6.3. 3. The angles at the bottom, which give the directions for the flights of steps, will be seven in number (C, E, F, G, H, I, D); the other five angles will determine the arrangement of the scene: thus, the angle in the middle ought to have the “royal door”(K) opposite to it; the angles to the right and left (L, M) will designate the position of the doors for guest chambers; and the two outermost angles (A, B) will point to the passages in the wings. The steps for the spectators' places, where the seats are arranged, should be not less than a foot and a palm in height, nor more than a foot and six fingers; their depth should be fixed at not more than two and a half feet, nor less than two feet.
6.3. Hi autem, qui sunt in imo et dirigunt scalaria, erunt numero VII; reliqui quinque scaenae designabunt compositionem: et unus medius contra se valvas regias habere debet, et qui erunt dextra sinistra, hospitaliorum designabunt compositionem, extremi duo spectabunt itinera versurarum. gradus spectaculorum, ubi subsellia componantur … gradus ne minus alti sint palmopede, ⟨ne plus pedem⟩ et digitos sex; latitudines eorum ne plus pedes duo semis, ne minus pedes duo constituantur.
6.4. 4. The roof of the colonnade to be built at the top of the rows of seats, should lie level with the top of the “scaena,” for the reason that the voice will then rise with equal power until it reaches the highest rows of seats and the roof. If the roof is not so high, in proportion as it is lower, it will check the voice at the point which the sound first reaches.
6.4. Tectum porticus, quod futurum est in summa gradatione, cum scaenae altitudine libratum perficiatur, ideo quod vox crescens aequaliter ad summas gradationes et tectum perveniet. namque si non erit aequale, quo minus fuerit altum, vox praeripietur ad eam altitudinem, quam perveniet primo.
6.5. 5. Take one sixth of the diameter of the orchestra between the lowest steps, and let the lower seats at the ends on both sides be cut away to a height of that dimension so as to leave entrances (0, P). At the point where this cutting away occurs, fix the soffits of the passages. Thus their vaulting will be sufficiently high.
6.5. Orchestra inter grados imos quod diametron habuerit, eius sexta pars sumatur, et in cornibus utrimque ad eius mensurae perpendiculum inferiores sedes praecidantur, et qua praecisio fuerit, ibi constituantur itinerum supercilia; ita enim satis altitudinem habebunt eorum confornicationes.
6.6. 6. The length of the “scaena” ought to be double the diameter of the orchestra. The height of the podium, starting from the level of the stage, is, including the corona and cymatium, one twelfth of the diameter of the orchestra. Above the podium, the columns, including their capitals and bases, should have a height of one quarter of the same diameter, and the architraves and ornaments of the columns should be one fifth of their height. The parapet above, including its cyma and corona, is one half the height of the parapet below. Let the columns above this parapet be one fourth less in height than the columns below, and the architraves and ornaments of these columns one fifth of their height. If the “scaena” is to have three stories, let the uppermost parapet be half the height of the intermediate one, the columns at the top one fourth less high than the intermediate, and the architraves and coronae of these columns one fifth of their height as before.
6.6. Scaenae longitudo ad orchestrae diametron duplex fieri debet. podii altitudo ab libramento pulpiti cum corona et lysi duodecumam orchestrae diametri. supra podium columnae cum capitulis et spiris altae quarta parte eiusdem diametri; epistylia et ornamenta earum columnarum altitudinis quinta parte. pluteum insuper cum unda et corona inferioris plutei dimidia parte. supra id pluteum columnae quarta parte minore altitudine sint quam inferiores; epistylium et ornamenta earum columnarum quinta parte. item si tertia episcenos futura erit, mediani plutei summum sit dimidia parte; columnae summae medianarum minus altae sint quarta parte; epistylia cum coronis earum columnarum item habeant altitudinis quintam partem.
6.7. 7. It is not possible, however, that in all theatres these rules of symmetry should answer all conditions and purposes, but the architect ought to consider to what extent he must follow the principle of symmetry, and to what extent it may be modified to suit the nature of the site or the size of the work. There are, of course, some things which, for utility's sake, must be made of the same size in a small theatre, and a large one: such as the steps, curved cross-aisles, their parapets, the passages, stairways, stages, tribunals, and any other things which occur that make it necessary to give up symmetry so as not to interfere with utility. Again, if in the course of the work any of the material fall short, such as marble, timber, or anything else that is provided, it will not be amiss to make a slight reduction or addition, provided that it is done without going too far, but with intelligence. This will be possible, if the architect is a man of practical experience and, besides, not destitute of cleverness and skill.
6.7. Nec tamen in omnibus theatris symmetriae ad omnes rationes et effectus possunt respondere, sed oportet architectum animadvertere, quibus proportionibus necesse sit sequi symmetriam et quibus ad loci naturam aut magnitudinem operis temperari. sunt enim res, quas et in pusillo et in magno theatro necesse est eadem magnitudine fieri propter usum, uti gradus. diazomata, pluteos, itinera, ascensus, pulpita, tribunalia et si qua alia intercurrunt, ex quibus necessitas cogit discedere ab symmetria, ne inpediatur usus, non minus si qua exiguitate copiarum, id est marmoris, materiae reliquarumque rerum, quae parantur in opere defuerint, paulum demere aut adicere, dum id ne nimium inprobe fiat sed cum sensu, non erit alienum. hoc autem erit, si architectus erit usu peritus, praeterea ingenio mobili sollertiaque non fuerit viduatus.
6.8. 8. The “scaena” itself displays the following scheme. In the centre are double doors decorated like those of a royal palace. At the right and left are the doors of the guest chambers. Beyond are spaces provided for decoration- places that the Greeks call περιάκτοι, because in these places are triangular pieces of machinery (Δ, Δ) which revolve, each having three decorated faces. When the play is to be changed, or when gods enter to the accompaniment of sudden claps of thunder, these may be revolved and present a face differently decorated. Beyond these places are the projecting wings which afford entrances to the stage, one from the forum, the other from abroad.
6.8. Ipsae autem scaenae suas habent rationes explicitas ita, uti mediae valvae ornatus habeant aulae regiae, dextra ac sinistra hospitalia, secundum autem spatia ad ornatus comparata, quae loca Graeci περιάκτοι dicunt ab eo, quod machinae sunt in his locis versatiles trigonoe habentes singulares species ornationis, quae, cum aut fabularum mutationes sunt futurae seu deorum adventus, cum tonitribus repentinis [ea] versentur mutentque speciem ornationis in frontes. secundum ea loca versurae sunt procurrentes, quae efficiunt una a foro, altera a peregre aditus in scaenam.
6.9. 9. There are three kinds of scenes, one called the tragic, second, the comic, third, the satyric. Their decorations are different and unlike each other in scheme. Tragic scenes are delineated with columns, pediments, statues, and other objects suited to kings; comic scenes exhibit private dwellings, with balconies and views representing rows of windows, after the manner of ordinary dwellings; satyric scenes are decorated with trees, caverns, mountains, and other rustic objects delineated in landscape style.
6.9. Genera autem sunt scaenarum tria: unum quod dicitur tragicum, alterum comicum, tertium satyricum. horum autem ornatus sunt inter se dissimili disparique ratione, quod tragicae deformantur columnis et fastigiis et signis reliquisque regalibus rebus; comicae autem aedificiorum privatorum et maenianorum habent speciem prospectusque fenestris dispositos imitatione, communium aedificiorum rationibus; satyricae vero ornantur arboribus, speluncis, montibus reliquisque agrestibus rebus in topeodis speciem deformati.
7.1. 1. IN the theatres of the Greeks, these same rules of construction are not to be followed in all respects. First, in the circle at the bottom where the Roman has four triangles, the Greek has three squares with their angles touching the line of circumference. The square whose side is nearest to the “scaena,” and cuts off a segment of the circle, determines by this line the limits of the “proscaenium” (A, B). Parallel to this line and tangent to the outer circumference of the segment, a line is drawn which fixes the front of the “scaena” (C-D). Through the centre of the orchestra and parallel to the direction of the “proscaenium,” a lineis laid off, and centres are marked where itcuts the circumference to the right and left (E, F) at the ends of the half-circle. Then, with the compasses fixed at the right, an arc is described from the horizontal distance at the left to the left hand side of the “proscaenium” (F, G); again with the centre at the left end, an arc is described from the horizontal distance at the right to the right hand side of the “proscaenium” (E, H).
7.1. In Graecorum theatris non omnia isdem rationibus sunt facienda, quod primum in ima circinatione, ut in latino trigonorum IIII, in eo quadratorum trium anguli circinationis lineam tangunt, et cuius quadrati latus est proximum scaenae praeciditque curvaturam circinationis, ea regione designatur finitio proscaenii. et ab ea regione ad extremam circinationem curvaturae parallelos linea designatur, in qua constituitur frons scaenae, per centrumque orchestrae proscaenii regioni parallelos linea describitur, et qua secat circinationis lineas dextra ac sinistra, in cornibus hemicycli centra signantur. et circino conlocato in dextra ab intervallo sinistro circumagitur circinatio ad proscaenii sinistram partem; item centro conlocato in sinistro cornu ab intervallo dextro circumagitur ad proscaenii dextram partem.
7.2. 2. As a result of this plan with three centres, the Greeks have a roomier orchestra, and a “scaena” set further back, as well as a stage of less depth. They call this the λογεῖον, for the reason that there the tragic and comic actors perform on the stage, while other artists give their performances in the entire orchestra; hence, from this fact they are given in Greek the distinct names “Scenic” and “Thymelic.” The height of this “logeum” ought to be not less than ten feet nor more than twelve. Let the ascending flights of steps between the wedges of seats, as far up as the first curved cross-aisle, be laid out on lines directly opposite to the angles of the squares. Above the cross-aisle, let other flights be laid out in the middle between the first; and at the top, as often as there is a new cross-aisle, the number of flights of steps is always increased to the same extent.
7.2. Ita tribus centris hac descriptione ampliorem habent orchestram Graeci et scaenam recessiorem minoreque latitudine pulpitum, quod λογεῖον appellant, ideo quod ⟨apud⟩ eos tragici et comici actores in scaena peragunt, reliqui autem artifices suas per orchestram praestant actiones; itaque ex eo scaenici et thymelici graece separatim nominantur. eius logei altitudo non minus debet esse pedum X, non plus duodecim. gradationes scalarum inter cuneos et sedes contra quadratorum angulos dirigantur ad primam praecinctionem, a praecinctione inter eas iterum mediae dirigantur, et ad summam quotiens praecinguntur, altero tanto semper amplificantur.
8.1. 1. this having been settled with the greatest pains and skill, we must see to it, with still greater care, that a site has been selected where the voice has a gentle fall, and is not driven back with a recoil so as to convey an indistinct meaning to the ear. There are some places which from their very nature interfere with the course of the voice, as for instance the dissonant, which are termed in Greek κατηχοῦντες; the circumsonant, which with them are named περιηχοῦντες; again the resonant, which are termed ἀντηχοῦντες; and the consonant, which they call συνηχοῦντες. The dissonant are those places in which the first sound uttered that is carried up high, strikes against solid bodies above, and, being driven back, checks as it sinks to the bottom the rise of the succeeding sound.
8.1. Cum haec omnia summa cura sollertiaque explicata sunt, tunc etiam diligentius est animadvertendum, uti sit electus locus, in quo leniter adplicet se vox neque repulsa resiliens incertas auribus referat significationes. sunt enim nonnulli loci naturaliter inpedientes vocis motus, uti desonantes, qui graece dicuntur κατηχοῦντες, circumsonantes, qui apud eos nominantur περιηχοῦντες, item resonantes, qui dicuntur ἀντηχοῦντες, consonantesque, quos appellant συνηχοῦντας. desonantes sunt, in quibus vox prima, cum est elata in altitudinem, offensa superioribus solidis corporibus repulsaque residens in imo opprimit insequentis vocis elationem;
8.2. 2. The circumsonant are those in which the voice spreads all round, and then is forced into the middle, where it dissolves, the case-endings are not heard, and it dies away there in sounds of indistinct meaning. The resonant are those in which it comes into contact with some solid substance and recoils, thus producing an echo, and making the terminations of cases sound double. The consonant are those in which it is supported from below, increases as it goes up, and reaches the ears in words which are distinct and clear in tone. Hence, if there has been careful attention in the selection of the site, the effect of the voice will, through this precaution, be perfectly suited to the purposes of a theatre. The drawings of the plans may be distinguished from each other by this difference, that theatres designed from squares are meant to be used by Greeks, while Roman theatres are designed equilateral triangles. Whoever is willing to follow these directions will be able to construct perfectly correct theatres.
8.2. circumsonantes autem, in quibus circumvagando coacta exsolvens in medio sine extremis casibus sonans ibi extinguatur incerta verborum significatione; resonantes vero, in quibus, cum in solido tactu percussa resiliat, imagines exprimendo novissimos casus duplices faciat auditu; item consonantes sunt, in quibus ab imis auxiliata cum incremento scandens egrediatur ad aures diserta verborum claritate. ita si in locorum electione fuerit diligens animadversio, emendatus erit prudentia ad utilitatem in theatris vocis effectus. formarum autem descriptiones inter se discriminibus his erunt notatae, uti, quae Graecorum habent usus, ex quadratis designentur, latina e paribus lateribus trigonorum. ita his praescriptionibus qui voluerit uti, emendatas efficiet theatrorum perfectiones.
9.1. 1. COLLONADES must be constructed behind the scaena, so that when sudden showers interrupt plays, the people may have somewhere to retire from the theatre, and so that there may be room for the preparation of all the outfit of the stage. Such places, for instance, are the colonnades of Pompey, and also, in Athens, the colonnades of Eumenes and the fane of Father Bacchus; also, as you leave the theatre, the music hall which Themistocles surrounded with stone columns, and roofed with the yards and masts of ships captured from the Persians. It was burned during the war with Mithridates, and afterwards restored by King Ariobarzanes. At Smyrna there is the Stratoniceum, at Tralles, a colonnade on each side of the scaena above the race course, and in other cities which have had careful architects there are colonnades and walks about the theatres.
9.1. Post scaenam porticus sunt constituendae, uti, cum imbres repentini ludos interpellaverint, habeat populus, quo se recipiat ex theatro, choragiaque laxamentum habeant ad comparandum. uti sunt porticus Pompeianae, itemque Athenis porticus Eumenicae Patrisque Liberi fanum et exeuntibus e theatro sinistra parte odeum, quod Themistocles columnis lapideis dispositis navium malis et antemnis e spoliis Persicis pertexit (ideo autem etiam incensum Mithridatico bello rex Ariobarzanes restituit); Smyrnae Stratoniceum; Trallibus porticus ex utraque parte est scaenae supra stadium; ceterisque civitatibus, quae diligentiores habuerunt architectos, circa theatra sunt porticus et ambulationes.
9.2. 2. The approved way of building them requires that they should be double, and have Doric columns on the outside, with the architraves and their ornaments finished according to the law of modular proportion. The approved depth for them requires that the depth, from the lower part of the outermost columns to the columns in the middle, and from the middle columns to the wall enclosing the walk under the colonnade, should be equal to the height of the outer columns. Let the middle columns be one fifth higher than the outer columns, and designed in the Ionic or Corinthian style.
9.2. Quae videntur ita oportere conlocari, uti duplices sint habeantque exteriores columnas doricas cum epistyliis et ornamentis ex ratione modulationis perfectas. latitudines autem earum ita oportere fieri videntur, uti, quanta altitudo columnae fuerit exterioris, tantam latitudinem habeant ab inferiore parte columnarum extremarum ad medias et a medianis ad parietes, qui circumcludunt porticus ambulationes. medianae autem columnae quinta parte altiores sint quam exteriores, sed Aut ionico aut corinthio genere deformentur.
9.3. 3. The columns will not be subject to the same rules of symmetry and proportion which I prescribed in the case of sanctuaries; for the dignity which ought to be their quality in temples of the gods is one thing, but their elegance in colonnades and other public works is quite another. Hence, if the columns are to be of the Doric order, let their height, including the capital, be measured off into fifteen parts. Of these parts, let one be fixed upon to form the module, and in accordance with this module the whole work is to be developed. Let the thickness of the columns at the bottom be two modules; an intercolumniation, five and a half modules; the height of a column, excluding the capital, fourteen modules; the capital, one module in height and two and one sixth modules in breadth. Let the modular proportions of the rest of the work be carried out as written in the fourth book in the case of temples.
9.3. columnarum autem proportiones et symmetriae non erunt isdem rationibus, quibus in aedibus sacris scripsi; aliam enim in deorum templis debent habere gravitatem, aliam in porticibus et ceteris operibus subtilitatem. itaque si dorici generis erunt columnae, dimetiantur earum altitudines cum capitulis in partes XV. ex eis partibus una constituatur et fiat modulus, ad cuius moduli rationem omnis operis erit explicatio. et in imo columnae crassitudo fiat duorum modulorum; intercolumnium quinque et moduli dimidia parte; altitudo columnae praeter capitulum XIIII modulorum; capituli altitudo moduli unius, latitudo modulorum duorum et moduli sextae partis. ceteri operis modulationes, uti in aedibus sacris in libro IIII scriptum est, ita perficiantur.
9.4. 4. But if the columns are to be Ionic, let the shaft, excluding base and capital, be divided into eight and one half parts, and let one of these be assigned to the thickness of a column. Let the base, including the plinth, be fixed at half the thickness, and let the proportions of the capital be as shown in the third book. If the column is to be Corinthian, let its shaft and base be proportioned as in the Ionic, but its capital, as has been written in the fourth book. In the stylobates, let the increase made there by means of the “scamilli impares” be taken from the description written above in the third book. Let the architraves, coronae, and all the rest be developed, in proportion to the columns, from what has been written in the foregoing books.
9.4. Sin autem ionicae columnae fient, scapus praeter spiram et capitulum in octo et dimidiam partem dividatur, et ex his una crassitudini columnae detur; ⟨spira⟩ cum plintho dimidia crassitudine constituatur; capituli ratio ita fiat, uti in libro tertio est demonstratum. si corinthia erit, scapus et spira uti in ionica; capitulûm autem, quemadmodum in quarto libro est scriptum, ita habeant rationem. stylobatisque adiectio quae fit per scamillos inpares, ex descriptione, quae supra scripta est in libro tertio, sumatur. epistylia, coronae ceteraque omnia ad columnarum rationem ex scriptis voluminum superiorum explicentur.
9.5. 5. The space in the middle, between the colonnades and open to the sky, ought to be embellished with green things; for walking in the open air is very healthy, particularly for the eyes, since the refined and rarefied air that comes from green things, finding its way in because of the physical exercise, gives a clean-cut image, and, by clearing away the gross humours from the eyes, leaves the sight keen and the image distinct. Besides, as the body gets warm with exercise in walking, this air, by sucking out the humours from the frame, diminishes their superabundance, and disperses and thus reduces that superfluity which is more than the body can bear.
9.5. Media vero spatia, quae erunt subdiu inter porticus, adornanda viridibus videntur, quod hypaethroe ambulationes habent magnam salubritatem. et primum oculorum, quod ex viridibus subtilis et extenuatus aer propter motionem corporis influens perlimat speciem et ita auferens ex oculis umorem crassum, aciem tenuem et acutam speciem relinquit; praeterea, cum corpus motionibus in ambulatione calescat, umores ex membris aer exsugendo inminuit plenitates extenuatque dissipando quod plus inest quam corpus potest sustinere.
9.6. 6. That this is so may be seen from the fact that misty vapours never arise from springs of water which are under cover, nor even from watery marshes which are underground; but in uncovered places which are open to the sky, when the rising sun begins to act upon the world with its heat, it brings out the vapour from damp and watery spots, and rolls it in masses upwards. Therefore, if it appears that in places open to the sky the more noxious humours are sucked out of the body by the air, as they obviously are from the earth in the form of mists, I think there is no doubt that cities should be provided with the roomiest and most ornamented walks, laid out under the free and open sky.
9.6. Hoc autem ita esse ex eo licet animadvertere, quod, sub tectis cum sint aquarum fontes aut etiam sub terra palustris abundantia, ex his nullus surgit umor nebulosus, sed in apertis hypaethrisque locis, cum sol oriens vapore tangat mundum, ex umidis et abundantibus excitat umores et eos conglobatos in altitudinem tollit. ergo si ita videtur, uti in hypaethris locis ab aere umores ex corporibus exsugantur molestiores, quemadmodum ex terra per nebulas videntur, non puto dubium esse, quin amplissimas et ornatissimas subdiu hypaethrusque conlocari oporteat in civitatibus ambulationes.
9.7. 7. That they may be always dry and not muddy, the following is to be done. Let them be dug down and cleared out to the lowest possible depth. At the right and left construct covered drains, and in their walls, which are directed towards the walks, lay earthen pipes with their lower ends inclined into the drains. Having finished these, fill up the place with charcoal, and then strew sand over the walks and level them off. Hence, on account of the porous nature of the charcoal and the insertion of the pipes into the drains, quantities of water will be conducted away, and the walks will thus be rendered perfectly dry and without moisture.
9.7. Eae autem uti sint semper siccae et non lutosae, sic erit faciendum. fodiantur et exinaniantur quam altissime. dextra atque sinistra structiles cloacae fiant, inque earum parietibus, qui ad ambulationem spectaverint, tubuli instruantur inclinati fastigio. cloacis his perfectis compleantur ea loca carbonibus, deinde insuper sabulone eae ambulationes sternantur et exaequentur. ita propter carbonum raritatem naturalem et tubulorum in cloacas instructionem excipientur aquarum abundantiae, et ita siccae et sine umore perfectae fuerint ambulationes.
9.8. 8. Furthermore, our ancestors in establishing these works provided cities with storehouses for an indispensable material. The fact is that in sieges everything else is easier to procure than is wood. Salt can easily be brought in beforehand; corn can be got together quickly by the State or by individuals, and if it gives out, the defence may be maintained on cabbage, meat, or beans; water can be had by digging wells, or when there are sudden falls of rain, by collecting it from the tiles. But a stock of wood, which is absolutely necessary for cooking food, is a difficult and troublesome thing to provide; for it is slow to gather and a good deal is consumed.
9.8. Praeterea in his operibus thensauri sunt civitatibus in necessariis rebus a maioribus constituti. in conclusionibus enim reliqui omnes faciliores sunt apparatus quam lignorum. sal enim facile ante inportatur, frumenta publice privatimque expeditius congeruntur, et si defit, holeribus, carne seu leguminibus defenditur, aquae fossuris puteorum et de caelo repentinis tempestatibus ex tegulis excipiuntur. de lignatione, quae maxime necessaria est ad cibum coquendum, difficilis et molesta est apparatio, quod et tarde comportatur et plus consumitur.
9.9. 9. On such occasions, therefore, these walks are thrown open, and a definite allowance granted to each inhabitant according to tribes. Thus these uncovered walks insure two excellent things: first, health in time of peace; secondly, safety in time of war. Hence, walks that are developed on these principles, and built not only behind the “scaena” of theatres, but also at the temples of all the gods, will be capable of being of great use to cities. As it appears that we have given an adequate account of them, next will follow descriptions of the arrangements of baths.
9.9. In eiusmodi temporibus tunc eae ambulationes aperiuntur et mensurae tributim singulis capitibus designantur. ita duas res egregias hypaethroe ambulationes praestant, unam in pace salubritatis, alteram in bello salutis. ergo his rationibus ambulationum explicationes non solum post scaenam theatri, sed etiam omnium deorum templis effectae magnas civitatibus praestare poterunt utilitates. Quoniam haec nobis satis videntur esse exposita, nunc insequentur balinearum dispositionum demonstrationes.
10.1. 1. IN the first place, the warmest possible situation must be selected; that is, one which faces away from the north and northeast. The rooms for the hot and tepid baths should be lighted from the southwest, or, if the nature of the situation prevents this, at all events from the south, because the set time for bathing is principally from midday to evening. We must also see to it that the hot bath rooms in the women's and men's departments adjoin each other, and are situated in the same quarter; for thus it will be possible that the same furnace should serve both of them and their fittings. Three bronze cauldrons are to be set over the furnace, one for hot, another for tepid, and the third for cold water, placed in such positions that the amount of water which flows out of the hot water cauldron may be replaced from that for tepid water, and in the same way the cauldron for tepid water may be supplied from that for cold. The arrangement must allow the semicylinders for the bath basins to be heated from the same furnace.
10.1. Primum eligendus locus est quam calidissimus, id est aversus ab septentrione et aquilone. ipsa autem caldaria tepidariaque lumen habeant ab occidente hiberno, si autem natura loci inpedierit, utique a meridie, quod maxime tempus lavandi a meridiano ad vesperum est constitutum. et item est animadvertendum, uti caldaria muliebria et virilia coniuncta et in isdem regionibus sint conlocata; sic enim efficietur, ut vasaria et hypocausis communis sit eorum utrisque. aenea supra hypocausim tria sunt componenda, unum caldarium, alterum tepidarium, tertium frigidarium, et ita conlocanda, uti, ex tepidario in caldarium quantum aquae caldae exierit, influat de frigidario in tepidarium ad eundem modum, testudinesque alveolorum ex communi hypocausi calfaciantur.
10.2. 2. The hanging floors of the hot bath rooms are to be constructed as follows. First the surface of the ground should be laid with tiles a foot and a half square, sloping towards the furnace in such a way that, if a ball is thrown in, it cannot stop inside but must return of itself to the furnace room; thus the heat of the fire will more readily spread under the hanging flooring. Upon them, pillars made of eight-inch bricks are built, and set at such a distance apart that two-foot tiles may be used to cover them. These pillars should be two feet in height, laid with clay mixed with hair, covered on top with the two-foot tiles which support the floor.
10.2. Suspensurae caldariorum ita sunt faciendae, ut primum sesquipedalibus tegulis solum sternatur inclinatum ad hypocausim, uti pila, cum mittatur, non possit intro resistere, sed rursus redeat ad praefurnium ipsa per se; ita flamma facilius pervagabitur sub suspensione. supraque laterculis besalibus pilae struantur ita dispositae, uti bipedales tegulae possint supra esse conlocatae; altitudinem autem pilae habeant pedes duo. eaeque struantur argilla cum capillo subacta, supraque conlocentur tegulae bipedales, quae sustineant pavimentum.
10.3. 3. The vaulted ceilings will be more serviceable if built of masonry; but if they are of framework, they should have tile work on the under side, to be constructed as follows. Let iron bars or arcs be made, and hang them to the framework by means of iron hooks set as close together as possible; and let these bars or arcs be placed at such distances apart that each pair of them may support and carry an unflanged tile. Thus the entire vaulting will be completely supported on iron. These vaults should have the joints on their upper side daubed with clay mixed with hair, and their under side, facing the floor, should first be plastered with pounded tile mixed with lime, and then covered with polished stucco in relief or smooth. Vaults in hot bath rooms will be more serviceable if they are doubled; for then the moisture from the heat will not be able to spoil the timber in the framework, but will merely circulate between the two vaults.
10.3. Concamarationes vero si ex structura factae fuerint, erunt utiliores; sin autem contignationes fuerint, figlinum opus subiciatur. sed hoc ita erit faciendum. regulae ferreae aut arcus fiant, eaeque uncinis ferreis ad contignationem suspendantur quam creberrimis; eaeque regulae sive arcus ita disponantur, uti tegulae sine marginibus sedere in duabus invehique possint, et ita totae concamarationes in ferro nitentes sint perfectae. earumque camararum superiora coagmenta ex argilla cum capillo subacta liniantur; inferior autem pars, quae ad pavimentum spectat, primum testa cum calce trullizetur, deinde opere albario sive tectorio poliatur. eaeque camarae in caldariis si duplices factae fuerint, meliorem habebunt usum; non enim a vapore umor corrumpere poterit materiem contignationis, sed inter duas camaras vagabitur.
10.4. 4. The size of the baths must depend upon the number of the population. The rooms should be thus proportioned: let their breadth be one third of their length, excluding the niches for the washbowl and the bath basin. The washbowl ought without fail to be placed under a window, so that the shadows of those who stand round it may not obstruct the light. Niches for washbowls must be made so roomy that when the first comers have taken their places, the others who are waiting round may have proper standing room. The bath basin should be not less than six feet broad from the wall to the edge, the lower step and the “cushion” taking up two feet of this space.
10.4. Magnitudines autem balneorum videntur fieri pro copia hominum … sint ita compositae. quanta longitudo fuerit tertia dempta, latitudo sit, praeter scholam labri et alvei. labrum utique sub lumine faciundum videtur, ne stantes circum suis umbris obscurent lucem. scholas autem labrorum ita fieri oportet spatiosas, uti, cum priores occupaverint loca circum, expectantes reliqui recte stare possint. alvei autem latitudo inter parietem et pluteum ne minus sit pedes senos, ut gradus inferior inde auferat et pulvinus duos pedes.
10.5. 5. The Laconicum and other sweating baths must adjoin the tepid room, and their height to the bottom of the curved dome should be equal to their width. Let an aperture be left in the middle of the dome with a bronze disc hanging from it by chains. By raising and lowering it, the temperature of the sweating bath can be regulated. The chamber itself ought, as it seems, to be circular, so that the force of the fire and heat may spread evenly from the centre all round the circumference.
10.5. Laconicum sudationesque sunt coniungendae tepidario; eaeque quam latae fuerint, tantam altitudinem habeant ad imam curvaturam hemisphaerii. mediumque lumen in hemisphaerio relinquatur, ex eoque clipeum aeneum catenis pendeat, per cuius reductiones et demissiones perficietur sudationis temperatura. ipsumque ad circinum fieri oportere videtur, ut aequaliter a medio flammae vaporisque vis per curvaturae rotundationes pervagetur.
11.1. 1. NEXT, although the building of palaestrae is not usual in Italy, I think it best to set forth the traditional way, and to show ob long peristyle in a palaestra should be so formed that the circuit of it makes a walk of two stadia, a distance which the Greeks call the δίαυλος. Let three of its colonnades be single, but let the fourth, which is on the south side, be double, so that when there is bad weather accompanied by wind, the drops of rain may not be able to reach the interior.
11.1. Nunc mihi videtur, tametsi non sint italicae consuetudinis palaestrarum aedificationes, traditae tamen, explicare et, quemadmodum apud Graecos constituantur, monstrare. in palaestris peristylia quadrata sive oblonga ita sunt facienda, uti duorum stadiorum habeant ambulationis circumitionem, quod Graeci vocant δίαυλον, ex quibus tres porticus simplices disponantur, quarta, quae ad meridianas regiones est conversa, duplex, uti, cum tempestates ventosae sint, non possit aspergo in interiorem partem pervenire.
11.2. 2. In the three colonnades construct roomy recesses (A) with seats in them, where philosophers, rhetoricians, and others who delight in learning may sit and converse. In the double colonnade let the rooms be arranged thus: the young men's hall (B) in the middle; this is a very spacious recess (exedra) with seats in it, and it should be one third longer than it is broad. At the right, the bag room (C); then next, the dust room (D); beyond the dust room, at the corner of the colonnade, the cold washing room (E), which the Greeks call λουτρόν. At the left of the young men's hall is the anointing room (F); then, next to the anointing room, the cold bath room (G), and beyond that a passage into the furnace room (H) at the corner of the colonnade. Next, but inside and on a line with the cold bath room, put the vaulted sweating bath (I), its length twice its breadth, and having at the ends on one side a Laconicum (K), proportioned in the same manner as above described, and opposite the Laconicum the warm washing room (L). Inside a palaestra, the peristyle ought to be laid out as described above.
11.2. Constituantur autem in tribus porticibus exhedrae spatiosae, habentes sedes, in quibus philosophi, rhetores reliquique, qui studiis delectantur, sedentes disputare possint. in duplici autem porticu conlocentur haec membra: ephebeum in medio (hoc autem est exhedra amplissima cum sedibus) tertia parte longior sit quam lata; sub dextro coryceum, deinde proxime conisterium, a conisterio in versura porticus frigida lavatio, quam Graeci λουτρόν vocitant; ad sinistram ephebei elaeothesium, proxime autem elaeothesium frigidarium, ab eoque iter in propnigeum in versura porticus. proxima autem introrsus e regione frigidarii conlocetur concamerata sudatio longitudine duplex quam latitudo, quae habeat in versuris ex una parte laconicum ad eundem modum, uti quam supra scriptum est, compositum, ex adverso laconici caldam lavationem. in palaestra peristylia, quemadmodum supra scriptum est, ita debent esse [perfecta] distributa.
11.3. 3. But on the outside, let three colonnades be arranged, one as you leave the peristyle and two at the right and left, with running-tracks in them. That one of them which faces the north should be a double colonnade of very ample breadth, while the other should be single, and so constructed that on the sides next the walls and the side along the columns it may have edges, serving as paths, of not less than ten feet, with the space between them sunken, so that steps are necessary in going down from the edges a foot and a half to the plane, which plane should be not less than twelve feet wide. Thus people walking round on the edges will not be interfered with by the anointed who are exercising.
11.3. Extra autem disponantur porticus tres, una ex peristylo exeuntibus, duae dextra atque sinistra stadiatae, ex quibus una, quae spectaverit ad septentrionem, perficiatur duplex amplissima latitudine, altera simplex, ita factae, uti in partibus, quae fuerint circa parietes et quae erit ad columnas, margines habeant uti semitas non minus pedum denûm mediumque excavatum, uti gradus sint in descensu marginibus sesquipedem ad planitiem, quae planities sit non minus pedes XII; ita qui vestiti ambulaverint circum in marginibus, non inpedientur ab unctis se exercentibus.
11.4. 4. This kind of colonnade is called among the Greeks ξυστός, because athletes during the winter season exercise in covered running tracks. Next to this “xystus” and to the double colonnade should be laid out the uncovered walks which the Greeks term παραδρομίδες and our people “xysta”, into which in fair weather during the winter, the athletes come out from the “xystus” for exercise. The “xysta” ought to be so constructed that there may be plantations between the two colonnades or groves of plane trees, with walks laid out in them among the trees and resting places there, made of “opus signinum.” Behind the “xystus” a stadium, so designed that great numbers of people may have plenty of room to look on at the contests between the athletes. I have now described all that seemed necessary for the proper arrangement of things within the city walls.
11.4. Haec autem porticus ξυστός apud Graecos vocitatur, quod athletae per hiberna tempora in tectis stadiis exercentur. proxime autem xystum et duplicem porticum designentur hypaethroe ambulationes, quas Graeci παραδρομίδες, nostri xysta appellant, in quas per hiemem ex xysto sereno caelo athletae prodeuntes exercentur. faciunda autem xysta sic videntur, ut sint inter duas porticus silvae aut platanones, et in his perficiantur inter arbores ambulationes ibique ex opere signino stationes. post xystum autem stadium ita figuratum, ut possint hominum copiae cum laxamento athletas certantes spectare. Quae in moenibus necessaria videbantur esse, ut apte disponantur, perscripsi.
12.1. 1. THE subject of the usefulness of harbours is one which I must not omit, but must explain by what means ships are sheltered in them from storms. If their situation has natural advantages, with projecting capes or promontories which curve or return inwards by their natural conformation, such harbours are obviously of the greatest service. Round them, of course, colonnades or shipyards must be built, or passages from the colonnades to the business quarters, and towers must be set up on both sides, from which chains can be drawn across by machinery.
12.1. De opportunitate autem portuum non est praetermittendum sed, quibus rationibus tueantur naves in his ab tempestatibus, explicandum. hi autem naturaliter si sint bene positi habeantque acroteria sive promunturia procurrentia, ex quibus introrsus curvaturae sive versurae ex loci natura fuerint conformatae, maximas utilitates videntur habere. circum enim porticus sive navalia sunt facienda sive ex porticibus aditus ⟨ad⟩ emporia, turresque ex utraque parte conlocandae, ex quibus catenae traduci per machinas possint.
12.2. 2. But if we have a situation without natural advantages, and unfit to shelter ships from storms, it is obvious that we must proceed as follows. If there is no river in the neighbourhood, but if there can be a roadstead on one side, then, let the advances be made from the other side by means of walls or embankments, and let the enclosing harbour be thus formed. Walls which are to be under water should be constructed as follows. Take the powder which comes from the country extending from Cumae to the promontory of Minerva, and mix it in the mortar trough in the proportion of two to one.
12.2. Sin autem non naturalem locum neque idoneum ad tuendas ab tempestatibus naves habuerimus, ita videtur esse faciendum, uti, si nullum flumen in his locis inpedierit sed erit ex una parte statio, tunc ex altera parte structuris sive aggeribus expediantur progressus, et ita conformandae portuum conclusiones. eae autem structurae, quae in aqua sunt futurae, videntur sic esse faciendae, uti portetur pulvis a regionibus, quae sunt a Cumis continuatae ad promunturium Minervae, isque misceatur, uti in mortario duo ad unum respondeant.
12.3. 3. Then, in the place previously determined, a cofferdam, with its sides formed of oaken stakes with ties between them, is to be driven down into the water and firmly propped there; then, the lower surface inside, under the water, must be levelled off and dredged, working from beams laid across; and finally, concrete from the mortar trough—the stuff having been mixed as prescribed above—must be heaped up until the empty space which was within the cofferdam is filled up by the wall. This, however, is possessed as a gift of nature by such places as have been described above. But if by reason of currents or the assaults of the open sea the props cannot hold the cofferdam together, then, let a platform of the greatest possible strength be constructed, beginning on the ground itself or on a substructure; and let the platform be constructed with a level surface for less than half its extent, while the rest, which is close to the beach, slopes down and out.
12.3. Deinde tunc in eo loco, qui definitus erit, arcae stipitibus robusteis et catenis inclusae in aquam demittendae destinandaeque firmiter; deinde inter ea extrastilis inferior pars sub aqua exaequanda et purganda, et caementis ex mortario materia mixta, quemadmodum supra scriptum est, ibi congerendum, doneque compleatur structurae spatium, quod fuerit inter arcas. hoc autem munus naturale habent ea loca, quae supra scripta sunt. Sin autem propter fluctus aut impetus aperti pelagi destinae arcas non potuerint continere, tunc ab ipsa terra sive crepidine pulvinus quam firmissime struatur, isque pulvinus exaequata struatur planitia minus quam dimidiae partis, reliquum, quod est proxime litus, proclinatum latus habeat.
12.4. 4. Then, on the water's edge and at the sides of the platform, let marginal walls be constructed, about one and one half feet thick and brought up to a level with the surface above mentioned; next, let the sloping part be filled in with sand and levelled off with the marginal wall and the surface of the platform. Then, upon this level surface construct a block as large as is required, and when it is finished, leave it for not less than two months to dry. Then, cut away the marginal wall which supports the sand. Thus, the sand will be undermined by the waves, and this will cause the block to fall into the sea. By this method, repeated as often as necessary, an advance into the water can be made.
12.4. deinde ad ipsam aquam et latera pulvino circiter sesquipedales margines struantur aequilibres ex planitia, quae est supra scripta; tunc proclinatio ea impleatur harena et exaequetur cum margine et planitia pulvini. deinde insuper eam exaequationem pila, quam magna constituta fuerit, ibi struatur; eaque, cum erit extructa, relinquatur ne minus duos menses, ut siccescat. tunc autem succidatur margo, quae sustinet harenam; ita harena fluctibus subruta efficiet in mare pilae praecipitationem. hac ratione, quotienscumque opus fuerit, in aquam poterit esse progressus.
12.5. 5. But in places where this powder is not found, the following method must be employed. A cofferdam with double sides, composed of charred stakes fastened together with ties, should be constructed in the appointed place, and clay in wicker baskets made of swamp rushes should be packed in among the props. After this has been well packed down and filled in as closely as possible, set up your water-screws, wheels, and drums, and let the space now bounded by the enclosure be emptied and dried. Then, dig out the bottom within the enclosure. If it proves to be of earth, it must be cleared out and dried till you come to solid bottom and for a space wider than the wall which is to be built upon it, and then filled in with masonry consisting of rubble, lime, and sand.
12.5. In quibus autem locis pulvis non nascitur, his rationibus erit faciendum, uti arcae duplices relatis tabulis et catenis conligatae in eo loco, qui finitus erit, constituantur, et inter destinas creta in aeronibus ex ulva palustri factis calcetur. cum ita bene calcatum et quam densissime fuerit, tunc cocleis, rotis, tympanis conlocatis locus, qui ea saeptione finitus fuerit, exinaniatur sicceturque, et ibi inter saeptiones fundamenta fodiantur. si terrena erunt, usque ad solidum, crassiora quam qui murus supra futurus erit, et tunc structura ex caementis calce et harena compleantur.
12.6. 6. But if the place proves to be soft, the bottom must be staked with piles made of charred alder or olive wood, and then filled in with charcoal as has been prescribed in the case of the foundations of theatres and the city wall. Finally, build the wall of dimension stone, with the bond stones as long as possible, so that particularly the stones in the middle may be held together by the joints. Then, fill the inside of the wall with broken stone or masonry. It will thus be possible for even a tower to be built upon it.
12.6. Sin autem mollis locus erit, palis ustilatis alneis aut oleagineis configantur et carbonibus compleantur, quemadmodum in theatrorum et muri fundationibus est scriptum. deinde tunc quadrato saxo murus ducatur iuncturis quam longissimis, uti maxime medii lapides coagmentis contineantur. tunc, qui locus erit inter murum, ruderatione sive structura compleatur. ita erit uti possit turris insuper aedificari.
12.7. 7. When all this is finished, the general rule for shipyards will be to build them facing the north. Southern exposures from their heat produce rot, the wood worm, shipworms, and all sorts of other destructive creatures, and strengthen and keep them alive. And these buildings must by no means be constructed of wood, for fear of fire. As for their size, no definite limit need be set, but they must be built to suit the largest type of ship, so that if even larger ships are hauled up, they may find plenty of room there. I have described in this book the construction and completion of all that I could remember as necessary for general use in the public places of cities. In the following book I shall consider private houses, their conveniences, and symmetrical proportions.
12.7. His perfectis navaliorum ea erit ratio, ut constituantur spectantia maxime ad septentrionem; nam meridianae regiones propter aestus cariem, tineam, teredines reliquaque bestiarum nocentium genera procreant alendoque conservant. eaque aedificia minime sunt materianda propter incendia. de magnitudinibus autem finitio nulla debet esse, sed faciunda ad maximum navium modum, uti, etsi maiores naves subductae fuerint, habeant cum laxamento ibi conlocationem. Quae necessaria ad utilitatem in civitatibus publicorum locorum succurrere mihi potuerunt, quemadmodum constituantur et perficiantur, in hoc volumine scripsi; privatorum autem aedificiorum utilitates et eorum symmetrias insequenti volumine ratiocinabor.