---
title: "The Histories · Ἱστορίαι"
author: "Polybius"
translator: "Evelyn S. Shuckburgh"
languages: [grc, en]
shelf: "Classical Greek"
section: 63 of 103
url: https://scriptura.si/works/polybius-histories/63/
cite: "Polybius, tr. Evelyn S. Shuckburgh, The Histories · Ἱστορίαι, section 63. Scriptura (scriptura.si), https://scriptura.si/works/polybius-histories/63/"
---

# The Histories · Ἱστορίαι

*Polybius, tr. Evelyn S. Shuckburgh*

How did Rome conquer the known world in under fifty-three years? A Greek hostage who became Scipio’s friend explains, with the Punic Wars, Hannibal, the Roman constitution and the fall of Carthage.

> Greek: ed. Theodor Büttner-Wobst, from the Perseus Digital Library (canonical-greekLit, tlg0543.tlg001, CC BY-SA 4.0).

> English: Evelyn S. Shuckburgh, from the Perseus Digital Library (tlg0543.tlg001.perseus-eng2). Notes are not included.

> Rows follow the references the two texts share (books, chapters and sections), cut where both reach the end of a sentence.

## 63. Book XIV

Source: https://scriptura.si/works/polybius-histories/63/ · cite a paragraph as https://scriptura.si/works/polybius-histories/63/#p-N

[¶0] 1. While the Consuls were thus engaged, Scipio in Libya learnt during the winter that the Carthaginians were fitting out a fleet; he therefore devoted himself to similar preparations as well as to pressing on the siege of Utica. He did not, however, give up all hopes of Syphax; but as their forces were not far apart he kept sending messages to him, convinced that he would be able to detach him from the Carthaginians. He still cherished the belief that Syphax was getting tired of the girl for whose sake he had joined the Carthaginians, and of his alliance with the Punic people generally; for the Numidians, he knew, were naturally quick to feel satiety, and constant neither to gods nor men. Scipio’s mind, however, was distracted with various anxieties, and his prospects were far from seeming secure to him; for he shrank from an engagement in the open field on account of the enemy’s great superiority in numbers. He therefore seized an opportunity which now presented itself. Some of his messengers to Syphax reported to him that the Carthaginians had constructed their huts in their winter camp of various kinds of wood and boughs without any earth; while the old army of the Numidians made theirs of reeds, and the reinforcements which were now coming in from the neighbouring townships constructed theirs of boughs only, some of them inside the trench and palisade, but the greater number outside. Scipio therefore made up his mind that the manner of attacking them, which would be most unexpected by the enemy and most successful for himself, would be by fire. He therefore turned his attention to organising such an attack. Now, in his communications with Scipio, Syphax was continually harping upon his proposal that the Carthaginians should evacuate Italy and the Romans Libya; and that the possessions held by either between these two countries should remain in statu quo. Hitherto Scipio had refused to listen to this suggestion, but he now gave Syphax a hint by the mouth of his messengers that the course he wished to see followed was not impossible. Greatly elated at this, Syphax became much bolder than before in his communications with Scipio; the numbers of the messengers sent backwards and forwards, and the frequency of their visits, were redoubled; and they sometimes even stayed several days in each other’s camps without any thought of precaution. On these occasions Scipio always took care to send, with the envoys, some men of tried experience or of military knowledge, dressed up as slaves in rough and common clothes, that they might examine and investigate in security the approaches and entrances to both the entrenchments. For there were two camps, one that of Hasdrubal, containing thirty thousand infantry and three thousand cavalry; and another about ten stades distant from it of the Numidians, containing ten thousand cavalry and about fifty thousand infantry. The latter was the easier of approach, and its huts were well calculated for being set on fire, because, as I said before, the Numidians had not made theirs of timber and earth, but used simply reeds and thatch in their construction.

> Greek: 1. οἱ μὲν οὖν ὕπατοι περὶ ταύτας ἐγίνοντο τὰς πράξεις, ὁ δὲ Πόπλιος ἐν τῇ Λιβύῃ κατὰ τὴν παραχειμασίαν πυνθανόμενος ἐξαρτύειν στόλον τοὺς Καρχηδονίους, ἐγίνετο μὲν καὶ περὶ ταύτην τὴν παρασκευήν, οὐχ ἧττον δὲ καὶ περὶ τὴν τῆς Ἰτύκης πολιορκίαν. οὐ μὴν οὐδὲ τῆς κατὰ τὸν Σόφακα τελέως ἐλπίδος ἀφίστατο, διεπέμπετο δὲ συνεχῶς διὰ τὸ μὴ πολὺ ἀφεστάναι τὰς δυνάμεις ἀλλήλων, πεπεισμένος μετακαλέσειν αὐτὸν ἀπὸ τῆς τῶν Καρχηδονίων συμμαχίας· οὐ γὰρ ἀπεγίνωσκε καὶ τῆς παιδίσκης αὐτὸν ἤδη κόρον ἔχειν, διʼ ἣν εἵλετο τὰ Καρχηδονίων, καὶ καθόλου τῆς πρὸς τοὺς Φοίνικας φιλίας διά τε τὴν φυσικὴν τῶν Νομάδων ἁψικορίαν καὶ διὰ τὴν πρός τε τοὺς θεοὺς καὶ τοὺς ἀνθρώπους ἀθεσίαν. ὢν δὲ περὶ πολλὰ τῇ διανοίᾳ καὶ ποικίλας ἔχων ἐλπίδας ὑπὲρ τοῦ μέλλοντος διὰ τὸ κατορρωδεῖν τὸν ἔξω κίνδυνον τῷ πολλαπλασίους εἶναι τοὺς ὑπεναντίους, ἐπελάβετό τινος ἀφορμῆς τοιαύτης. τῶν γὰρ διαπεμπομένων πρὸς τὸν Σόφακά τινες ἀνήγγειλαν αὐτῷ διότι συμβαίνει τοὺς μὲν Καρχηδονίους ἐκ παντοδαπῶν ξύλων καὶ φυλλάδος ἄνευ γῆς ἐν τῇ παραχειμασίᾳ κατεσκευακέναι τὰς σκηνάς, τῶν δὲ Νομάδων τοὺς μὲν ἐξ ἀρχῆς ἐκ καλάμων, τοὺς δʼ ἐπισυναγομένους ἐκ τῶν πόλεων κατὰ τὸ παρὸν ἐξ αὐτῆς τῆς φυλλάδος σκηνοποιεῖσθαι, τοὺς μὲν ἐντός, τοὺς δὲ πλείους αὐτῶν ἐκτὸς τῆς τάφρου καὶ τοῦ χάρακος. νομίσας οὖν ὁ Πόπλιος παραδοξοτάτην μὲν τοῖς πολεμίοις, πραγματικωτάτην δὲ σφίσιν εἶναι τὴν διὰ τοῦ πυρὸς ἐπιβολήν, ἐγένετο περὶ ταύτην τὴν κατασκευήν. ὁ δὲ Σόφαξ ἐν ταῖς πρὸς τὸν Πόπλιον διαποστολαῖς ἀεί πως ἐπὶ ταύτην κατήντα τὴν γνώμην ὅτι δέοι Καρχηδονίους μὲν ἐκ τῆς Ἰταλίας ἀπαλλάττεσθαι, Ῥωμαίους δὲ παραπλησίως ἐκ τῆς Λιβύης, τὰ δὲ μεταξὺ τούτων ἔχειν ἀμφοτέρους ὡς τότε κατεῖχον. ὧν ὁ Πόπλιος ἀκούων ἐν τοῖς πρὸ τοῦ χρόνοις οὐδαμῶς ἀνείχετο· τότε δὲ τῷ Νομάδι βραχεῖαν ἔμφασιν ἐποιήσατο διὰ τῶν ἀποστελλομένων ὡς οὐκ ἀδυνάτου τῆς ἐπιβολῆς οὔσης, ἧς ἐπιβάλλεται. διʼ οὗ συνέβη τὸν Σόφακα κουφισθέντα πολλαπλασίως ἐπιρρωσθῆναι πρὸς τὴν ἐπιπλοκήν. οὗ γινομένου πλείους ἦσαν οἱ διαπεμπόμενοι καὶ πλεονάκις· ἔστι δʼ ὅτε καί τινας ἡμέρας ἔμενον παρʼ ἀλλήλοις ἀπαρατηρήτως. ἐν αἷς ὁ Πόπλιος ἀεί τινας μὲν τῶν πραγματικῶν, οὓς δὲ καὶ στρατιωτικῶν, ῥυπῶντας καὶ ταπεινούς, εἰς δουλικὰς ἐσθῆτας διασκευάζων, μετὰ τῶν ἀποστελλομένων ἐξέπεμπε χάριν τοῦ τὰς προσόδους καὶ τὰς εἰσόδους τὰς εἰς ἑκατέραν τὴν παρεμβολὴν ἀσφαλῶς ἐξερευνῆσαι καὶ κατοπτεῦσαι. δύο γὰρ ἦσαν στρατοπεδεῖαι, μία μὲν ἣν Ἀσδρούβας εἶχε μετὰ πεζῶν τρισμυρίων καὶ τρισχιλίων ἱππέων, ἄλλη δὲ περὶ δέκα σταδίους ἀφεστῶσα ταύτης, ἡ τῶν Νομάδων, ἱππεῖς μὲν εἰς μυρίους ἔχουσα, πεζοὺς δὲ περὶ πεντακισμυρίους. ἣ δὴ καὶ μᾶλλον εὐέφοδος ἦν καὶ τὰς σκηνὰς εἶχε τελέως εὐφυεῖς πρὸς ἐμπυρισμὸν διὰ τὸ τοὺς Νομάδας, ὡς ἀρτίως εἶπον, μὴ διὰ ξύλων μηδὲ διὰ γῆς, ἁπλῶς δὲ κάνναις καὶ καλάμοις χρῆσθαι πρὸς τὰς σκηνοποιίας.

[¶1] 2. By the beginning of spring Scipio had completed the reconnaissances necessary for this attempt upon the enemy; and he began launching his ships, and getting the engines on them into working order, as though with the purpose of assaulting Utica by sea. With his land forces he once more occupied the high ground overlooking the town, and carefully fortified it and secured it by trenches. He wished the enemy to believe that he was doing this for the sake of carrying on the siege; but he really meant it as a cover for his men, who were to be engaged in the undertaking described above, to prevent the garrison sallying out, when the legions were separated from their lines, assaulting the palisade which was so near to them, and attacking the division left in charge of it. Whilst in the midst of these preparations, he sent to Syphax inquiring whether, “in case he agreed to his proposals, the Carthaginians would assent, and not say again that they would deliberate on the terms?” He ordered these legates at the same time not to return to him, until they had received an answer on these points. When the envoys arrived, the Numidian king was convinced that Scipio was on the point of concluding the agreement, partly from the fact that the ambassadors said that they would not go away until they got his answer, and partly because of the anxiety expressed as to the disposition of the Carthaginians. He therefore sent immediately to Hasdrubal, stating the facts and urging him to accept the peace. Meanwhile he neglected all precautions himself, and allowed the Numidians, who were now joining, to pitch their tents where they were, outside the lines. Scipio in appearance acted in the same way, while in reality he was pushing on his preparations with the utmost care. When a message was returned from the Carthaginians bidding Syphax complete the treaty of peace, the Numidian king, in a state of great exaltation, communicated the news to the envoys; who immediately departed to their own camp to inform Scipio from the king of what had been done. As soon as he heard it, the Roman general at once sent fresh envoys to inform Syphax that Scipio was quite satisfied and was anxious for the peace; but that the members of his council differed from him, and held that they should remain as they were. The ambassadors duly arrived and informed the Numidians of this. Scipio sent this mission to avoid the appearance of a breach of truce, if he should perform any act of hostility while negotiations for peace were still going on between the parties. He considered that, by making this statement, he would be free to act in whatever way he chose without laying himself open to blame.

> Greek: 2. ἐπειδὴ δὲ τὰ μὲν τῆς ἐαρινῆς ὥρας ὑπέφαινεν ἤδη, τῷ δὲ Σκιπίωνι πάντα διηρεύνητο πρὸς τὴν προειρημένην ἐπιβολὴν τὰ κατὰ τοὺς ὑπεναντίους, τὰς μὲν νῆας καθεῖλκε καὶ μηχανὰς κατεσκεύαζε ταύταις ὡς πολιορκήσων ἐκ θαλάττης τὴν Ἰτύκην, τοῖς δὲ πεζοῖς, οὖσιν ὡς δισχιλίοις, κατελάβετο πάλιν τὸν ὑπὲρ τὴν πόλιν κείμενον λόφον, καὶ τοῦτον ὠχυροῦτο καὶ διετάφρευε πολυτελῶς, τοῖς μὲν ὑπεναντίοις ποιῶν φαντασίαν ὡς τοῦτο πράττων τῆς πολιορκίας ἕνεκα, τῇ δʼ ἀληθείᾳ βουλόμενος ἐφεδρεύειν τοῖς κατὰ τὸν τῆς πράξεως καιρόν, ἵνα μὴ τῶν στρατοπέδων ἐκ τῆς παρεμβολῆς χωρισθέντων οἱ τὴν Ἰτύκην παραφυλάττοντες στρατιῶται τολμήσαιεν ἐξελθόντες ἐκ τῆς πόλεως ἐγχειρεῖν τῷ χάρακι διὰ τὸ σύνεγγυς εἶναι, καὶ πολιορκεῖν τοὺς φυλάττοντας. ταῦτα δὲ παρασκευαζόμενος ἅμα διεπέμπετο πρὸς τὸν Σόφακα, πυνθανόμενος, ἐὰν συγχωρῇ τοῖς παρακαλουμένοις, εἰ καὶ τοῖς Καρχηδονίοις ἔσται ταῦτα κατὰ νοῦν καὶ μὴ πάλιν ἐκεῖνοι φήσουσι βουλεύσεσθαι περὶ τῶν συγχωρουμένων. ἅμα δὲ τούτοις προσενετείλατο τοῖς πρεσβευταῖς μὴ πρότερον ὡς αὑτὸν ἀπιέναι πρὶν ἢ λαβεῖν ἀπόκρισιν ὑπὲρ τούτων. ὧν ἀφικομένων διακούσας ὁ Νομὰς ἐπείσθη διότι πρὸς τὸ συντελεῖν ἐστι τὰς διαλύσεις ὁ Σκιπίων, ἔκ τε τοῦ φάναι τοὺς πρέσβεις μὴ πρότερον ἀπαλλαγήσεσθαι πρὶν ἢ λαβεῖν παρʼ αὐτοῦ τὰς ἀποκρίσεις, ἔκ τε τοῦ διευλαβεῖσθαι τὴν τῶν Καρχηδονίων συγκατάθεσιν. διὸ καὶ πρὸς μὲν τὸν Ἀσδρούβαν ἐξ αὐτῆς ἔπεμπε, διασαφῶν τὰ γινόμενα καὶ παρακαλῶν δέχεσθαι τὴν εἰρήνην, αὐτὸς δὲ ῥᾳθύμως διῆγε, καὶ τοὺς ἐπισυναγομένους Νομάδας ἐκτὸς εἴα τῆς παρεμβολῆς αὐτοῦ κατασκηνοῦν. ὁ δὲ Πόπλιος κατὰ μὲν τὴν ἐπίφασιν ἐποίει τὸ παραπλήσιον, κατὰ δὲ τὴν ἀλήθειαν ἐν τοῖς μάλιστα περὶ τὰς παρασκευὰς ἦν. ἐπειδὴ δὲ παρὰ μὲν τῶν Καρχηδονίων τῷ Σόφακι διεσαφήθη συντελεῖν τὰ κατὰ τὰς συνθήκας, ὁ δὲ Νομὰς περιχαρὴς ὢν εἶπε τοῖς πρεσβευταῖς ὑπὲρ τούτων, εὐθέως οἱ πρέσβεις ἀπῄεσαν εἰς τὴν ἰδίαν παρεμβολήν, μηνύσοντες τῷ Ποπλίῳ τὰ πραχθέντα παρὰ τοῦ βασιλέως. ὧν ἀκούσας ὁ τῶν Ῥωμαίων στρατηγὸς αὖθις ἐκ ποδὸς ἔπεμπε πρέσβεις, δηλώσοντας τῷ Σόφακι διότι συμβαίνει τὸν μὲν Πόπλιον εὐδοκεῖν καὶ σπουδάζειν ὑπὲρ τῆς εἰρήνης, τοὺς δʼ ἐν τῷ συνεδρίῳ διαφέρεσθαι καὶ φάναι διαμένειν ἐπὶ τῶν ὑποκειμένων· οἳ καὶ παραγενόμενοι διεσάφησαν ταῦτα τῷ Νομάδι. τὴν δʼ ἀποστολὴν ταύτην ὁ Σκιπίων ἐποιήσατο χάριν τοῦ μὴ δόξαι παρασπονδεῖν, ἐὰν ἔτι μενούσης τῆς ὑπὲρ τῶν διαλύσεων ἐπικηρυκείας πρὸς ἀλλήλους πράξῃ τι τῶν πολεμικῶν ἔργων. γενομένης δὲ τῆς ἀπορρήσεως ταύτης ἅπαν τὸ γινόμενον ἀνεπίληπτον ἕξειν ὑπέλαβε τὴν προαίρεσιν.

[¶2] 3. Syphax’s annoyance at this message was great, in proportion to the hopes he had previously entertained of making the peace. He had an interview with Hasdrubal, and told him of the message he had received from the Romans; but though they deliberated long and earnestly as to what they ought to do, they neither had any idea or conjecture as to what was really going to happen. For they had no anticipation whatever as to the need of taking precautions, or of any danger threatening them, but were all eagerness and excitement to strike some blow, and thus provoke the enemy to descend into the level ground. Meanwhile Scipio allowed his army generally, by the preparations he was making and the orders he was issuing, to imagine that his aim was the capture of Utica; but summoning the most able and trusty Tribunes at noon, he imparted to them his design, and ordered them to cause their men to get their supper early, and then to lead the legions outside the camp as soon as the buglers gave the usual signal by a simultaneous blast of their bugles. For it is a custom in the Roman army for the trumpeters and buglers to sound a call near the commander’s tent at supper time, that the night pickets may then take up their proper positions. Scipio next summoned the spies whom he had sent at different times to reconnoitre the enemy’s quarters, and carefully compared and studied the accounts they gave about the roads leading to the hostile camps and the entrances to them, employing Massanissa to criticise their words and assist him with his advice, because he was acquainted with the locality.

> Greek: 3. ὁ δὲ Σόφαξ ταῦτα διακούσας ἔφερε μὲν δυσχερῶς διὰ τὸ προκατηλπικέναι περὶ τῶν διαλύσεων, συνῄει δὲ πρὸς τὸν Ἀσδρούβαν εἰς λόγους, καὶ διεσάφει τὰ παρὰ τῶν Ῥωμαίων αὐτῷ προσαγγελλόμενα. περὶ ὧν πολλὰ διαπορήσαντες ἐβουλεύοντο πῶς σφίσι καθήκει χρῆσθαι τοῖς ἑξῆς πράγμασι, πλεῖστον ἀπέχοντες ταῖς ἐννοίαις καὶ ταῖς ἐπιβολαῖς τοῦ μέλλοντος· περὶ φυλακῆς μὲν γὰρ ἢ τοῦ πείσεσθαί τι δεινὸν οὐδʼ ἡντινοῦν εἶχον πρόληψιν, περὶ δὲ τοῦ δρᾶσαί τι καὶ προκαλέσασθαι τοὺς πολεμίους εἰς ὁμαλὸν τόπον πολλή τις ἦν αὐτῶν ὁρμὴ καὶ προθυμία. Πόπλιος δὲ κατὰ τὸν καιρὸν τοῦτον τοῖς μὲν πολλοῖς ὑπεδείκνυε διά τε τῆς παρασκευῆς καὶ τῶν παραγγελμάτων ὡς κατὰ τῆς Ἰτύκης ἔχων πρᾶξιν, τῶν δὲ χιλιάρχων τοὺς ἐπιτηδειοτάτους καὶ πιστοτάτους καλέσας περὶ μέσον ἡμέρας ἐξέθηκε τὴν ἐπιβολήν, καὶ παρήγγειλε δειπνοποιησαμένους καθʼ ὥραν ἐξάγειν τὰ στρατόπεδα πρὸ τοῦ χάρακος, ἐπειδὰν κατὰ τὸν ἐθισμὸν οἱ σαλπιγκταὶ σημαίνωσιν ἅμα πάντες· ἔστι γὰρ ἔθος Ῥωμαίοις κατὰ τὸν τοῦ δείπνου καιρὸν τοὺς βυκανητὰς καὶ σαλπιγκτὰς πάντας σημαίνειν παρὰ τὴν τοῦ στρατηγοῦ σκηνήν, χάριν τοῦ τὰς νυκτερινὰς φυλακὰς κατὰ τὸν καιρὸν τοῦτον ἵστασθαι κατὰ τοὺς ἰδίους τόπους. μετὰ δὲ ταῦτα τοὺς κατασκόπους ἀνακαλεσάμενος, οὓς ἐτύγχανε διαπεμπόμενος εἰς τὰ τῶν πολεμίων στρατόπεδα, συνέκρινε καὶ διηρεύνα τὰ λεγόμενα περί τε τῶν προσβάσεων καὶ τῶν εἰσόδων τῶν εἰς τὰς παρεμβολάς, χρώμενος ἐπικριτῇ τῶν λεγομένων καὶ συμβούλῳ Μασαννάσᾳ διὰ τὴν τῶν τόπων ἐμπειρίαν.

[¶3] 4. Everything being prepared for his expedition, Scipio left a sufficiently strong guard in the camp, and got the rest of the men on the march towards the end of the first watch, the enemy being about sixty stades distant. Arrived in the neighbourhood of the enemy, about the end of the third watch, he assigned to Gaius Laelius and Massanissa half his Roman soldiers and all his Numidians, with orders to attack the camp of Syphax, urging them to quit themselves like brave men and do nothing carelessly; with the clear understanding that, as the darkness hindered and prevented the use of the eyes, a night attack required all the more the assistance of a cool head and a firm heart. The rest of the army he took the command of in person, and led against Hasdrubal. He had calculated on not beginning his assault until Laelius’s division had set fire to the enemy’s huts; he therefore proceeded slowly. The latter meanwhile advanced in two divisions, which attacked the enemy simultaneously. The construction of the huts being as though purposely contrived to be susceptible of a conflagration, as I have already explained, as soon as the front rank men began to set light to them, the fire caught all the first row of huts fiercely, and soon got beyond all control, from the closeness of the huts to each other, and the amount of combustible material which they contained. Laelius remained in the rear as a reserve; but Massanissa, knowing the localities through which those who fled from the fire would be sure to retreat, stationed his own soldiers at those spots. Not a single Numidian had any suspicion of the true state of the case, not even Syphax himself; but thinking that it was a mere accidental conflagration of the rampart, some of them started unsuspiciously out of bed, others sprang out of their tents in the midst of a carouse and with the cup actually at their lips. The result was that numbers of them got trampled to death by their own friends at the exits from the camp; many were caught by the flames and burnt to death; while all those who escaped the flame fell into the hands of the enemy, and were killed, without knowing what was happening to them or what they were doing.

> Greek: 4. ἐπειδὴ δὲ πάντʼ ἦν εὐτρεπῆ τὰ πρὸς τὴν χρείαν αὐτῷ τὴν ἐνεστῶσαν, ἀπολιπὼν τοὺς ἱκανοὺς καὶ τοὺς ἐπιτηδείους ἐπὶ τῆς παρεμβολῆς, ἀναλαβὼν τὰς δυνάμεις προῆγεν ἄρτι ληγούσης τῆς πρώτης φυλακῆς· περὶ γὰρ ἑξήκοντα σταδίους ἀπεῖχον οἱ πολέμιοι. συνεγγίσας δὲ τοῖς πολεμίοις περὶ τρίτην φυλακὴν λήγουσαν, Γαίῳ μὲν Λαιλίῳ καὶ Μασαννάσᾳ τοὺς ἡμίσεις ἀπονείμας τῶν στρατιωτῶν καὶ πάντας τοὺς Νομάδας ἐπέταξε ποιεῖσθαι τὴν προσβολὴν πρὸς τὸν τοῦ Σόφακος χάρακα, παρακαλέσας ἄνδρας ἀγαθοὺς γενέσθαι καὶ μηδὲν εἰκῇ πράττειν, σαφῶς εἰδότας ὅτι, καθʼ ὅσον ἐμποδίζει καὶ κωλύει τὰ τῆς ὁράσεως τὸ σκότος, κατὰ τοσοῦτον δεῖ συνεκπληροῦν τῇ διανοίᾳ καὶ τῇ τόλμῃ τὰς νυκτερινὰς ἐπιβολάς· αὐτὸς δὲ τὴν λοιπὴν στρατιὰν ἀναλαβὼν ἐποιεῖτο τὴν ὁρμὴν ἐπὶ τὸν Ἀσδρούβαν. ἦν δʼ αὐτῷ συλλελογισμένον μὴ πρότερον ἐγχειρεῖν, ἕως ἂν οἱ περὶ τὸν Λαίλιον πρῶτοι τὸ πῦρ ἐμβάλωσι τοῖς πολεμίοις. οὗτος μὲν τοιαύτας ἔχων ἐπινοίας βάδην ἐποιεῖτο τὴν πορείαν· οἱ δὲ περὶ τὸν Λαίλιον εἰς δύο μέρη σφᾶς αὐτοὺς διελόντες ἅμα προσέβαλλον τοῖς πολεμίοις. τῆς δὲ τῶν σκηνῶν διαθέσεως οἷον ἐπίτηδες πρὸς ἐμπυρισμὸν κατεσκευασμένης, καθάπερ ἀνώτερον εἶπον, ὡς οἱ προηγούμενοι τὸ πῦρ ἐνέβαλλον, κατανεμηθὲν εἰς τὰς πρώτας σκηνὰς εὐθέως ἀβοήθητον ἐποίει τὸ κακὸν διά τε τὴν συνέχειαν τῶν σκηνῶν καὶ διὰ τὸ πλῆθος τῆς ὑποκειμένης ὕλης. ὁ μὲν οὖν Λαίλιος ἔχων ἐφεδρείας τάξιν ἔμενεν· ὁ δὲ Μασαννάσας εἰδὼς τοὺς τόπους, καθʼ οὓς ἔμελλον οἱ φεύγοντες τὸ πῦρ ποιήσασθαι τὴν ἀποχώρησιν, ἐν τούτοις ἐπέστησε τοὺς αὑτοῦ στρατιώτας. τῶν δὲ Νομάδων οὐδεὶς ἁπλῶς συνυπώπτευσε τὸ γινόμενον, οὐδʼ αὐτὸς ὁ Σόφαξ, ἀλλʼ ὡς αὐτομάτως ἐμπεπρησμένου τοῦ χάρακος, ταύτην ἔσχον τὴν διάληψιν. ὅθεν ἀνυπονοήτως οἱ μὲν ἐκ τῶν ὕπνων, οἱ δʼ ἀκμὴν ἔτι μεθυσκόμενοι καὶ πίνοντες ἐξεπήδων ἐκ τῶν σκηνῶν. καὶ πολλοὶ μὲν ὑφʼ αὑτῶν περὶ τὰς τοῦ χάρακος ἐξόδους συνεπατήθησαν, πολλοὶ δὲ περικαταληφθέντες ὑπὸ τῆς φλογὸς κατεπρήσθησαν· οἱ δὲ καὶ διαφυγόντες τὴν φλόγα, πάντες εἰς τοὺς πολεμίους ἐμπίπτοντες, οὔθʼ ὃ πάσχουσιν οὔθʼ ὃ ποιοῦσι γινώσκοντες διεφθείροντο.

[¶4] 5. At the same time the Carthaginians, observing the proportions of the conflagration and the hugeness of the flame that was rising, imagined that the Numidian camp had been accidentally set on fire. Some of them therefore started at once to render assistance, and all the rest hurried outside their own camp unarmed, and stood there gazing in astonishment at the spectacle. Everything having thus succeeded to his best wishes, Scipio fell upon these men outside their camp, and either put them to the sword, or, driving them back into the camp, set fire to their huts. The disaster of the Punic army was thus very like that which had just befallen the Numidians, fire and sword in both cases combining to destroy them. Hasdrubal immediately gave up all idea of combating the fire, for he knew from the coincidence of the two that the fire in the Numidian camp was not accidental, as he had supposed, but had originated from some desperate design of the enemy. He therefore turned his attention to saving his own life, although there was now little hope left of doing so. For the fire was spreading rapidly and was catching everywhere; while the camp gangways were full of horses, beasts of burden, and men, some of them half dead and devoured by the fire, and others in a state of such frantic terror and mad excitement that they prevented any attempts at making a defence, and by the utter tumult and confusion which they created rendered all chance of escape hopeless. The case of Syphax was the same as that of Hasdrubal, as it was also that of the other officers. The two former, however, did manage to escape, accompanied by a few horsemen: but all those myriads of men, horses, and beasts of burden, either met a miserable and pitiable death from the fire, or, if they escaped the violence of that, some of the men perished ignominiously at the hands of the enemy, cut down naked and defenceless, not only without their arms, but without so much as their clothes to cover them. The whole place was filled with yells of pain, confused cries, terror, and unspeakable din, mingled with a conflagration which spread rapidly and blazed with the utmost fierceness. It was the combination and suddenness of these horrors that made them so awful, any one of which by itself would have been sufficient to strike terror into the hearts of men. It is accordingly impossible for the imagination to exaggerate the dreadful scene, so completely did it surpass in horror everything hitherto recorded. Of all the brilliant achievements of Scipio this appears to me to have been the most brilliant and the most daring....

> Greek: 5. κατὰ δὲ τὸν καιρὸν τοῦτον οἱ Καρχηδόνιοι, θεωροῦντες τὸ πλῆθος τοῦ πυρὸς καὶ τὸ μέγεθος τῆς ἐξαιρομένης φλογός, ὑπολαβόντες αὐτομάτως ἀνῆφθαι τὸν τῶν Νομάδων χάρακα, τινὲς μὲν ἐβοήθουν ἐξ αὐτῆς, οἱ δὲ λοιποὶ πάντες ἐκτρέχοντες ἐκ τῆς παρεμβολῆς ἄνοπλοι συνίσταντο πρὸ τῆς ἰδίας στρατοπεδείας, ἐκπλαγεῖς ὄντες ἐπὶ τοῖς γινομένοις. ὁ δὲ Σκιπίων, τῶν πραγμάτων ὡς ἂν εἰ κατʼ εὐχὴν αὐτῷ προχωρησάντων, ἐπιπεσὼν τοῖς ἐξεληλυθόσιν, οὓς μὲν ἐφόνευεν, οὓς δὲ καταδιώκων ἅμα τὸ πῦρ ἐνέβαλλε ταῖς σκηναῖς. οὗ γενομένου παραπλήσια συνέβαινε πάσχειν τοὺς Φοίνικας ὑπὸ τοῦ πυρὸς καὶ τῆς ὅλης περιστάσεως τοῖς ἄρτι ῥηθεῖσι περὶ τῶν Νομάδων. οἱ δὲ περὶ τὸν Ἀσδρούβαν τοῦ μὲν τῷ πυρὶ βοηθεῖν αὐτόθεν εὐθέως ἀπέστησαν, γνόντες ἐκ τοῦ συμβαίνοντος ὅτι καὶ περὶ τοὺς Νομάδας οὐκ αὐτομάτως, καθάπερ ὑπέλαβον, ἀλλʼ ἐκ τῆς τῶν πολεμίων ἐπιβολῆς καὶ τόλμης ἐγεγόνει τὸ δεινόν· ἐγίνοντο δὲ περὶ τὸ σῴζειν ἑαυτούς, βραχείας σφίσι καὶ περὶ τοῦτο τὸ μέρος ἐλπίδος ἔτι καταλειπομένης. τό τε γὰρ πῦρ ταχέως ἐπενέμετο καὶ περιελάμβανε πάντας τοὺς τόπους, αἵ τε δίοδοι πλήρεις ἦσαν ἵππων, ὑποζυγίων, ἀνδρῶν, τῶν μὲν ἡμιθνήτων καὶ διεφθαρμένων ὑπὸ τοῦ πυρός, τῶν δʼ ἐξεπτοημένων καὶ παρεστώτων ταῖς διανοίαις, ὥστε καὶ τοῖς ἀνδραγαθεῖν προαιρουμένοις ἐμπόδια ταῦτα γίνεσθαι, καὶ διὰ τὴν ταραχὴν καὶ σύγχυσιν ἀνέλπιστον εἶναι τὴν σωτηρίαν. παραπλήσια δὲ τούτοις ἦν καὶ τὰ περὶ τὸν Σόφακα καὶ τοὺς ἄλλους ἡγεμόνας. πλὴν οὗτοι μὲν ἀμφότεροι μετʼ ὀλίγων ἱππέων ἐξέσωσαν αὑτούς· αἱ δὲ λοιπαὶ μυριάδες ἀνδρῶν, ἵππων, ὑποζυγίων, ἀτυχῶς μὲν καὶ ἐλεεινῶς ὑπὸ τοῦ πυρὸς ἀπώλλυντο· αἰσχρῶς δὲ καὶ ἐπονειδίστως ἔνιοι τῶν ἀνδρῶν, τὴν τοῦ πυρὸς βίαν φεύγοντες, ὑπὸ τῶν πολεμίων διεφθείροντο, χωρὶς οὐ μόνον τῶν ὅπλων, ἀλλὰ καὶ τῶν ἱματίων, γυμνοὶ φονευόμενοι. καθόλου δὲ πᾶς ἦν ὁ τόπος οἰμωγῆς, βοῆς ἀτάκτου, φόβου, ψόφου παρηλλαγμένου, σὺν δὲ τούτοις πυρὸς ἐνεργοῦ καὶ φλογὸς ὑπερβαλλούσης πλήρης· ὧν ἓν ἱκανὸν [ὂν] ἐκπλῆξαι τὴν ἀνθρωπίνην φύσιν, μηδʼ ὅτι καὶ πάνθʼ ὁμοῦ συγκυρήσαντα παραδόξως. διὸ καὶ τὸ γεγονὸς οὐδὲ καθʼ ὑπερβολὴν εἰκάσαι δυνατὸν οὐδενὶ τῶν ὄντων ἐστίν· οὕτως ὑπερπεπαίκει τῇ δεινότητι πάσας τὰς προειρημένας πράξεις. ᾗ καὶ πολλῶν καὶ καλῶν διειργασμένων Σκιπίωνι κάλλιστον εἶναί μοι δοκεῖ τοῦτο τοὔργον καὶ παραβολώτατον τῶν ἐκείνῳ πεπραγμένων οὐ μὴν ἀλλὰ τῆς ἡμέρας ἐπιγενομένης, καὶ τῶν πολεμίων τῶν μὲν ἀπολωλότων, τῶν δὲ προτροπάδην πεφευγότων, παρακαλέσας τοὺς χιλιάρχους ἐκ ποδὸς ἐπηκολούθει.

[¶5] 6. When day broke, and he found the enemy either killed or in headlong flight, Scipio exhorted his Tribunes to activity, and at once started in pursuit. At first the Carthaginian general seemed inclined to stand his ground, though told of Scipio’s approach, trusting in the strength of the town [of Anda]; but when he saw that the inhabitants were in a mutinous state, he shrank from meeting the attack of Scipio, and fled with the relics of his army, which consisted of as many as five hundred cavalry and about two thousand infantry. The inhabitants of the town thereupon submitted unconditionally to the Romans, and were spared by Scipio, who, however, gave up two neighbouring towns to the legions to plunder. This being done he returned to his original entrenchment. Baffled in the hopes which they had entertained of the course which the campaign would take, the Carthaginians were deeply depressed. They had expected to shut up the Romans on the promontory near Utica, which had been the site of their winter quarters, and besiege them there with their army and fleet both by sea and land. With this view all their preparations had been made; and when they saw, quite contrary to their calculations, that they were not only driven from the open country by the enemy, but were in hourly expectation of an attack upon themselves and their city, they became completely disheartened and panic-stricken. Their circumstances, however, admitted of no delay. They were compelled at once to take precautions and adopt some measures for the future. But the senate was filled with doubt and varied and confused suggestions. Some said that they ought to send for Hannibal and recall him from Italy, their one hope of safety being now centred in that general and his forces. Others were for an embassy to Scipio to obtain a truce and discuss with him the terms of a pacification and treaty. Others again were for keeping up their courage and collecting their forces, and sending a message to Syphax; who, they said, was at the neighbouring town of Abba, engaged in collecting the remnants of his army. This last suggestion was the one which ultimately prevailed. The Government of Carthage accordingly set about collecting troops, and sent a despatch to Syphax begging him to support them and abide by his original policy, as a general with an army would presently join him.

> Greek: 6. τὰς μὲν οὖν ἀρχὰς ὁ Καρχηδόνιος ὑπέμενε, καίπερ αὐτῷ προσαγγελίας γενομένης· τοῦτο δʼ ἐποίει πιστεύων τῇ τῆς πόλεως ὀχυρότητι. μετὰ δὲ ταῦτα συνθεωρήσας τοὺς ἐγχωρίους στασιάζοντας, καταπλαγεὶς τὴν ἔφοδον τοῦ Σκιπίωνος, ἔφευγε μετὰ τῶν διασεσωσμένων· οὗτοι δʼ ἦσαν ἱππεῖς μὲν οὐκ ἐλάττους πεντακοσίων, πεζοὶ δὲ περὶ δισχιλίους. οἱ δʼ ἐγχώριοι συμφρονήσαντες ἐπέτρεψαν περὶ σφῶν αὐτῶν τοῖς Ῥωμαίοις. ὁ δὲ Πόπλιος τούτων μὲν ἐφείσατο, δύο δὲ τὰς παρακειμένας πόλεις ἐφῆκε τοῖς στρατοπέδοις διαρπάζειν, καὶ ταῦτα διαπραξάμενος αὖθις ἐπὶ τὴν ἐξ ἀρχῆς ἐπανῄει παρεμβολήν. οἱ δὲ Καρχηδόνιοι, παλιντρόπου τῆς ἐλπίδος αὐτοῖς ἀποβαινούσης πρὸς τὰς ἐξ ἀρχῆς ἐπιβολάς, βαρέως ἔφερον τὸ γεγονός· ἐλπίσαντες γὰρ πολιορκήσειν τοὺς Ῥωμαίους συγκλείσαντες εἰς τὴν ἄκραν τὴν προσοῦσαν τῆς Ἰτύκης, ἐν ᾗ τὴν παραχειμασίαν ἐποιοῦντο, κατὰ γῆν μὲν τοῖς πεζοῖς στρατεύμασι, κατὰ θάλατταν δὲ ταῖς ναυτικαῖς δυνάμεσι, καὶ πρὸς τοῦτο πάσας ἡτοιμακότες τὰς παρασκευάς, ἅμα τῷ μὴ μόνον τῶν ὑπαίθρων οὕτως ἀλόγως καὶ παραδόξως ἐκχωρῆσαι τοῖς ὑπεναντίοις, ἀλλὰ καὶ τὸν περὶ σφῶν αὐτῶν καὶ τῆς πατρίδος ὅσον οὐκ ἤδη προσδοκᾶν κίνδυνον, τελέως ἐκπλαγεῖς ἦσαν καὶ περίφοβοι ταῖς ψυχαῖς. οὐ μὴν ἀλλὰ τῶν πραγμάτων ἀναγκαζόντων ποιεῖσθαι πρόνοιαν καὶ βουλὴν ὑπὲρ τοῦ μέλλοντος, ἦν τὸ συνέδριον ἀπορίας καὶ ποικίλων καὶ τεταραγμένων ἐπινοημάτων πλῆρες. οἱ μὲν γὰρ ἔφασαν δεῖν πέμπειν ἐπὶ τὸν Ἀννίβαν καὶ καλεῖν ἐκ τῆς Ἰταλίας, ὡς μιᾶς ἔτι καταλειπομένης ἐλπίδος τῆς ἐν ἐκείνῳ τῷ στρατηγῷ καὶ ταῖς μετʼ ἐκείνου δυνάμεσιν, οἱ δὲ διαπρεσβεύεσθαι πρὸς τὸν Πόπλιον ὑπὲρ ἀνοχῶν καὶ λαλεῖν ὑπὲρ διαλύσεων καὶ συνθηκῶν, ἕτεροι δὲ θαρρεῖν καὶ συνάγειν τὰς δυνάμεις καὶ διαπέμπεσθαι πρὸς τὸν Σόφακα· καὶ γὰρ πλησίον αὐτὸν εἰς τὴν Ἄββαν ἀποκεχωρηκέναι, συναθροίζειν δὲ τοὺς ἀπὸ τοῦ κινδύνου διαφυγόντας. καὶ δὴ καὶ τέλος αὕτη τῶν γνωμῶν ἐπεκράτησεν. οὗτοι μὲν οὖν τάς τε δυνάμεις ἥθροιζον, ἐκπέμψαντες τὸν Ἀσδρούβαν, καὶ διεπέμψαντο πρὸς τὸν Σόφακα, δεόμενοι σφίσι βοηθεῖν καὶ μένειν ἐπὶ τῶν ὑποκειμένων κατὰ τὴν ἐξ ἀρχῆς πρόθεσιν, ὡς αὐτίκα μάλα τοῦ στρατηγοῦ μετὰ τῶν δυνάμεων πρὸς αὐτὸν συνάψοντος·

[¶6] 7. Meanwhile the Roman commander was pressing on the seige of Utica. But when he heard that Syphax was still in position, and that the Carthaginians were once more collecting an army, he led out his forces and pitched his camp close under the walls of Utica. At the same time he divided the booty among the soldiers.... The merchants who purchased them from the soldiers went away with very profitable bargains; for the recent victory inspired the soldiers with high hopes of a successful conclusion of the campaign, and they therefore thought little of the spoils already obtained, and made no difficulties in selling them to the merchants. The Numidian king and his friends were at first minded to continue their retreat to their own land. But while deliberating on this, certain Celtiberes, over four thousand in number, who had been hired as soldiers by the Carthaginians, arrived in the vicinity of Abba. Encouraged by this additional strength the Numidians stopped on their retreat. And when the young lady, who was daughter of Hasdrubal and wife of Syphax, added her earnest entreaties that he would remain and not abandon the Carthaginians at such a crisis, the Numidian king gave way and consented to her prayer. The approach of these Celtiberes did a great deal also to encourage the hopes of the Carthaginians: for instead of four thousand, it was reported at Carthage that they were ten thousand, and that their bravery and the excellency of their arms made them irresistible in the field. Excited by this rumour, and by the boastful talk which was current among the common people, the Carthaginians felt their resolution to once more take the field redoubled. And finally, within thirty days, they pitched a camp in conjunction with the Numidians and Celtiberes on what are called the Great Plains, with an army amounting to no less than thirty thousand.

> Greek: 7. ὁ δὲ τῶν Ῥωμαίων στρατηγὸς ἐγίνετο μὲν καὶ περὶ τὴν τῆς Ἰτύκης πολιορκίαν, τὸ δὲ πλεῖον, ἀκούων ἐπιμένειν τὸν Σόφακα καὶ τοὺς Καρχηδονίους πάλιν ἁθροίζειν στρατιάν, ἐξῆγε τὰς δυνάμεις καὶ παρενέβαλλε πρὸ τῆς Ἰτύκης. ἅμα δὲ καὶ νείμας τῶν λαφύρων τοὺς μὲν ἐμπόρους ἐξαπέστειλε λυσιτελῶς· καλῆς γὰρ τῆς ὑπὲρ τῶν ὅλων ἐλπίδος ὑπογραφομένης ἐκ τοῦ γεγονότος εὐτυχήματος, ἑτοίμως τὴν παροῦσαν ὠφέλειαν οἱ στρατιῶται παρʼ οὐδὲν ποιούμενοι διετίθεντο τοῖς ἐμπόροις. τῷ δὲ βασιλεῖ τῶν Νομάδων καὶ τοῖς φίλοις τὸ μὲν πρῶτον ἐδόκει κατὰ τὸ συνεχὲς εἰς τὴν οἰκείαν ποιεῖσθαι τὴν ἀναχώρησιν· τῶν δὲ Κελτιβήρων αὐτοῖς ἀπαντησάντων περὶ τὴν Ἄββαν, οἵτινες ἐτύγχανον ὑπὸ τῶν Καρχηδονίων ἐξενολογημένοι, πλείους ὄντες τῶν τετρακισχιλίων, πιστεύοντες ταῖς χερσὶ ταύταις οὕτως ἐπέστησαν καὶ βραχύ τι ταῖς ψυχαῖς ἐθάρρησαν. σὺν δὲ τούτοις ἅμα καὶ τῆς παιδίσκης, ἥτις ἦν θυγάτηρ μὲν Ἀσδρούβου τοῦ στρατηγοῦ, γυνὴ δὲ τοῦ Σόφακος, καθάπερ ἐπάνω. προεῖπον, δεομένης καὶ λιπαρούσης μεῖναι καὶ μὴ καταλιπεῖν ἐν τοιούτοις καιροῖς τοὺς Καρχηδονίους, ἐπείσθη καὶ προσέσχε τοῖς παρακαλουμένοις ὁ Νομάς. οὐ μικρὰ δὲ καὶ τοὺς Καρχηδονίους ἐλπίζειν παρεσκεύασαν οἱ Κελτίβηρες· ἀντὶ μὲν γὰρ τῶν τετρακισχιλίων μυρίους αὑτοὺς ἀπήγγελλον εἶναι, κατὰ δὲ τοὺς κινδύνους ἀνυποστάτους ὑπάρχειν καὶ ταῖς ψυχαῖς καὶ τοῖς καθοπλισμοῖς. ἐκ δὲ ταύτης τῆς φήμης καὶ τῆς χυδαίου καὶ πανδήμου λαλιᾶς μετεωρισθέντες οἱ Καρχηδόνιοι διπλασίως ἐπερρώσθησαν πρὸς τὸ πάλιν ἀντιποιήσασθαι τῶν ὑπαίθρων. καὶ τέλος ἐν ἡμέραις τριάκοντα περὶ τὰ Μεγάλα πεδία καλούμενα βαλόμενοι χάρακα συνεστρατοπέδευον ὁμοῦ τοῖς Νομάσι καὶ τοῖς Κελτίβηρσιν, ὄντες οὐκ ἐλάττους οἱ πάντες τρισμυρίων.

[¶7] 8. When news of these proceedings reached the Roman camp Scipio immediately determined to attack. Leaving orders, therefore, to the army and navy, which were besieging Utica, as to what they were to do, he started with all his army in light marching order. On the fifth day he reached the Great Plains, and during the first day after his arrival encamped on a piece of rising ground about thirty stades from the enemy. Next day he descended into the plain and drew up his army at a distance of seven stades from the enemy, with his cavalry forming an advanced guard. After skirmishing attacks carried on by both sides during the next two days, on the fourth both armies were deliberately brought out into position and drawn up in order of battle. Scipio followed exactly the Roman system, stationing the maniples of hastati in the front, behind them the principes, and lastly the triarii in the rear. Of his cavalry he stationed the Italians on the right wing, the Numidians and Massanissa on the left. Syphax and Hasdrubal stationed the Celtiberes in the centre opposite the Roman cohorts, the Numidians on the left, and the Carthaginians on the right. At the very first charge the Numidians reeled before the Italian cavalry, and the Carthaginians before those under Massanissa; for their many previous defeats had completely demoralised them. But the Celtiberes fought gallantly, for they had no hope of saving themselves by flight, being entirely unacquainted with the country; nor any expectation of being spared if they were taken prisoners on account of their perfidy to Scipio: for they were regarded as having acted in defiance of justice and of their treaty in coming to aid the Carthaginians against the Romans, though they had never suffered any act of hostility at Scipio’s hands during the campaigns in Iberia. When, however, the two wings gave way these men were surrounded by the principes and triarii, and cut to pieces on the field almost to a man. Thus perished the Celtiberes, who yet did very effective service to the Carthaginians, not only during the whole battle, but during the retreat also; for, if it had not been for the hindrance caused by them, the Romans would have pressed the fugitives closely, and very few of the enemy would have escaped. As it was, owing to the delay caused by these men, Syphax and his cavalry effected their retreat to his own kingdom in safety; while Hasdrubal with the survivors of his army did the same to Carthage.

> Greek: 8. ὧν διασαφηθέντων εἰς τὸ τῶν Ῥωμαίων στρατόπεδον εὐθέως ὁ Πόπλιος ἐγίνετο περὶ τὴν ἔξοδον, καὶ συντάξας τοῖς πολιορκοῦσι τὴν Ἰτύκην ἃ δέον ἦν πράττειν καὶ τοῖς κατὰ θάλατταν ἐξώρμησε, τὸ στράτευμα πᾶν ἔχων εὔζωνον. ἀφικόμενος δὲ πεμπταῖος ἐπὶ τὰ Μεγάλα πεδία καὶ συνεγγίσας τοῖς πολεμίοις, τὴν μὲν πρώτην ἡμέραν ἐπί τινος λόφου κατεστρατοπέδευσε, περὶ τριάκοντα σταδίους ἀποσχὼν τῶν πολεμίων, τῇ δʼ ἑξῆς καταβὰς εἰς τὰ πεδία καὶ προθέμενος τοὺς ἱππέας ἐν ἑπτὰ σταδίοις παρενέβαλε. δύο δὲ τὰς κατὰ πόδας ἡμέρας μείναντες καὶ βραχέα διὰ τῶν ἀκροβολισμῶν καταπειράσαντες ἀλλήλων, τῇ τετάρτῃ κατὰ πρόθεσιν ἐξῆγον ἀμφότεροι καὶ παρενέβαλλον τὰς δυνάμεις. ὁ μὲν οὖν Πόπλιος ἁπλῶς κατὰ τὸ παρʼ αὐτοῖς ἔθος ἔθηκε πρῶτον μὲν τὰς τῶν ἁστάτων σημαίας, ἐπὶ δὲ ταύταις τὰς τῶν πριγκίπων, τελευταίας δʼ ἐπέστησε κατόπιν τὰς τῶν τριαρίων· τῶν δʼ ἱππέων τοὺς μὲν Ἰταλικοὺς ἐπὶ τὸ δεξιὸν ἔθηκε, τοὺς δὲ Νομάδας καὶ Μασαννάσαν ἐπὶ τὸ λαιόν. οἱ δὲ περὶ τὸν Σόφακα καὶ τὸν Ἀσδρούβαν τοὺς μὲν Κελτίβηρας μέσους ἔταξαν ἀντίους ταῖς τῶν Ῥωμαίων σπείραις, τοὺς δὲ Νομάδας ἐξ εὐωνύμου, τοὺς δὲ Καρχηδονίους ἐκ τῶν δεξιῶν. ἅμα δὲ τῷ γενέσθαι τὴν πρώτην ἔφοδον εὐθέως οἱ Νομάδες ἐνέκλιναν τοὺς Ἰταλικοὺς ἱππεῖς, οἵ τε Καρχηδόνιοι τοὺς περὶ τὸν Μασαννάσαν, ἅτε πλεονάκις ἤδη προηττημένοι ταῖς ψυχαῖς. οἱ δὲ Κελτίβηρες ἐμάχοντο γενναίως, συστάντες τοῖς Ῥωμαίοις. οὔτε γὰρ φεύγοντες ἐλπίδα σωτηρίας εἶχον διὰ τὴν ἀπειρίαν τῶν τόπων οὔτε ζωγρίᾳ κρατηθέντες διὰ τὴν ἀθεσίαν τὴν εἰς τὸν Πόπλιον· οὐδὲν γὰρ πολέμιον πεπονθότες ὑπʼ αὐτοῦ κατὰ τὰς ἐν Ἰβηρίᾳ πράξεις ἀδίκως ἐφαίνοντο καὶ παρασπόνδως ἥκειν κατὰ Ῥωμαίων συμμαχήσοντες τοῖς Καρχηδονίοις. οὐ μὴν ἀλλʼ ἅμα τῷ κλῖναι τοὺς ἀπὸ τῶν κεράτων ταχέως κυκλωθέντες ὑπὸ τῶν πριγκίπων καὶ τριαρίων αὐτοῦ κατεκόπησαν πάντες πλὴν τελέως ὀλίγων. οἱ μὲν οὖν Κελτίβηρες τοῦτον τὸν τρόπον ἀπώλοντο, μεγάλην [παρʼ ὅλην] παρασχόμενοι χρείαν τοῖς Καρχηδονίοις οὐ μόνον κατὰ τὴν μάχην, ἀλλὰ καὶ κατὰ τὴν φυγήν. εἰ μὴ γὰρ τοῦτʼ ἐμπόδιον ἐγένετο τοῖς Ῥωμαίοις, ἀλλʼ εὐθέως ἐκ ποδὸς ἠκολούθησαν τοῖς φεύγουσι, παντελῶς ἂν ὀλίγοι διέφυγον τῶν ὑπεναντίων. νῦν δὲ περὶ τούτους γενομένης ἐπιστάσεως οἵ τε περὶ τὸν Σόφακα μετὰ τῶν ἱππέων ἀσφαλῶς ἐποιήσαντο τὴν ἀποχώρησιν εἰς τὴν οἰκείαν, οἵ τε περὶ τὸν Ἀσδρούβαν μετὰ τῶν διασῳζομένων εἰς τὴν Καρχηδόνα.

[¶8] 9. After making the necessary arrangements as to the booty and prisoners, Scipio summoned a council of war to consult as to what to do next. It was resolved that Scipio himself and one part of the army should stay in the country and visit the various towns; while Laelius and Massanissa, with the Numidians and the rest of the Roman legions, should pursue Syphax and give him no time to deliberate or make any preparations. This being settled the commanders separated; the two latter going with their division in pursuit of Syphax, Scipio on a round of the townships. Some of these were terrified into a voluntary submission to the Romans, others he promptly took by assault. The whole country was ripe for a change, owing to the constant series of miseries and contributions, under which it had been groaning from the protracted wars in Iberia. In Carthage meanwhile, where the panic had been great enough before, a still wilder state of excitement prevailed, after this second disaster, and the disappointment of the hopes of success which they had entertained. However, those of the counsellors who claimed the highest character for courage urged that they should go on board their ships and attack the besiegers of Utica, try to raise the blockade, and engage the enemy at sea, who were not in a forward state of preparation in that department; that they should recall Hannibal, and without delay test to the utmost this one more chance: for both these measures offered great and reasonable opportunities of securing their safety. Others declared that their circumstances no longer admitted of these measures: what they had to do was to fortify their town and prepare to stand a siege; for chance would give them many occasions of striking a successful blow if they only held together. At the same time they advised that they should deliberate on coming to terms and making a treaty, and see on what conditions and by what means they might extricate themselves from the danger. After a long debate, all these proposals were adopted together.

> Greek: 9. ὁ δὲ στρατηγὸς τῶν Ῥωμαίων, ἐπεὶ τὰ σκῦλα καὶ τοὺς αἰχμαλώτους εὐτρεπεῖς ἔθετο, συγκαλέσας τὸ συνέδριον ἐβουλεύετο περὶ τῶν ἑξῆς, τί δέον ἦν ποιεῖν. ἔδοξεν οὖν αὐτοῖς τὸν μὲν στρατηγὸν Πόπλιον καὶ μέρος τι τῆς δυνάμεως μένειν ἐπιπορευόμενον τὰς πόλεις, τὸν δὲ Λαίλιον καὶ τὸν Μασαννάσαν, λαβόντας τούς τε Νομάδας καὶ μέρος τῶν Ῥωμαϊκῶν στρατοπέδων, ἕπεσθαι τοῖς περὶ τὸν Σόφακα καὶ μὴ δοῦναι χρόνον εἰς ἐπίστασιν καὶ παρασκευήν. οὗτοι μὲν ταῦτα βουλευσάμενοι διεχωρίσθησαν, οἱ μὲν ἐπὶ τὸν Σόφακα μετὰ τῶν προειρημένων στρατιωτῶν, ὁ δὲ στρατηγὸς ἐπὶ τὰς πόλεις. ὧν αἱ μὲν ἐθελοντὴν προσετίθεντο τοῖς Ῥωμαίοις διὰ τὸν φόβον, ἃς δὲ πολιορκῶν ἐξ ἐφόδου κατὰ κράτος ᾕρει. πάντα δʼ ἦν οἰκεῖα μεταβολῆς τὰ κατὰ τὴν χώραν, ἅτε συνεχῶς [τε] ἐκκείμενα ταῖς κακοπαθείαις καὶ ταῖς εἰσφοραῖς διὰ τὸ πολυχρονίους γεγονέναι τοὺς κατὰ τὴν Ἰβηρίαν πολέμους. ἐν δὲ τῇ Καρχηδόνι μεγάλης καὶ πρότερον ὑπαρχούσης ἀκαταστασίας, ἔτι μείζω τότε συνέβαινε γίνεσθαι τὴν ταραχήν, ὡς ἂν ἐκ δευτέρου τηλικαύτῃ πληγῇ περιπεπτωκότων ἤδη καὶ ἀπειπόντων τὰς ἐν αὑτοῖς ἐλπίδας. οὐ μὴν ἀλλʼ οἱ μὲν ἀνδρωδέστατοι δοκοῦντες εἶναι τῶν συμβούλων ταῖς μὲν ναυσὶν ἐκέλευον ἤδη πλεῖν ἐπὶ τοὺς τὴν Ἰτύκην πολιορκοῦντας, καὶ τήν τε πολιορκίαν πειρᾶσθαι λύειν καὶ ναυμαχεῖν τοῖς ὑπεναντίοις, ἀπαρασκεύοις οὖσι πρὸς τοῦτο τὸ μέρος· ἐπί τε τὸν Ἀννίβαν πέμπειν ἠξίουν καὶ μηδεμίαν ὑπερβολὴν ποιησαμένους ἐξελέγχειν καὶ ταύτην τὴν ἐλπίδα· μεγάλας γὰρ ἀμφοτέραις εἶναι ταῖς ἐπιβολαῖς ἐκ τῶν κατὰ λόγον ἀφορμὰς πρὸς σωτηρίαν. τινὲς δὲ ταύτας μὲν ἔφασαν μηκέτι φέρειν τοὺς καιρούς, τὴν δὲ πόλιν ὀχυροῦν καὶ παρασκευάζεσθαι πρὸς πολιορκίαν· πολλὰς γὰρ δώσειν ἀφορμὰς ταὐτόματον, ἂν ὁμονοῶσιν. ἅμα δὲ βουλεύεσθαι περὶ διαλύσεως καὶ συνθηκῶν παρῄνουν, ἐπὶ τίσι καὶ πῶς ἂν λύσιν ποιήσαιντο τῶν ἐνεστώτων κακῶν. γενομένων δὲ καὶ πλειόνων λόγων περὶ ταῦτα, πάσας ἐκύρωσαν ἅμα τὰς γνώμας.

[¶9] 10. Upon this decision being come to, those who were to sail to Italy went straight from the council chamber to the sea, while the Navarch went to prepare the ships. The rest began to take measures for securing the city, and remained in constant consultation on the measures necessary for the purpose. Meanwhile Scipio’s camp was getting gorged with booty; for he found no one to resist him, and everybody yielded to his attacks. He therefore determined to despatch the greater part of the booty to his original camp; while he advanced with his army in light marching order to seize the entrenchment near Tunes, and pitched his camp within the view of the inhabitants of Carthage, thinking that this would do more than anything else to strike terror into their hearts and lower their courage. The Carthaginians had in a few days manned and provisioned their ships, and were engaged in getting under sail and carrying out their plan of operations, when Scipio arrived at Tunes, and, the garrison flying at his approach, occupied the town, which is about a hundred stades from Carthage, of remarkable strength both natural and artificial, and visible from nearly every point of Carthage. Just as the Romans pitched their camp there, the Carthaginians were putting out to sea on board their ships to sail to Utica. Seeing the enemy thus putting out, and fearing some misfortune to his own fleet, Scipio was rendered exceedingly anxious, because no one there was prepared for such an attack, or had anything in readiness to meet the danger. He therefore broke up his camp and marched back in haste to support his men. There he found his decked ships thoroughly well fitted out for raising siege-engines and applying them to walls, and generally for all purposes of an assault upon a town, but not in the least in the trim for a sea-fight; while the enemy’s fleet had been under process of rigging for this purpose the whole winter. He therefore gave up all idea of putting to sea to meet the enemy and accepting battle there; but anchoring his decked ships side by side he moored the transports round them, three or four deep; and then, taking down the masts and yard-arms, he lashed the vessels together firmly by means of these, keeping a space between each sufficient to enable the light craft to sail in and out....

> Greek: 10. κριθέντων δὲ τούτων οἱ μὲν εἰς τὴν Ἰταλίαν μέλλοντες πλεῖν εὐθέως ἐκ τοῦ βουλευτηρίου προῆγον ἐπὶ θάλατταν, ὁ δὲ ναύαρχος ἐπὶ τὰς ναῦς· οἱ δὲ λοιποὶ περί τε τῆς κατὰ τὴν πόλιν ἀσφαλείας προενοοῦντο καὶ περὶ τῶν κατὰ μέρος ἐβουλεύοντο συνεχῶς. καὶ [ὁ] Πόπλιος, καταγέμοντος ἤδη τοῦ στρατοπέδου τῆς λείας διὰ τὸ μηδένʼ ἀντιπράττειν, ἀλλὰ πάντας εἴκειν ταῖς ἐπιβολαῖς, ἔκρινε τὸ μὲν τῶν λαφύρων πλεῖον εἰς τὴν ἐξ ἀρχῆς παραπέμψαι παρεμβολήν, αὐτὸς δὲ τὴν στρατείαν ἀναλαβὼν εὔζωνον καταλαβέσθαι τὸν ἐπὶ Τύνητι χάρακα καὶ στρατοπεδεῦσαι τοῖς Καρχηδονίοις ἐν συνόψει· μάλιστα γὰρ οὕτως ἐκφοβήσειν ὑπελάμβανε καὶ καταπλήξειν αὐτούς. οἱ μὲν οὖν Καρχηδόνιοι μετʼ ὀλίγας ἡμέρας τά τε πληρώματα καὶ τὰς σιταρχίας ἑτοίμας ἔχοντες ἐν ταῖς ναυσὶν ἐγίνοντο πρὸς ἀναγωγῇ καὶ τοῖς προκειμένοις· ὁ δὲ Πόπλιος ἧκε πρὸς τὸν Τύνητα, καὶ φυγόντων τὴν ἔφοδον αὐτοῦ τῶν παραφυλαττόντων κατέλαβε τὸν τόπον. ὁ δὲ Τύνης ἀπέχει μὲν τῆς Καρχηδόνος ὡς ἑκατὸν εἴκοσι σταδίους, ἔστι δὲ σύνοπτος σχεδὸν ἐξ ὅλης τῆς πόλεως, διαφέρει δʼ ὀχυρότητι καὶ φυσικῇ καὶ χειροποιήτῳ, καθάπερ καὶ πρότερον ἡμῖν εἴρηται. τῶν δὲ Ῥωμαίων ἄρτι κατεστρατοπεδευκότων ἀνήγοντο ταῖς ναυσὶν οἱ Καρχηδόνιοι, ποιούμενοι τὸν πλοῦν εἰς τὴν Ἰτύκην. ὁ δὲ Πόπλιος ὁρῶν τὸν ἀνάπλουν τῶν ὑπεναντίων, καὶ δεδιὼς μή τι περὶ τὸ σφέτερον αὐτῶν ναυτικὸν συμβῇ, διεταράττετο πάντων ἀνυπονοήτως διακειμένων καὶ ἀπαρασκεύως πρὸς τὸ μέλλον. αὖθις δʼ ἐκ μεταβολῆς ἀναστρατοπεδεύσας ἠπείγετο βοηθήσων τοῖς ἰδίοις πράγμασι. καταλαβὼν δὲ τὰς καταφράκτους ναῦς πρὸς μὲν τὰς ἐξαιρέσεις καὶ προσαγωγὰς τῶν ὀργάνων καὶ καθόλου πρὸς πολιορκίαν εὖ καὶ δεόντως ἐξηρτυμένας, πρὸς δὲ ναυμαχίαν ἥκιστα παρεσκευασμένας, τὸν δὲ τῶν ὑπεναντίων στόλον ἐξ ὅλου τοῦ χειμῶνος πρὸς αὐτὸ τοῦτο κατηρτισμένον, τὸ μὲν ἀντανάγεσθαι καὶ ναυμαχεῖν ἀπογνούς, συνορμίσας δὲ τὰς καταφράκτους νῆας περιέστησε ταύταις τὰς φορτηγοὺς ἐπὶ τρεῖς καὶ τέτταρας τὸ βάθος, κἄπειτα καθελόμενος τοὺς ἱστοὺς καὶ τὰς κεραίας ἔζευξε τούτοις βιαίως πρὸς ἀλλήλας, βραχὺ διάστημα ποιῶν, ὥσθʼ ὑπηρετικοῖς ἐκπλεῖν δύνασθαι καὶ διαπλεῖν.

[¶10] 11. Philo was a parasite of Agathocles, the son of Oenanthe, and the friend of king Philopator. Many statues of Cleino, the girl who acted as cupbearer to Ptolemy Philadelphus, were set up at Alexandria, draped in a single tunic and holding a cup in the hands. And are not the most splendid houses there those which go by the names of Murtium, Mnesis, and Pothine? And yet Mnesis was a flute-girl, as was Pothine, and Murtium was a public prostitute. And was not Agathocleia, the mistress of king Ptolemy Philopator, an influential personage,—she who was the ruin of the whole kingdom?...

> Greek: 11. ⟨Πολύβιος⟩ ἐν τῇ τεσσαρεσκαιδεκάτῃ ⟨φησὶν⟩ Ἀγαθοκλέους τοῦ Οἰνάνθης υἱοῦ, ἑταίρου δὲ τοῦ Φιλοπάτορος βασιλέως, ⟨κόλακα γενέσθαι⟩ Φίλωνα. — Πολύβιος δὲ ἐν τῇ τεσσαρεσκαιδεκάτῃ τῶν ἱστοριῶν Κλεινοῦς φησι τῆς οἰνοχοούσης αὑτῷ ⟨Πτολεμαίῳ τῷ Φιλαδέλφῳ⟩ εἰκόνας πολλὰς ἀνακεῖσθαι κατὰ τὴν Ἀλεξάνδρειαν μονοχίτωνας καὶ ῥυτὸν ἐχούσας ἐν ταῖς χερσίν. αἱ δὲ κάλλισται τῶν οἰκιῶν, φησίν, οὐ Μυρτίου καὶ Μνησίδος καὶ Ποθεινῆς προσαγορεύονται; καίτοι Μνησὶς μὲν ἦν αὐλητρὶς καὶ Ποθεινή. Μύρτιον δὲ μία τῶν ἀποδεδειγμένων καὶ κοινῶν δεικτηριάδων. τοῦ δὲ Φιλοπάτορος βασιλέως Πτολεμαίου οὐκ Ἀγαθόκλεια ἡ ἑταίρα ἐκράτει ἡ καὶ πᾶσαν ἀνατρέψασα τὴν βασιλείαν; — ἴσως δέ τινες ἐπαπορήσουσι πῶς ἡμεῖς τὰς ἄλλας πράξεις ἁπάσας κατʼ ἐνιαυτὸν γράφοντες τὰς καταλλήλους περὶ μόνων τῶν κατʼ Αἴγυπτον ἐν καιρῷ τῷ νῦν ἐκ πλείονος χρόνου πεποιήμεθα τὴν ἐξήγησιν.

[¶11] 12. The question may be asked, perhaps, why I have chosen to give a sketch of Egyptian history here, going back a considerable period; whereas, in the case of the rest of my history, I have recorded the events of each year in the several countries side by side? I have done so for the following reasons: Ptolemy Philopator, of whom I am now speaking, after the conclusion of the war for the possession of Coele-Syria, abandoned all noble pursuits and gave himself up to the life of debauchery which I have just described. But late in life he was compelled by circumstances to engage in the war I have mentioned, which, over and above the mutual cruelty and lawlessness with which it was conducted, witnessed neither pitched battle, sea fight, siege, or anything else worth recording. I thought, therefore, that it would be easier for me as a writer, and more intelligible to my readers, if I did not touch upon everything year by year as it occurred, or give a full account of transactions which were insignificant and undeserving of serious attention; but should once for all sum up and describe the character and policy of this king.

> Greek: 12. ἡμεῖς δὲ τοῦτο πεποιήκαμεν διά τινας τοιαύτας αἰτίας. Πτολεμαῖος ὁ βασιλεύς, περὶ οὗ νῦν ὁ λόγος, ὁ Φιλοπάτωρ, μετὰ τὸ συντελεσθῆναι τὸν περὶ Κοίλην Συρίαν πόλεμον ἀποστὰς πάντων τῶν καλῶν ἐτράπη πρὸς βίον ἄσωτον καὶ τοιοῦτον οἷον ἀρτίως διεληλύθαμεν. ὀψὲ δέ ποτε βιασθεὶς ὑπὸ τῶν πραγμάτων ἐνέπεσεν εἰς τὸν νῦν δεδηλωμένον πόλεμον, ὃς χωρὶς τῆς εἰς ἀλλήλους ὠμότητος καὶ παρανομίας οὔτε παράταξιν οὔτε ναυμαχίαν οὔτε πολιορκίαν οὔθʼ ἕτερον οὐδὲν ἔσχε μνήμης ἄξιον. διόπερ ὑπέδραμεν οὕτω κἀμοὶ τῷ γράφοντι ῥᾳδίαν ἔσεσθαι καὶ τοῖς ἀναγινώσκουσιν εὐμαθεστέραν τὴν διήγησιν, εἰ μὴ κατʼ ἐνιαυτὸν ἐπιψαύων μικρῶν [καὶ] οὐκ ἀξίων ἐπιστάσεως πραγμάτων ἀποδιδοίην τὸν λόγον, ἀλλʼ εἰσάπαξ οἷον εἰ σωματοειδῆ ποιήσας τὴν τοῦ βασιλέως προαίρεσιν ἀπαγγείλαιμι περὶ αὐτῆς.