμῖν ἀποκατέστησε πολίτευμα. ἀνθʼ ὧν ὑμεῖς ἐν ταῖς κοιναῖς πανηγύρεσι μάρτυρας ποιησάμενοι τοὺς Ἕλληνας εὐεργέτην ἑαυτῶν καὶ σωτῆρα τὸν Ἀντίγονον ἀνεκηρύξατε. τί οὖν ἐχρῆν ποιεῖν ὑμᾶς; ἐρῶ γὰρ τὸ φαινόμενον, ἄνδρες. ὑμεῖς δʼ ἀνέξεσθε· ποιήσω γὰρ τοῦτο νῦν οὐκ ἀπροσλόγως ὀνειδίσαι βουλόμενος ὑμῖν, ἀλλʼ ὑπὸ τῆς τῶν πραγμάτων περιστάσεως ἀναγκαζόμενος ἐπὶ τῷ κοινῇ συμφέροντι. τί δὴ μέλλω λέγειν; ὅτι καὶ κατὰ τὸν προγεγονότα πόλεμον οὐκ Αἰτωλοῖς, ἀλλὰ Μακεδόσιν ἔδει συμμαχεῖν ὑμᾶς, καὶ νῦν παρακαλουμένους Φιλίππῳ μᾶλλον ἢ τούτοις ἑαυτοὺς προσνέμειν. νὴ Δίʼ, ἀλλὰ παραβήσεσθε τὰς συνθήκας· καὶ πότερα δεινότερον ἂν ποιήσαιτε, τὰ κατʼ ἰδίαν πρὸς Αἰτωλοὺς ὑμῖν συγκείμενα δίκαια παριδόντες ἢ τὰ πάντων τῶν Ἑλλήνων ἐναντίον ἐν στήλῃ γεγονότα καὶ καθιερωμένα; πῶς δὲ τούτους ἀθετεῖν εὐλαβεῖσθε, παρʼ ὧν οὐδεμίαν προειλήφατε χάριν, Φίλιππον δὲ καὶ Μακεδόνας οὐκ ἐντρέπεσθε, διʼ οὓς ἔχετε καὶ τοῦ νῦν βουλεύεσθαι τὴν ἐξουσίαν; ἢ τὸ μὲν τοῖς φίλοις τὰ δίκαια ποιεῖν ἀναγκαῖον ἡγεῖσθε; καὶ μὴν οὐχ οὕτως ὅσιόν ἐστι τὸ τὰς ἐγγράπτους πίστεις βεβαιοῦν, ὡς ἀνόσιον τὸ τοῖς σώσασι πολεμεῖν· ὃ νῦν Αἰτωλοὶ πάρεισιν ὑμᾶς ἀξιοῦντες.

[¶7] 37. “Let it, however, be granted that what I have now said may in the eyes of severe critics be regarded as beside the subject. I will now return to the main point at issue, as they state it. It was this: ‘If the circumstances are the same now as at the time when you made alliance with the Aetolians, then your policy ought to remain on the same lines.’ That was their first proposition. ‘But if they have been entirely changed, then it is fair that you should now deliberate on the demands made to you as on a matter entirely new and unprejudiced.’ I ask you therefore, Cleonicus and Chlaeneas, who were your allies on the former occasion when you invited this people to join you? Were they not all the Greeks? But with whom are you now united, or to what kind of federation are you now inviting this people? Is it not to one with the foreigner? A mighty similarity exists, no doubt, in your minds, and no diversity at all! Then you were contending for glory and supremacy with Achaeans and Macedonians, men of kindred blood with yourselves, and with Philip their leader; now a war of slavery is threatening Greece against men of another race, whom you think to bring against Philip, but have really unconsciously brought against yourselves and all Greece. For just as men in the stress of war, by introducing into their cities garrisons superior in strength to their own forces, while successfully repelling all danger from the enemy, put themselves at the mercy of their friends,—just so are the Aetolians acting in the present case. For in their desire to conquer Philip and humble Macedonia, they have unconsciously brought such a mighty cloud from the west, as for the present perhaps will overshadow Macedonia first, but which in the sequel will be the origin of heavy evils to all Greece.”

> Greek: 37. οὐ μὴν ἀλλʼ εἰρήσθω μέν μοι ταῦτα, κρινέσθω δὲ παρὰ τοῖς φιλοτιμότερον διακειμένοις ἐκτὸς εἶναι τῶν ἐνεστώτων. ἐπὶ δὲ τὸ συνέχον, ὡς οὗτοί φασιν, ἐπάνιμεν. τοῦτο δʼ ἦν, εἰ μὲν ὡμοίωται τὰ πράγματα νῦν καὶ καθʼ οὓς καιροὺς ἐποιεῖσθε τὴν πρὸς τούτους συμμαχίαν, διότι δεῖ μένειν καὶ τὴν ὑμετέραν αἵρεσιν ἐπὶ τῶν ὑποκειμένων· ταῦτα γὰρ ἐν ἀρχαῖς εἶναι· εἰ δʼ ὁλοσχερῶς ἠλλοίωται, διότι δίκαιόν ἐστι καὶ νῦν ὑμᾶς ἐξ ἀκεραίου βουλεύεσθαι περὶ τῶν παρακελευομένων. ἐρωτῶ τοιγαροῦν ὑμᾶς, ὦ Κλεόνικε καὶ Χλαινέα, τίνας ἔχοντες συμμάχους τότε παρεκαλεῖτε τούτους εἰς τὴν κοινοπραγίαν; ἆρʼ οὐ πάντας Ἕλληνας; τίσι δὲ νῦν κοινωνεῖτε τῶν ἐλπίδων, ἢ πρὸς ποίαν παρακαλεῖτε τούτους συμμαχίαν; ἆρʼ οὐ πρὸς τὴν τῶν βαρβάρων; ὅμοιά γε δοκεῖ τὰ πράγμαθʼ ὑμῖν ὑπάρχειν νῦν καὶ πρότερον, ἀλλʼ οὐ τἀναντία· τότε μὲν γὰρ ὑπὲρ ἡγεμονίας καὶ δόξης ἐφιλοτιμεῖσθε πρὸς Ἀχαιοὺς καὶ Μακεδόνας ὁμοφύλους καὶ τὸν τούτων ἡγεμόνα Φίλιππον· νῦν δὲ περὶ δουλείας ἐνίσταται πόλεμος τοῖς Ἕλλησι πρὸς ἀλλοφύλους ἀνθρώπους, οὓς ὑμεῖς δοκεῖτε μὲν ἐπισπᾶσθαι κατὰ Φιλίππου, λελήθατε δὲ κατὰ σφῶν αὐτῶν ἐπεσπασμένοι καὶ κατὰ πάσης Ἑλλάδος. ὥσπερ γὰρ οἱ κατὰ τὰς πολεμικὰς περιστάσεις βαρυτέρας ἐπαγόμενοι φυλακὰς εἰς τὰς πόλεις τῆς αὑτῶν δυνάμεως χάριν τῆς ἀσφαλείας ἅμα τὸν ἀπὸ τῶν ἐχθρῶν ἀπωθοῦνται φόβον καὶ ποιοῦσιν ὑποχειρίους σφᾶς αὐτοὺς ταῖς τῶν φίλων ἐξουσίαις, τὸν αὐτὸν τρόπον καὶ νῦν Αἰτωλοὶ διανοοῦνται. βουλόμενοι γὰρ περιγενέσθαι Φιλίππου καὶ ταπεινῶσαι Μακεδόνας, λελήθασιν αὑτοῖς ἐπισπασάμενοι τηλικοῦτο νέφος ἀπὸ τῆς ἑσπέρας, ὃ κατὰ μὲν τὸ παρὸν ἴσως πρώτοις ἐπισκοτήσει Μακεδόσι, κατὰ δὲ τὸ συνεχὲς πᾶσιν ἔσται τοῖς Ἕλλησι μεγάλων κακῶν αἴτιον.

[¶8] 38. “All Greeks indeed have need to be on the alert for the crisis which is coming on: but Lacedaemonians above all. For why was it, do you suppose, men of Sparta, that your ancestors, when Xerxes sent an ambassador to your town demanding earth and water, thrust the man into a well, and, throwing earth upon him, bade him take back word to Xerxes that he had got from the Lacedaemonians what he had demanded from them,—earth and water? Why was it again, do you suppose, that Leonidas and his men started forth to a voluntary and certain death? Was it not that they might have the glory of being the forlorn hope, not only of their own freedom, but of that of all Greece also? And it would indeed be a worthy action for descendants of such heroes as these to make a league with the barbarians now, and to serve with them; and to war against Epirotes, Achaeans, Acarnanians, Boeotians, Thessalians, and in fact against nearly every Greek state except Aetolians! To these last it is habitual to act thus: and to regard nothing as disgraceful, so long only as it is accompanied by an opportunity of plunder. It is not so, however, with you. And what must we expect these people to do, now that they have obtained the support of the Roman alliance? For when they obtained an accession of strength and support from the Illyrians, they at once set about acts of piracy at sea, and treacherously seized Pylus; while by land they stormed the city of Cleitor, and sold the Cynethans into slavery. Once before they made a treaty with Antigonus, as I said just now, for the destruction of the Achaean and Acarnanian races; and now they have done the same with Rome for the destruction of all Greece.”

> Greek: 38. ἅπαντας μὲν οὖν δεῖ τοὺς Ἕλληνας προϊδέσθαι τὸν ἐπιφερόμενον καιρόν, μάλιστα δὲ Λακεδαιμονίους. ἐπεὶ τίνος χάριν ὑπολαμβάνετε τοὺς ὑμετέρους προγόνους, ἄνδρες Λακεδαιμόνιοι, καθʼ οὓς καιροὺς ὁ Ξέρξης ἀπέστειλε πρεσβευτὴν πρὸς ὑμᾶς, ὕδωρ καὶ γῆν αἰτούμενος, ἀπώσαντας εἰς τὸ φρέαρ τὸν παραγεγονότα καὶ προσεπιβαλόντας τῆς γῆς κελεύειν ἀπαγγεῖλαι τῷ Ξέρξῃ διότι παρὰ Λακεδαιμονίων ἔχει τὰ κατὰ τὴν ἐπαγγελίαν, ὕδωρ καὶ γῆν; τίνος πάλιν ἐθελοντὴν καὶ προδήλως ἐξορμᾶν ἀποθανουμένους τοὺς περὶ Λεωνίδην; ἆρʼ οὐχ ἵνα δόξωσι μὴ μόνον ὑπὲρ τῆς αὑτῶν, ἀλλὰ καὶ περὶ τῆς τῶν ἄλλων Ἑλλήνων ἐλευθερίας προκινδυνεύειν; ἄξιόν γε τοιούτων ἀνδρῶν ἀπογόνους ὑπάρχοντας, κἄπειτα νῦν συμμαχίαν ποιησαμένους τοῖς βαρβάροις, στρατεύειν μετʼ ἐκείνων καὶ πολεμεῖν Ἠπειρώταις, Ἀχαιοῖς, Ἀκαρνᾶσι, Βοιωτοῖς, Θετταλοῖς σχεδὸν πᾶσι τοῖς Ἕλλησι πλὴν Αἰτωλῶν. τούτοις μὲν οὖν ἔθος ἐστὶ ταῦτα πράττειν καὶ μηδὲν αἰσχρὸν νομίζειν, εἰ μόνον πρόσεστι τὸ πλεονεκτεῖν, οὐ μὴν ὑμῖν. καὶ τί δήποτε προσδοκᾶν δεῖ τούτους ἀπεργασομένους, ἐπεὶ τὴν Ῥωμαίων προσειλήφασι συμμαχίαν; οἵ γε τῆς Ἰλλυριῶν ἐπιλαβόμενοι ῥοπῆς καὶ βοηθείας κατὰ μὲν θάλατταν βιάζεσθαι καὶ παρασπονδεῖν ἐπεβάλοντο Πύλον, κατὰ δὲ γῆν ἐπολιόρκησαν μὲν τὴν Κλειτορίων πόλιν, ἐξηνδραποδίσαντο δὲ τὴν Κυναιθέων. καὶ πρότερον μὲν Ἀντιγόνῳ, καθάπερ ἐπάνω προεῖπον, ἐποιήσαντο συνθήκας οὗτοι περί τε τοῦ τῶν Ἀχαιῶν καὶ τοῦ τῶν Ἀκαρνάνων ἔθνους, νῦν δὲ πεποίηνται πρὸς Ῥωμαίους κατὰ πάσης τῆς Ἑλλάδος.

[¶9] 39. “With a knowledge of such transactions before his eyes who could help suspecting an attack from Rome, and feeling abhorrence at the abandoned conduct of the Aetolians in daring to make such a treaty? They have already wrested Oeniadae and Nesus from the Acarnanians, and recently seized the city of the unfortunate Anticyreans, whom, in conjunction with the Romans, they have sold into slavery. Their children and women are led off by the Romans to suffer all the miseries which those must expect who fall into the hands of aliens; while the houses of the unhappy inhabitants are allotted among the Aetolians. Surely a noble alliance this to join deliberately! Especially for Lacedaemonians: who, after conquering the barbarians, decreed that the Thebans, for being the only Greeks that resolved to remain neutral during the Persian invasion, should pay a tenth of their goods to the gods.” “The honourable course then, men of Sparta, and the one becoming your character, is to remember from what ancestors you are sprung; to be on your guard against an attack from Rome; to suspect the treachery of the Aetolians. Above all to recall the services of Antigonus: and so once more show your loathing for dishonest men; and, rejecting the friendship of the Aetolians, unite your hopes for the future with those of Achaia and Macedonia. If, however, any of your own influential citizens are intriguing against this policy, then at least remain neutral, and do not take part in the iniquities of these Aetolians....”

> Greek: 39. ἃ τίς οὐκ ἂν πυθόμενος ὑπίδοιτο μὲν τὴν Ῥωμαίων ἔφοδον, μισήσαι δὲ τὴν Αἰτωλῶν ἀπόνοιαν, ὅτι τοιαύτας ἐθάρρησαν ποιήσασθαι συνθήκας; ἤδη παρῄρηνται μὲν Ἀκαρνάνων Οἰνιάδας καὶ Νᾶσον· κατέσχον δὲ πρῴην τὴν τῶν ταλαιπώρων Ἀντικυρέων πόλιν, ἐξανδραποδισάμενοι μετὰ Ῥωμαίων αὐτήν. καὶ τὰ μὲν τέκνα καὶ τὰς γυναῖκας ἀπάγουσι Ῥωμαῖοι, πεισόμενα δῆλον [ὅτι] ἅπερ εἰκός ἐστι πάσχειν τοῖς ὑπὸ τὰς τῶν ἀλλοφύλων πεσοῦσιν ἐξουσίας· τὰ δʼ ἐδάφη κληρονομοῦσι τῶν ἠτυχηκότων Αἰτωλοί. καλόν γε ταύτης τῆς συμμαχίας μετασχεῖν κατὰ προαίρεσιν, ἄλλως τε καὶ Λακεδαιμονίους ὑπάρχοντας, οἵ γε Θηβαίους τοὺς κατʼ ἀνάγκην ἡσυχίαν ἄγειν βουλευσαμένους μόνους τῶν Ἑλλήνων κατὰ τὴν τῶν Περσῶν ἔφοδον ἐψηφίσαντο δεκατεύσειν τοῖς θεοῖς κρατήσαντες τῷ πολέμῳ τῶν βαρβάρων. καλὸν μὲν οὖν, ὦ ἄνδρες Λακεδαιμόνιοι, καὶ πρέπον ὑμῖν ἐστι τὸ μνησθέντας μὲν τῶν προγόνων, εὐλαβηθέντας δὲ τὴν Ῥωμαίων ἔφοδον, ὑπιδομένους δὲ τὴν Αἰτωλῶν κακοπραγμοσύνην, τὸ δὲ μέγιστον τῶν ἐξ Ἀντιγόνου γεγονότων μνησθέντας, ἔτι καὶ νῦν μισοπονηρῆσαι, καὶ τὴν μὲν Αἰτωλῶν ἀποστραφῆναι φιλίαν, Ἀχαιοῖς δὲ καὶ Μακεδόσι κοινωνῆσαι τῶν αὐτῶν ἐλπίδων. εἰ δʼ ἄρα πρὸς τοῦτό τινες ἀντιπράττουσι τῶν πλεῖον δυναμένων παρʼ ὑμῖν, πρός γε τὴν ἡσυχίαν ὁρμήσατε, καὶ μὴ μετάσχητε τῆς τούτων ἀδικίας.’

[¶10] 40. When the Acarnanians heard of the intended invasion of the Aetolians, in a tumult of despair and fury they adopted a measure of almost frantic violence... If any one of them survived the battle and fled from the danger, they begged that no one should receive him in any city or give him a light for a fire. And this they enjoined on all with a solemn execration, and especially on the Epirotes, to the end that they should offer none of those who fled an asylum in their territory.... Zeal on the part of friends, if shown in time, is of great service; but if it is dilatory and late, it renders the assistance nugatory,—supposing, of course, that they wish to keep the terms of their alliance, not merely on paper, but by actual deeds....

> Greek: 40. τὸ γὰρ τοιοῦτον ἦθος αἰεὶ βούλεται διαφυλάττειν ἡ τῶν Ἀθηναίων πόλις. προθυμίαν γὰρ φίλων συμφόρως μὲν γινομένην μεγάλην παρέχεσθαι χρείαν, ἐφελκομένην δὲ καὶ καθυστεροῦσαν τελέως ἀνωφελῆ ποιεῖν τὴν ἐπικουρίαν. εἴπερ οὖν βούλονται μὴ τοῖς γράμμασι μόνον, ἀλλὰ καὶ τοῖς ἔργοις τηρεῖν τὴν πρὸς αὐτοὺς συμμαχίαν … οἱ δὲ Ἀκαρνᾶνες, πυνθανόμενοι τὴν τῶν Αἰτωλῶν ἔφοδον ἐπὶ σφᾶς, τὰ μὲν ἀπαλγοῦντες ταῖς ἐλπίσι, τὰ δὲ καὶ θυμομαχοῦντες, ἐπί τινα παράστασιν κατήντησαν. εἰ δέ τις λειπόμενος μὴ θάνοι, φύγοι δὲ τὸν κίνδυνον, τοῦτον μήτε πόλει δέχεσθαι μήτε πῦρ ἐναύειν. περὶ τούτων ἀρὰς ἐποιήσαντο πᾶσι μέν, μάλιστα δὲ τοῖς Ἠπειρώταις, εἰς τὸ μηδένα τῶν φευγόντων δέξασθαι τῇ χώρᾳ.

[¶11] 41. Having determined to make his approach upon the town at the two towers, he erected opposite to them diggers’ sheds and rams; and opposite the space between the towers he erected a covered way between the rams, parallel to the wall. And when the plan was complete, the appearance of the works was very like the style of the wall. For the superstructures on the pent-houses had the appearance and style of towers, owing to the placing of the wattles side by side; and the space between looked like a wall, because the row of wattles at the top of the covered way were divided into battlements by the fashion in which they were woven. In the lowest division of these besieging towers the diggers employed in levelling inequalities, to allow the stands of the batteringrams to be brought up, kept throwing on earth, and the ram was propelled forward: in the second story were water vessels and other appliances for quenching fires, and along with them the catapults: and on the third a considerable body of men were placed to fight with all who tried to damage the rams; and they were on a level with the city towers. From the covered way between the besieging towers a double trench was to be dug towards the wall, between the city towers. There were also three batteries for stone-throwing machines, one of which carried stones of a talent weight, and the other two half that weight. From the camp to the pent-houses and diggers’ sheds underground tunnels had been constructed, to prevent men, going to the works from the camp or returning from the works, being wounded in any way by missiles from the town. These works were completed in a very few days, because the district round produced what was wanted for this service in abundance. For Echinus is situated on the Melian Gulf, facing south, exactly opposite the territory of Thronium, and enjoys a soil rich in every kind of produce; thanks to which circumstance Philip had no scarcity of anything he required for his purpose. Accordingly, as I said, as soon as the works were completed, they begun at once pushing the trenches and the siege machinery towards the walls....

> Greek: 41. προθέμενος δὲ τῆς πόλεως κατὰ δύο πύργους ποιεῖσθαι τὴν προσαγωγὴν κατὰ μὲν τούτους χελώνας κατεσκεύαζε χωστρίδας καὶ κριούς, κατὰ δὲ τὸ μεσοπύργιον στοὰν ἐποίει μεταξὺ τῶν κριῶν παράλληλον τῷ τείχει. τῆς δὲ προθέσεως συντελουμένης παραπλήσιος ἡ τῶν ἔργων ἐγίνετο πρόσοψις τῇ τοῦ τείχους διαθέσει· τὰ μὲν γὰρ ἐπὶ ταῖς χελώναις κατασκευάσματα πύργων ἐλάμβανε καὶ φαντασίαν καὶ διάθεσιν ἐκ τῆς τῶν γέρρων συνθέσεως, τὸ δὲ μεταξὺ τούτων τείχους, τῶν ἀνωτέρω γέρρων τῆς στοᾶς εἰς ἐπάλξεις τῇ πλοκῇ διῃρημένων. διὰ μὲν οὖν τοῦ κάτω μέρους τῶν πύργων οἵ τε προσχωννύντες τὰς ἀνωμαλίας τῶν τόπων ἐπὶ τῇ τῶν ἐσχαρίων ἐφόδῳ τὴν γῆν ἐπέβαλλον ὅ τε κριὸς ἐξωθεῖτο. τὸ δὲ δεύτερον ὑδρίας καὶ τὰς πρὸς τοὺς ἐμπυρισμοὺς εἶχε παρασκευὰς καὶ τὰ καταπελτικὰ σὺν τούτοις. ἐπὶ δὲ τοῦ τρίτου πλῆθος ἀνδρῶν ἐφειστήκει τῶν ἀπομαχομένων πρὸς τοὺς κακοποιεῖν ἐπιβαλλομένους τὸν κριόν. οὗτοι δʼ ἦσαν ἰσοϋψεῖς τοῖς τῆς πόλεως πύργοις. ἐκ δὲ τῆς μεταξὺ τῶν πύργων στοᾶς ὀρύγματα διπλᾶ προσήγετο πρὸς τὸ μεσοπύργιον. καὶ τρεῖς ἦσαν βελοστάσεις λιθοβόλοις, ὧν ὁ μὲν εἷς ταλαντιαίους, οἱ δὲ δύο τριακονταμναίους ἐξέβαλλον λίθους. ἀπὸ δὲ τῆς παρεμβολῆς ὡς πρὸς τὰς χελώνας τὰς χωστρίδας ἐπεποίηντο σύριγγες κατάστεγοι χάριν τοῦ μήτε τοὺς προσιόντας ἐκ τῆς στρατοπεδείας μήτε τοὺς ἀπιόντας ἀπὸ τῶν ἔργων βλάπτεσθαι μηδὲν ὑπὸ τῶν ἐκ τῆς πόλεως βελῶν. ἐν ὀλίγαις δὲ τελέως ἡμέραις συνέβη καὶ τὴν τῶν ἔργων ἐπιτελεσθῆναι συντέλειαν διὰ τὸ τὴν χώραν ἀφθόνους ἔχειν τὰς εἰς τοῦτο τὸ μέρος χορηγίας. οἱ γὰρ Ἐχιναιεῖς κεῖνται μὲν ἐν τῷ Μηλιεῖ κόλπῳ, τετραμμένοι πρὸς μεσημβρίαν, καταντίπεραν τῆς τῶν Θρονιέων χώρας, καρποῦνται δὲ γῆν πάμφορον. διʼ ἣν αἰτίαν οὐδὲν ἐνέλειπε τὸν Φίλιππον τῶν πρὸς τὰς ἐπιβολάς. οὐ μὴν ἀλλά, καθάπερ εἶπον, ἐπιτελεσθέντων τῶν ἔργων προσῆγον ἅμα τὰς τῶν ὀρυγμάτων καὶ μηχανημάτων κατασκευάς.

[¶12] 42. While Philip was investing Echinus, and had secured his position excellently on the side of the town, and had strengthened the outer line of his camp with a trench and wall, Publius Sulpicius, the Roman pro-consul, and Dorimachus, Strategus of the Aetolians, arrived in person,—Publius with a fleet, and Dorimachus with an army of infantry and cavalry,—and assaulted Philip’s entrenchment. Their repulse led to greater exertions on Philip’s part in his attack upon the Echinaeans, who in despair surrendered to him. For Dorimachus was not able to reduce Philip by cutting off his supplies, as he got them by sea.... When Aegina was taken by the Romans, such of the inhabitants as had not escaped crowded together at the ships, and begged the pro-consul to allow them to send ambassadors to cities of their kinsmen to obtain ransom. Publius at first returned a harsh answer, saying, that “When they were their own masters was the time that they ought to have sent ambassadors to their betters to ask for mercy, not now when they were slaves. A little while ago they had not thought an ambassador from him worthy of even a word; now that they were captives they expected to be allowed to send ambassadors to their kinsfolk: was that not sheer folly?” So at the time he dismissed those who came to him with these words. But next morning he called all the captives together and said that, as to the Aeginetans, he owed them no favour; but for the sake of the rest of the Greeks he would allow them to send ambassadors to get ransom, since that was the custom of their country....

> Greek: 42. Πόπλιος ὁ τῶν Ῥωμαίων στρατηγὸς καὶ Δωρίμαχος ὁ τῶν Αἰτωλῶν, τοῦ Φιλίππου πολιορκοῦντος τὴν Ἐχιναιῶν πόλιν, καὶ τὰ πρὸς τὸ τεῖχος καλῶς ἀσφαλισαμένου καὶ τὰ πρὸς τὴν ἐκτὸς ἐπιφάνειαν τοῦ στρατοπέδου τάφρῳ καὶ τείχει ὀχυρωσαμένου, παραγενόμενοι αὐτοί, ὁ μὲν Πόπλιος στόλῳ, ὁ δὲ Δωρίμαχος πεζικῇ καὶ ἱππικῇ δυνάμει, καὶ προσβαλόντες τῷ χάρακι καὶ ἀποκρουσθέντες, τοῦ Φιλίππου μᾶλλον ἰσχυρῶς ἀγωνισαμένου, ἀπελπίσαντες οἱ Ἐχιναιεῖς παρέδοσαν ἑαυτοὺς τῷ Φιλίππῳ. οὐ γὰρ οἷοί τε ἦσαν οἱ περὶ τὸν Δωρίμαχον τῇ τῶν δαπανημάτων ἐνδείᾳ ἀναγκάζειν τὸν Φίλιππον, ἐκ θαλάττης ταῦτα ποριζόμενον. ὅτι τῆς Αἰγίνης ὑπὸ Ῥωμαίων ἁλούσης, [οἱ] Αἰγινῆται συναθροισθέντες ἐπὶ τὰς ναῦς, ὅσοι μὴ διεκλάπησαν, ἐδέοντο τοῦ στρατηγοῦ συγχωρῆσαι σφίσι πρεσβευτὰς ἐκπέμψαι πρὸς τὰς συγγενεῖς πόλεις περὶ λύτρων· ὁ δὲ Πόπλιος τὸ μὲν πρῶτον πικρῶς ἀντέφη, φάσκων, ὅτʼ ἦσαν αὑτῶν κύριοι, τότε δεῖν διαπρεσβεύεσθαι πρὸς τοὺς κρείττους περὶ σωτηρίας, μὴ νῦν δούλους γεγονότας· τὸ δὲ μικρῷ πρότερον αὐτοὺς μηδὲ λόγου καταξιώσαντας τοὺς παρʼ αὐτοῦ πρεσβευτάς, νῦν ὑποχειρίους γεγονότας ἀξιοῦν πρεσβεύειν πρὸς τοὺς συγγενεῖς, πῶς οὐκ εὔηθες εἶναι; καὶ τότε μὲν ἀπέπεμψε τοὺς ἐντυγχάνοντας ταῦτʼ εἰπών· τῇ δʼ ἐπαύριον συγκαλέσας ἅπαντας τοὺς αἰχμαλώτους, Αἰγινήταις μὲν οὐδὲν ὀφείλειν ἔφη ποιεῖν φιλάνθρωπον, τῶν δὲ λοιπῶν Ἑλλήνων ἕνεκα συγχωρεῖν ἔφη πρεσβεύειν περὶ τῶν λύτρων, ἐπεὶ τοῦτο παρʼ αὐτοῖς ἔθος ἐστίν.

[¶13] 43. The Euphrates rises in Armenia and flows through Syria and the country beyond to Babylonia. It seems to discharge itself into the Red Sea; but in point of fact it does not do so: for its waters are dissipated among the ditches dug across the fields before it reaches the sea. Accordingly the nature of this river is the reverse of that of others. For in other rivers the volume of water is increased in proportion to the greater distance traversed, and they are at their highest in winter and lowest in midsummer; but this river is fullest of water at the rising of the dog-star, and has the largest volume of water in Syria, which continually decreases as it advances. The reason of this is that the increase is not caused by the collection of winter rains, but by the melting of the snows; and its decrease by the diversion of its stream into the land, and its subdivision for the purposes of irrigation. It was this which on this occasion made the transport of the army slow, because as the boats were heavily laden, and the stream very low, the forces of the current did exceedingly little to help them down....

> Greek: 43. ὁ γὰρ Εὐφράτης τὴν μὲν ἀρχὴν λαμβάνει τῆς συστάσεως ἐξ Ἀρμενίας, διαρρεῖ δὲ [τὸν] διὰ Συρίας καὶ τῶν ἑξῆς τόπων ὡς ἐπὶ Βαβυλωνίαν. καὶ δοκεῖ μὲν εἰς τὴν Ἐρυθρὰν ἐμβάλλειν θάλατταν, οὐ μὴν ἔστι γε τοῦτο· ταῖς γὰρ διώρυξι ταῖς ἐπὶ τὴν χώραν ἀγομέναις προεκδαπανᾶται πρὶν ἐκβολὴν εἰς θάλατταν πεποιῆσθαι. διὸ καὶ συμβαίνει τὴν ὑπεναντίαν φύσιν ἔχειν τοῦτον τοῖς πλείστοις τῶν ποταμῶν. τοῖς μὲν γὰρ ἄλλοις αὔξεται τὸ ῥεῦμα, καθὼς ἂν πλείους διαφέρωνται τόπους, καὶ μέγιστοι μέν εἰσι κατὰ χειμῶνα, ταπεινότατοι δὲ κατὰ τὴν ἀκμὴν τοῦ θέρους· οὗτος δὲ καὶ πλεῖστος γίνεται τῷ ῥεύματι κατὰ κυνὸς ἐπιτολὴν καὶ μέγιστος ἐν τοῖς κατὰ Συρίαν τόποις, αἰεὶ δὲ προϊὼν ἐλάττων. αἴτιον δὲ τούτων ὅτι συμβαίνει τὴν μὲν αὔξησιν οὐκ ἐκ τῆς συρρύσεως τῶν χειμερινῶν ὄμβρων, ἀλλʼ ἐκ τῆς ἀνατήξεως τῶν χιόνων γίνεσθαι, τὴν δὲ μείωσιν διὰ τὰς ἐκτροπὰς τὰς ἐπὶ τὴν χώραν καὶ τὸν μερισμὸν αὐτοῦ τὸν ἐπὶ τὰς ἀρδεύσεις. ᾗ καὶ τότε βραδεῖαν συνέβαινε γίνεσθαι τὴν κομιδὴν τῶν δυνάμεων, ἅτε καταγόμων μὲν ὄντων τῶν πλοίων, ταπεινοτάτου δὲ τοῦ ποταμοῦ καὶ τελέως βραχύ τι συνεργούσης τῆς τοῦ ῥεύματος βίας πρὸς τὸν πλοῦν.

[¶14] 44. The Romans sent ambassadors to Ptolemy, wishing to be supplied with corn, as they were suffering from a great scarcity of it at home; and, moreover, when all Italy had been laid waste by the enemy’s troops up to the gates of Rome, and when all supplies from abroad were stopped by the fact that war was raging, and armies encamped, in all parts of the world except in Egypt. In fact the scarcity at Rome had come to such a pitch, that a Sicilian medimnus was sold for fifteen drachmae. But in spite of this distress the Romans did not relax in their attention to the war.

> Greek: 44. ὅτι τοὺς μὴ μετʼ εὐνοίας καὶ προθυμίας ἐμβαίνοντας οὐδʼ ἐπʼ αὐτῶν εἰκός ἐστι τῶν ἔργων ἀληθεῖς εἶναι συμμάχους. καὶ ἔστιν ἀληθὲς τὸ πολλάκις ὑφʼ ἡμῶν εἰρημένον ὡς οὐχ οἷόν τε περιλαβεῖν οὐδὲ συνθεάσασθαι τῇ ψυχῇ τὸ κάλλιστον θέαμα τῶν γεγονότων, λέγω δὲ τὴν τῶν ὅλων οἰκονομίαν, ἐκ τῶν τὰς κατὰ μέρος πράξεις γραφόντων. Πολύβιος δʼ ἐν τῇ ἐνάτῃ τῶν Ἱστοριῶν καὶ ποταμόν τινα ἀναγράφει Κύαθον καλούμενον περὶ Ἀρσινόην πόλιν Αἰτωλίας. Ἀρσινόη, πόλις Λιβύης. … τὸ ἐθνικὸν Ἀρσινοΐτης, καὶ Ἀρσινοεὺς ἐπὶ τῆς Αἰτωλικῆς, ὡς Πολύβιος ἐνάτῳ. Ξυνία, Θετταλίας πόλις. Πολύβιος ἐνάτῳ. Φόρουννα, πόλις Θρᾴκης· Πολύβιος ἐνάτῳ.