4.2. 2. Planks are nailed round the face of it, leaving six-inch apertures to admit the water. At one side of it there are also holes, like those of a dovecot, next to the axle, one for each compartment. After being smeared with pitch like a ship, the thing is turned by the tread of men, and raising the water by means of the apertures in the face of the tympanum, delivers it through the holes next to the axle into a wooden trough set underneath, with a conduit joined to it. Thus, a large quantity of water is furnished for irrigation in gardens, or for supplying the needs of saltworks.
4.2. Circa frontem eius figuntur tabulae, relictis semipedalibus aperturis ad aquam intra concipiendam. item secundum axem columbaria fiunt excavata in singulis spatiis ex una parte. id autem cum est navali ratione picatum, hominibus calcantibus versatur et hauriendo per aperturas, quae sunt in frontibus tympani, reddit per columbaria secundum axem supposito labro ligneo habente una secum coniunctum canalem. ita hortis ad inrigandum vel salinis ad temperandum praebetur aquae multitudo.
4.3. 3. But when it has to be raised higher, the same principle will be modified as follows. A wheel on an axle is to be made, large enough to reach the necessary height. All round the circumference of the wheel there will be cubical boxes, made tight with pitch and wax. So, when the wheel is turned by treading, the boxes, carried up full and again returning to the bottom, will of themselves discharge into the reservoir what they have carried up.
4.3. Cum autem altius extollendum erit, eadem ratio communicabitur sic. rota fiet circum axem eadem magnitudine, ut ad altitudinem, quae opus fuerit, convenire possit. circum extremum latus rotae figentur modioli quadrati pice et cera solidati. ita cum rota a calcantibus versabitur, modioli pleni ad summum elati rursus ad imum revertentes infundent in castellum ipsi per se quod extulerint.
4.4. 4. But, if it has to be supplied to a place still more high, a double iron chain, which will reach the surface when let down, is passed round the axle of the same wheel, with bronze buckets attached to it, each holding about six pints. The turning of the wheel, winding the chain round the axle, will carry the buckets to the top, and as they pass above the axle they must tip over and deliver into the reservoir what they have carried up.
4.4. Sin autem magis altis locis erit praebendum, in eiusdem rotae axe involuta duplex ferrea catena demissaque ad imum libramentum conlocabitur, habens situlos pendentes aereos congiales. ita versatio rotae catenam in axem involvendo efferet situlos in summum, qui ⟨cum⟩ super axem pervehuntur, cogentur inverti et infundere in castellum aquae quod extulerint.
5.1. 1. WHEELS on the principles that have been described above are also constructed in rivers. Round their faces floatboards are fixed, which, on being struck by the current of the river, make the wheel turn as they move, and thus, by raising the water in the boxes and bringing it to the top, they accomplish the necessary work through being turned by the mere impulse of the river, without any treading on the part of workmen.
5.1. Fiunt etiam in fluminibus rotae eisdem rationibus, quibus supra scriptum est. circa earum frontes adfiguntur pinnae, quae, cum percutiuntur ab impetu fluminis, cogunt progredientes versari rotam, et ita modiolis haurientes et in summum referentes sine operarum calcatura ipsius fluminis inpulsu versatae praestant, quod opus est ad usum.
5.2. 2. Water mills are turned on the same principle. Everything is the same in them, except that a drum with teeth is fixed into one end of the axle. It is set vertically on its edge, and turns in the same plane with the wheel. Next to this larger drum there is a smaller one, also with teeth, but set horizontally, and this is attached (to the millstone). Thus the teeth of the drum which is fixed to the axle make the teeth of the horizontal drum move, and cause the mill to turn. A hopper, hanging over this contrivance, supplies the mill with corn, and meal is produced by the same revolution.
5.2. Eadem ratione etiam versantur hydraletae, in quibus eadem sunt omnia, praeterquam quod in uno capite axis tympanum dentatum est inclusum. id autem ad perpendiculum conlocatum in cultrum versatur cum rota pariter. secundum id tympanum maius ⟨minus⟩ item dentatum planum est conlocatum, quo continetur … ita dentes tympani eius, quod est in axe inclusum, inpellendo dentes tympani plani cogunt fieri molarum circinationem. in qua machina inpendens infundibulum subministrat molis frumentum et eadem versatione subigitur farina.
6.1. 1. THERE is also the method of the screw, which raises a great quantity of water, but does not carry it as high as does the wheel. The method of constructing it is as follows. A beam is selected, the thickness of which in digits is equivalent to its length in feet. This is made perfectly round. The ends are to be divided off on their circumference with the compass into eight parts, by quadrants and octants, and let the lines be so placed that, if the beam is laid in a horizontal position, the lines on the two ends may perfectly correspond with each other, and intervals of the size of one eighth part of the circumference of the beam may be laid off on the length of it. Then, placing the beam in a horizontal position, let perfectly straight lines be drawn from one end to the other. So the intervals will be equal in the directions both of the periphery and of the length. Where the lines are drawn along the length, the cutting circles will make intersections, and definite points at the intersections.
6.1. Est autem etiam cocleae ratio, quae magnam vim haurit aquae, sed non tam alte tollit quam rota. eius autem ratio sic expeditur. tignum sumitur, cuius tigni quanta paratur pedum longitudo, tanta digitorum expeditur crassitudo. id ad circinum rotundatur. in capitibus circino dividentur circumitiones eorum tetrantibus et octantibus in partes octo, eaeque lineae ita conlocentur, ut plano posito tigno utriusque capitis ad libellam lineae inter se respondeant, et quam magna pars sit octava circinationis tigni, tam magna spatia decidantur in longitudinem. item tigno plano conlocato lineae ab capite ad alterum caput perducantur ad libellam convenientes. sic et in rotundatione et in longitudine aequalia spatia fient. ita quo loci describuntur lineae, quae sunt in longitudinem spectantes, facient decusationes et in decusationibus finita puncta.
6.2. 2. When these lines have been correctly drawn, a slender withe of willow, or a straight piece cut from the agnus castus tree, is taken, smeared with liquid pitch, and fastened at the first point of intersection. Then it is carried across obliquely to the succeeding intersections of longitudinal lines and circles, and as it advances, passing each of the points in due order and winding round, it is fastened at each intersection; and so, withdrawing from the first to the eighth point, it reaches and is fastened to the line to which its first part was fastened. Thus, it makes as much progress in its longitudinal advance to the eighth point as in its oblique advance over eight points. In the same manner, withes for the eight divisions of the diameter, fastened obliquely at the intersections on the entire longitudinal and peripheral surface, make spiral channels which naturally look just like those of a snail shell.
6.2. His ita emendate descriptis sumitur salignea tenuis aut de vitice secta regula, quae uncta liquida pice figitur in primo decusis puncto. deinde traicitur oblique ad insequentis longitudinis et circumitionis decusis, item ex ordine progrediens singula puncta praetereundo et circum involvendo conlocatur in singulis decusationibus, et ita pervenit et figitur ad eam lineam recedens a primo in octavum punctum, in qua prima pars est eius fixa. eo modo quantum progreditur oblique spatium et per octo puncta, tantundem et longitudine procedit ad octavum punctum. eadem ratione per omne spatium longitudinis et rotunditatis singulis decusationibus oblique fixae regulae per octo crassitudinis divisiones involutos faciunt canales et iustam cocleae naturalemque imitationem.
6.3. 3. Other withes are fastened on the line of the first, and on these still others, all smeared with liquid pitch, and built up until the total diameter is equal to one eighth of the length. These are covered and surrounded with boards, fastened on to protect the spiral. Then these boards are soaked with pitch, and bound together with strips of iron, so that they may not be separated by the pressure of the water. The ends of the shaft are covered with iron. To the right and left of the screw are beams, with crosspieces fastening them together at both ends. In these crosspieces are holes sheathed with iron, and into them pivots are introduced, and thus the screw is turned by the treading of men.
6.3. Ita per id vestigium aliae super alias figuntur unctae pice liquida, et exaggerantur ad id, uti longitudinis octava pars fiat summa crassitudo. supra eas circumdantur et figuntur tabulae, quae pertegant eam involutionem. tunc eae tabulae pice saturantur et lamminis ferreis conligantur, ut ab aquae vi ne dissolvantur. capita tigni ferrea. dextra autem ac sinistra cocleam tigna conlocantur in capitibus utraque parte habentia transversaria confixa. in his foramina ferrea sunt inclusa inque ea inducuntur styli, et ita cocleae hominibus calcantibus faciunt versationes.
6.4. 4. It is to be set up at an inclination corresponding to that which is produced in drawing the Pythagorean right-angled triangle: that is, let its length be divided into five parts; let three of them denote the height of the head of the screw; thus the distance from the base of the perpendicular to the nozzle of the screw at the bottom will be equal to four of those parts. A figure showing how this ought to be, has been drawn at the end of the book, right on the back. I have now described as clearly as I could, to make them better known, the principles on which wooden engines for raising water are constructed, and how they get their motion so that they may be of unlimited usefulness through their revolutions.
6.4. Erectio autem eius ad inclinationem sic erit conlocanda, uti, quemadmodum Pythagoricum trigonum orthogonium describitur, sic id habeat responsum, id est uti dividatur longitudo in partes V, earum trium extollatur caput cocleae; ita erit ab perpendiculo ad imas naris spatium earum partium IIII. qua ratione autem oporteat id esse, in extremo libro eius forma descripta est in ipso tempore. Quae de materia fiunt organa ad hauriendam aquam, quibus rationibus perficiantur quibusque rebus motus recipientia praestent versationibus infinitas utilitates, ut essent notiora, quam apertissime potui, perscripta sunt in illo tempore.
7.1. 1. NEXT I must tell about the machine of Ctesibius, which raises water to a height. It is made of bronze, and has at the bottom a pair of-cylinders set a little way apart, and there is a pipe connected with each, the two running up, like the prongs of a fork, side by side to a vessel which is between the cylinders. In this vessel are valves, accurately fitting over the upper vents of the pipes, which stop up the ventholes, and keep what has been forced by pressure into the vessel from going down again.
7.1. Insequitur nunc de Ctesibica machina, quae in altitudinem aquam educit, monstrare. ea fit ex aere. cuius in radicibus modioli fiunt gemelli paulum distantes, habentes fistulas furcillae figura similiter cohaerentes, in medium catinum concurrentes. in quo catino fiunt asses in superioribus naribus fistularum coagmentatione subtili conlocati, qui praeobturantes foramina narium non patiuntur ⟨redire⟩, quod spiritu in catinum est expressum.
7.2. 2.Over the vessel a cowl is adjusted, like an inverted funnel, and fastened to the vessel by means of a wedge thrust through a staple, to prevent it from being lifted off by the pressure of the water that is forced in. On top of this a pipe is jointed, called the trumpet, which stands up vertically. Valves are inserted in the cylinders, beneath the lower vents of the pipes, and over the openings which are in the bottoms of the cylinders.
7.2. Supra catinum paenula ut infundibulum inversum est attemperata et per fibulam cum catino cuneo traiecto continetur, ne vis inflationis aquae eam cogat elevari. insuper fistula, quae tuba dicitur, coagmentata in altitudine fit erecta. modioli autem habent infra nares inferiores fistularum asses interpositos supra foramina eorum, quae sunt in fundis.
7.3. 3. Pistons smoothly turned, rubbed with oil, and inserted from above into the cylinders, work with their rods and levers upon the air and water in the cylinders, and, as the valves stop up the openings, force and drive the water, by repeated pressure and expansion, through the vents of the pipes into the vessel, from which the cowl receives the inflated currents, and sends them up through the pipe at the top; and so water can be supplied for a fountain from a reservoir at a lower level.
7.3. Ita de supernis in modiolis emboli masculi torno politi et oleo subacti conclusique regulis et vectibus cum molientur qui erit aer ibi cum aqua, assibus obturantibus foramina cogent et trudent inflando pressionibus per fistularum nares aquam in catinum, e quo recipiens paenula spiritu exprimit per fistulam in altitudinem, et ita ex inferiore loco castello conlocato ad saliendum aqua subministratur.
7.4. 4. This, however, is not the only apparatus which Ctesibius is said to have thought out, but many more of various kinds are shown by him to produce effects, borrowed from nature, by means of water pressure and compression of the air; as, for example, blackbirds singing by means of waterworks, and “angobatae,” and figures that drink and move, and other things that are found to be pleasing to the eye and the ear.
7.4. Nec tamen haec sola ratio Ctesibii fertur exquisita, sed etiam plures et variis generibus ab eo liquore pressionibus coactae spiritus efferre ab natura mutuatos effectus ostenduntur, uti merularum [quae motu] voces atque acrobatae bibentiaque et eadem moventia ⟨se⟩ sigilla ceteraque, quae delectationibus oculorum et aurium usu sensus eblandiantur.
7.5. 5. Of these I have selected what I considered most useful and necessary, and have thought it best to speak in the preceding book about timepieces, and in this about the methods of raising water. The rest, which are not subservient to our needs, but to pleasure and amusement, may be found in the commentaries of Ctesibius himself by any who are interested in such refinements.
7.5. E quibus quae maxime utilia et necessaria iudicavi selegi, et in priore volumine de horologiis, in hoc de expressionibus aquae dicendum putavi. reliqua, quae non sunt ad necessitatem sed ad deliciarum voluptatem, qui cupidiores erunt eius subtilitatis, ex ipsius Ctesibii commentariis poterunt invenire.
8.1. 1. WITH regard to water organs, however, I shall not fail with all possible brevity and precision to touch upon their principles, and to give a sufficient description of them. A wooden base is constructed, and on it is set an altar-shaped box made of bronze. Uprights, fastened together like ladders, are set up on the base, to the right and to the left (of the altar). They hold the bronze pump-cylinders, the moveable bottoms of which, carefully turned on a lathe, have iron elbows fastened to their centres and jointed to levers, and are wrapped in fleeces of wool. In the tops of the cylinders are openings, each about three digits in diameter. Close to these openings are bronze dolphins, mounted on joints and holding chains in their mouths, from which hang cymbal-shaped valves, let down under the openings in the cylinders.
8.1. De hydraulis autem, quas habeant ratiocinationes, quam brevissime proximeque attingere potero et scriptura consequi, non praetermittam. de materia compacta basi, ara in ea ex aere fabricata conlocatur. supra basim eriguntur regulae dextra ac sinistra scalari forma compactae, quibus includuntur aerei modioli, fundulis ambulatilibus ex torno subtiliter subactis habentibus fixos in medio ferreos ancones et verticulis cum vectibus coniunctos, pellibusque lanatis involutis. item in summa planitia foramina circiter digitorum ternûm. quibus foraminibus proxime in verticulis conlocati aerei delphini pendentia habent catenis cymbala ex ore infra foramina modiolorum calata.
8.2. 2. Inside the altar, which holds the water, is a regulator shaped like an inverted funnel, under which there are cubes, each about three digits high, keeping a free space below between the lips of the regulator and the bottom of the altar. Tightly fixed on the neck of the regulator is the windchest, which supports the principle part of the contrivance, called in Greek the κανὼν μουσικός. Running longitudinally, there are four channels in it if it is a tetrachord; six, if it is a hexachord; eight, if it is an octachord.
8.2. Intra aram, quo loci aqua sustinetur, inest pnigeus uti infundibulum inversum, quem subter taxilli alti circiter digitorum ternûm suppositi librant spatium imum ima inter labra pnigeos et arae fundum. supra autem cerviculam eius coagmentata arcula sustinet caput machinae, qui graece κανὼν μουσικός appellatur. in cuius longitudine canales, si tetrachordos est, fiunt quattuor, si hexachordos, sex, si octo chordos, octo.
8.3. 3. Each of the channels has a cock in it, furnished with an iron handle. These handles, when turned, open ventholes from the windchest into the channels. From the channels to the canon there are vertical openings corresponding to ventholes in a board above, which board is termed πίναξ in Greek. Between this board and the canon are inserted sliders, pierced with holes to correspond, and rubbed with oil so that they can be easily moved and slid back into place again. They close the above-mentioned openings, and are called the plinths. Their going and coming now closes and now opens the holes.
8.3. Singulis autem canalibus singula epitonia sunt inclusa, manubriis ferreis conligata. quae manubria, cum torquentur, ex arca patefaciunt nares in canales. ex canalibus autem canon habet ordinata in transverso foramina respondentia naribus, quae sunt in tabula summa, quae tabula graece πίναξ dicitur. inter tabulam et canona regulae sunt interpositae ad eundem modum foratae et oleo subactae, ut faciliter inpellantur et rursus introrsus reducantur, quae obturant ea foramina plinthidesque appellantur. quarum itus et reditus alias obturat alias aperit terebrationes.
8.4. 4. These sliders have iron jacks fixed to them, and connected with the keys, and the keys, when touched, make the sliders move regularly. To the upper surface of the openings in the board, where the wind finds egress from the channels, rings are soldered, and into them the reeds of all the organ pipes are inserted. From the cylinders there are connecting pipes attached to the neck of the regulator, and directed towards the ventholes in the windchest. In the pipes are valves, turned on a lathe, and set (where the pipes are connected with the cylinders). When the windchest has received the air, these valves will stop up the openings, and prevent the wind from coming back again.
8.4. Haec regulae habent ferrea choragia fixa et iuncta cum pinnis, quarum pinnarum tactus motiones efficit regularum continenter. supra tabulam foramina ⟨que, per⟩ quae ex canalibus habent egressum spiritus, sunt anuli adglutinati, quibus lingulae omnium includuntur organorum. e modiolis autem fistulae sunt continentes coniunctae pnigeos cervicibus pertinentesque ad nares, quae sunt in arcula. in quibus asses sunt ex torno subacti et ibi conlocati, ⟨ubi fistulae modiolis sunt coniunctae,⟩ qui, cum recepit arcula animam, spiritum non patientur obturantes foramina rursus redire.
8.5. 5. So, when the levers are raised, the elbows draw down the bottoms of the cylinders as far as they can go; and the dolphins, which are mounted on joints, let the cymbals fall into the cylinders, thus filling the interiors with air. Then the elbows, raising the bottoms within the cylinders by repeated and violent blows, and stopping the openings above by means of the cymbals, compress the air which is enclosed in the cylinders, and force it into the pipes, through which it runs into the regulator, and through its neck into the windchest. With a stronger motion of the levers, the air is still more compressed, streams through the apertures of the cocks, and fills the channels with wind.
8.5. Ita cum vectes extolluntur, ancones deducunt fundos modiolorum ad imum delphinique, qui sunt in verticulis inclusi, calantes in eos cymbala, aere implent spatia modiolorum, atque ancones extollentes fundos intra modiolos vehementi pulsus crebritate et obturantes foramina cymbalis superiora, aera, qui est ibi inclusus, pressionibus coactum in fistulas cogunt, per quas in pnigea concurrit et per eius cervices in arcam. motione vero vectium vehementiore spiritus frequens compressus epitoniorum aperturis influit et replet animae canales.
8.6. 6. So, when the keys, touched by the hand, drive the sliders forward and draw them back regularly, alternately stopping and opening the holes, they produce resonant sounds in a great variety of melodies conforming to the laws of music. With my best efforts I have striven to set forth an obscure subject clearly in writing, but the theory of it is not easy, nor readily understood by all, save only those who have had some practice in things of this kind. If anybody has failed to understand it, he will certainly find, when he comes to know the thing itself, that it is carefully and exquisitely contrived in all respects.
8.6. Itaque cum pinnae manibus tactae propellunt et reducunt continenter regulas alternis obturando foramina alternis aperiundo, e musicis artibus multiplicibus modulorum varietatibus sonantes excitant voces. Quantum potui niti, ut obscura res per scripturam dilucide pronuntiaretur, contendi, sed haec non est facilis ratio neque omnibus expedita ad intellegendum praeter eos, qui in his generibus habent exercitationem. quodsi qui parum intellexerit ex scriptis, cum ipsam rem cognoscet, profecto inveniet curiose et subtiliter omnia ordinata.
9.1. 1. THE drift of our treatise now turns to a useful invention of the greatest ingenuity, transmitted by our predecessors, which enables us, while sitting in a carriage on the road or sailing by sea, to know how many miles of a journey we have accomplished. This will be possible as follows. Let the wheels of the carriage be each four feet in diameter, so that if a wheel has a mark made upon it, and begins to move forward from that mark in making its revolution on the surface of the road, it will have covered the definite distance of twelve and a half feet on reaching that mark at which it began to revolve.
9.1. Transfertur nunc cogitatio scripturae ad rationem non inutilem sed summa sollertia a maioribus traditam, qua in via raeda sedentes vel mari navigantes scire possimus, quot milia numero itineris fecerimus. hoc autem erit sic. rotae, quae erunt in raeda, sint latae per medium diametrum pedum quaternûm [et sextantes], ut, cum finitum locum habeat in se rota ab eoque incipiat progrediens in solo viae facere versationem, perveniendo ad eam finitionem, a qua coeperit versari, certum modum spatii habeat peractum pedes XII S.
9.2. 2. Having provided such wheels, let a drum with a single tooth projecting beyond the face of its circumference be firmly fastened to the inner side of the hub of the wheel. Then, above this, let a case be firmly fastened to the body of the carriage, containing a revolving drum set on edge and mounted on an axle; on the face of the drum there are four hundred teeth, placed at equal intervals, and engaging the tooth of the drum below. The upper drum has, moreover, one tooth fixed to its side and standing out farther than the other teeth.
9.2. His ita praeparatis tunc in rotae modiolo ad partem interiorem tympanum stabiliter includatur habens extra frontem suae rotundationis extantem denticulum unum. insuper autem ad capsum raedae loculamentum firmiter figatur habens tympanum versatile in cultro conlocatum et in axiculo conclusum, in cuius tympani fronte denticuli perficiantur aequaliter divisi numero quadringenti convenientes denticulo tympani inferioris. praeterea superiori tympano ad latus figatur alter denticulus prominens extra dentes.
9.3. 3. Then, above, let there be a horizontal drum, similarly toothed and contained in another case, with its teeth engaging the tooth fixed to the side of the second drum, and let as many holes be made in this (third) drum as will correspond to the number of miles—more or less, it does not matter—that a carriage can go in a day's journey. Let a small round stone be placed in every one of these holes, and in the receptacle or case containing that drum let one hole be made, with a small pipe attached, through which, when they reach that point, the stones placed in the drum may fall one by one into a bronze vessel set underneath in the body of the carriage.
9.3. Super autem ⟨tympanum⟩ planum eadem ratione dentatum inclusum in altero loculamento conlocetur, convenientibus dentibus denticulo, qui in secundi tympani latere fuerit fixus, in eoque tympano foramina fiant, quantum diurni itineris miliariorum numero cursus raedae possit exire. minus plusve rem nihil inpedit. et in his foraminibus omnibus calculi rotundi conlocentur, inque eius tympani theca, sive id loculamentum est, fiat foramen unum habens canaliculum, qua calculi, qui in eo tympano inpositi fuerint, cum ad eum locum venerint, in raedae capsum et vas aeneum, quod erit suppositum, singuli cadere possint.
9.4. 4. Thus, as the wheel in going forward carries with it the lowest drum, and as the tooth of this at every revolution strikes against the teeth of the upper drum, and makes it move along, the result will be that the upper drum is carried round once for every four hundred revolutions of the lowest, and that the tooth fixed to its side pushes forward one tooth of the horizontal drum. Since, therefore, with four hundred revolutions of the lowest drum, the upper will revolve once, the progress made will be a distance of five thousand feet or one mile. Hence, every stone, making a ringing sound as it falls, will give warning that we have gone one mile. The number of stones gathered from beneath and counted, will show the number of miles in the day's journey.
9.4. Ita cum rota progrediens secum agat tympanum imum et denticulum eius singulis versationibus tympani superioris denticulos inpulsu cogat praeterire, efficiet, ⟨ut,⟩ cum CCCC imum versatum fuerit, superius tympanum semel circumagatur et denticulus, qui est ad latus eius fixus, unum denticulum tympani plani producat. cum ergo CCCC versationibus imi tympani semel superius versabitur, progressus efficiet spatia pedum milia quinque id est passus mille. ex eo quot calculi deciderint, sonando singula milia exisse monebunt. numerus vero calculorum ex imo collectus summa diurni ⟨itineris⟩ miliariorum numerum indicabit.
9.5. 5. On board ship, also, the same principles may be employed with a few changes. An axle is passed through the sides of the ship, with its ends projecting, and wheels are mounted on them, four feet in diameter, with projecting floatboards fastened round their faces and striking the water. The middle of the axle in the middle of the ship carries a drum with one tooth projecting beyond its circumference. Here a case is placed containing a drum with four hundred teeth at regular intervals, engaging the tooth of the drum that is mounted on the axle, and having also one other tooth fixed to its side and projecting beyond its circumference.
9.5. Navigationibus vero similiter paucis rebus commutatis eadem ratione ⟨eadem⟩ efficiuntur. namque traicitur per latera parietum axis habens extra navem prominentia capita, in quae includuntur rotae diametro pedum quaternûm, extantes habentes circa frontes adfixas pinnas aquam tangentes. item medius axis in media navi ⟨habet⟩ tympanum cum uno denticulo extanti extra suam rotunditatem. ad eum locum conlocatur loculamentum habens inclusum in se tympanum, peraequatis dentibus CCCC convenientibus denticulo tympani, quod est in axe inclusum, praeterea ad latus adfixum extantem extra rotunditatem alterum dentem unum.
9.6. 6. Above, in another case fastened to the former, is a horizontal drum toothed in the same way, and with its teeth engaging the tooth fixed to the side of the drum that is set on edge, so that one of the teeth of the horizontal drum is struck at each revolution of that tooth, and the horizontal drum is thus made to revolve in a circle. Let holes be made in the horizontal drum, in which holes small round stones are to be placed. In the receptacle or case containing that drum, let one hole be opened with a small pipe attached, through which a stone, as soon as the obstruction is removed, falls with a ringing sound into a bronze vessel.
9.6. Insuper in altero loculamento cum eo confixo inclusum tympanum planum ad eundem modum dentatum, quibus dentibus ⟨convenit⟩ denticulus, qui est ad latus fixus tympano, quod est in cultro conlocatum, ut eos dentes, qui sunt plani tympani, singulis versationibus singulos dens inpellendo in orbem planum tympanum verset. in plano autem tympano foramina fiant, in quibus foraminibus conlocabuntur calculi rotundi. in theca eius tympani, sive loculamentum est, unum foramen excavetur habens canaliculum, qua calculus liberatus ab obstantia cum ceciderit in vas aereum, sonitu significet.
9.7. 7. So, when a ship is making headway, whether under oars or under a gale of wind, the floatboards on the wheels will strike against the water and be driven violently back, thus turning the wheels; and they, revolving, will move the axle, and the axle the drum, the tooth of which, as it goes round, strikes one of the teeth of the second drum at each revolution, and makes it turn a little. So, when the floatboards have caused the wheels to revolve four hundred times, this drum, having turned round once, will strike a tooth of the horizontal drum with the tooth that is fixed to its side. Hence, every time the turning of the horizontal drum brings a stone to a hole, it will let the stone out through the pipe. Thus by the sound and the number, the length of the voyage will be shown in miles. I have described how to make things that may be provided for use and amusement in times that are peaceful and without fear.
9.7. Ita navis cum habuerit impetum aut remorum aut ventorum flatu, pinnae, quae erunt in rotis, tangentes aquam adversam vehementi retrorsus inpulsu coactae versabunt rotas; eae autem involvendo se agent axem, axis vero tympanum, cuius dens circumactus singulis versationibus singulos secundi tympani dentes inpellendo modicas efficiet circumitiones. ita cum CCCC ab pinnis rotae fuerint versatae, semel tympanum circumactum inpellet dente, qui est ad latus fixus, plani tympani dentem. igitur circumitio tympani plani quotienscumque ad foramen perducet calculos, emittet per canaliculum. ita et sonitu et numero indicabit miliaria spatia navigationis. Quae pacatis et sine metu temporibus ad utilitatem et delectationem paranda, quemadmodum debeant fieri, peregi [esse futurum].
10.1. 1. I SHALL explain the symmetrical principles on which scorpiones and ballistae may be constructed, inventions devised for defence against danger, and in the interest of self-preservation. The proportions of these engines are all computed from the given length of the arrow which the engine is intended to throw, and the size of the holes in the capitals, through which the twisted sinews that hold the arms are stretched, is one ninth of that length.
10.1. Nunc vero quae ad praesidia periculi et necessitatem salutis sunt inventa, id est scorpionum et ballistarum rationes, quibus symmetriis comparari possint, exponam. Omnes proportiones eorum organorum ratiocinandorum ⟨sumuntur⟩ ex proposita sagittae longitudine, quam id organum mittere debet, eiusque nonae partis fit foraminis in capitulis magnitudo, per quae tenduntur nervi torti, qui bracchia continere debent.
10.2. 2. The height and breadth of the capital itself must then conform to the size of the holes. The boards at the top and bottom of the capital, which are called “peritreti,” should be in thickness equal to one hole, and in breadth to one and three quarters, except at their extremities, where they equal one hole and a half. The sideposts on the right and left should be four holes high, excluding the tenons, and five twelfths of a hole thick; the tenons, half a hole. The distance from a sidepost to the hole is one quarter of a hole, and it is also one quarter of a hole from the hole to the post in the middle. The breadth of the post in the middle is equal to one hole and one eighth, the thickness, to one hole.
10.2. Ipsûm tamen eorum foraminum capituli ⟨e magnitudine omnis⟩ deformatur altitudo et latitudo. tabulae, quae sunt in summo et in imo capituli, peritretoe quae vocantur, fiant crassitudine unius foraminis, latitudine unius et eius dodrantis, in extremis foraminis unius et eius ⟨S⟩. parastaticae dextra ac sinistra praeter cardines altae foraminum IIII, crassae foraminum† quinum; cardines foraminis dimidia. ⟨a⟩ parastatica ad foramen spatium foraminis, a foramine ad medianam parastaticam item foraminis. latitudo parastados mediae unius foraminis et eius ⟨T⟩K, crassitudo foraminis unius.
10.3. 3. The opening in the middle post, where the arrow is laid, is equal to one fourth of the hole. The four surrounding corners should have iron plates nailed to their sides and faces, or should be studded with bronze pins and nails. The pipe, called σῦπιξ in Greek, has a length of nineteen holes. The strips, which some term cheeks, nailed at the right and left of the pipe, have a length of nineteen holes and a height and thickness of one hole. Two other strips, enclosing the windlass, are nailed on to these, three holes long and half a hole in breadth. The cheek nailed on to them, named the “bench,” or by some the “box,” and made fast by means of dove-tailed tenons, is one hole thick and seven twelfths of a hole in height. The length of the windlass is equal to... holes, the thickness of the windlass to three quarters of a hole.
10.3. Intervallum, ubi sagitta conlocatur in media parastade, foraminis partis quartae. anguli quattuor, qui sunt circa, in lateribus et frontibus lamnis ferreis aut stylis aereis et clavis configantur. canaliculi, qui graece σῦριγξ dicitur, longitudo foraminum XVIIII. regularum, quas nonnulli bucculas appellant, quae dextra ac sinistra canalem figuntur, ⟨longitudo⟩ foraminum XVIIII, altitudo foraminis unius et crassitudo. et adfiguntur regulae duae, in quas inditur sucula, habentes longitudinem foraminum trium, latitudinem dimidium foraminis. crassitudo bucculae, quae adfigitur (vocitatur scamillum seu, quemadmodum nonnulli, loculamentum) securiclatis cardinibus fixa, foraminis I, altitudo foraminis S¯. suculae longitudo foraminum::, crassitudo suculae foraminis VIIII.
10.4. 4. The latch is seven twelfths of a hole in length and one quarter in thickness. So also its socket-piece. The trigger or handle is three holes in length and three quarters of a hole in breadth and thickness. The trough in the pipe is sixteen holes in length, one quarter of a hole in thickness, and three quarters in height. The base of the standard on the ground is equal to eight holes; the breadth of the standard where it is fastened into the plinth is three quarters of a hole, its thickness two thirds of a hole; the height of the standard up to the tenon is twelve holes, its breadth three quarters of a hole, and its thickness two thirds. It has three struts, each nine holes in length, half a hole in breadth, and five twelfths in thickness. The tenon is one hole in length, and the head of the standard one hole and a half in length.
10.4. Epitoxidos longitudo foraminis S¯, crassitudo:¯. item chelonii. cheles, sive manucla dicitur, longitudo foraminum trium, latitudo et crassitudo S÷. canalis fundi longitudo foraminum XVI, crassitudo foraminis, altitudo S÷. columellae basis in solo foraminum VIII, latitudo in plinthide, in qua statuitur columella, foraminis, crassitudo FZ, columellae longitudo ad cardinem foraminum XII, latitudo foraminis S÷, crassitudo. eius capreoli tres, quorum longitudo foraminum VIIII, latitudo dimidium foraminis, crassitudo Z. cardines longitudinis foraminis; columellae capitis longitudo ISK; antefixi latitudo foraminis, crassitudo I.
10.5. 5. The antefix has the breadth of a hole and one eighth, and the thickness of one hole. The smaller support, which is behind, termed in Greek ἀντίβασις, is eight holes long, three quarters of a hole broad, and two thirds thick. Its prop is twelve holes long, and has the same breadth and thickness as the smaller support just mentioned. Above the smaller support is its socket-piece, or what is called the cushion, two and a half holes long, one and a half high, and three quarters of a hole broad. The windlass cup is two and seven twelfths holes long, two thirds of a hole thick, and three quarters broad. The crosspieces with their tenons have the length of... holes, the breadth of three quarters, and the thickness of two thirds of a hole. The length of an arm is seven holes, its thickness at its base two thirds of a hole, and at its end one half a hole; its curvature is equal to two thirds of a hole.
10.5. Posterior minor columna, quae graece dicitur ἀντίβασις, foraminum VIII, latitudo foraminis SI, crassitudinis FZ. subiectio foraminum XII, latitudinis et crassitudinis eiusdem, cuius minor columna illa. supra minorem columnam chelonium, sive pulvinus dicitur, foraminum IIS, altitudinis IIS, latitudinis SI¯ cherolabae sucularum foraminum II S¯, crassitudo foraminis, latitudo IS. transversariis c um cardinibus longitudo foraminum, latitudo IS et crassitudo. bracchii longitudo [IS] foraminum VII, crassitudo ab radice foraminis FZ, in summo foraminis ⟨CC⟩Z; curvaturae foraminis VIII.
10.6. 6. These engines are constructed according to these proportions or with additions or diminutions. For, if the height of the capitals is greater than their width—when they are called “high-tensioned,”—something should be taken from the arms, so that the more the tension is weakened by height of the capitals, the more the strength of the blow is increased by shortness of the arms. But if the capital is less high,—when the term “low-tensioned ” is used,—the arms, on account of their strength, should be made a little longer, so that they may be drawn easily. Just as it takes four men to raise a load with a lever five feet long, and only two men to lift the same load with a ten-foot lever, so the longer the arms, the easier they are to draw, and the shorter, the harder. I have now spoken of the principles applicable to the parts and proportions of catapults.
10.6. Haec his proportionibus aut adiectionibus aut detractionibus comparantur. nam si capitula altiora, quam erit latitudo, facta fuerint, quae anatona dicuntur, de bracchiis demetur, ut, quo mollior est tonus propter altitudinem capituli, bracchii brevitas faciat plagam vehementiorem. ⟨si⟩ minus altum capitulum fuerit, quod catatonum dicitur, propter vehementiam bracchia paulo longiora constituentur, uti facile ducantur. namque quemadmodum vectis, cum est longitudine pedum quinque, quod onus IIII hominibus extollit, id, qui est X, duobus elevat, eodem modo bracchia, quo longiora sunt, mollius, quo breviora, durius ducuntur.
11.1. 1. BALLISTAE are constructed on varying principles to produce an identical result. Some are worked by handspikes and windlasses, some by blocks and pulleys, others by capstans, others again by means of drums. No ballista, however, is made without regard to the given amount of weight of the stone which the engine is intended to throw. Hence their principle is not easy for everybody, but only for those who have knowledge of the geometrical principles employed in calculation and in multiplication.
11.1. Catapultarum rationes, e quibus membris ex portionibus componantur, dixi. ballistarum autem rationes variae sunt et differentes unius effectus causa comparatae. aliae enim vectibus suculis, nonnullae polyspastis, aliae ergatis, quaedam etiam tympanorum torquentur rationibus. sed tamen nulla ballista perficitur nisi ad propositam magnitudinem ponderis saxi, quod id organum mittere debet. igitur de ratione earum non est omnibus expeditum, nisi qui geometricis rationibus numeros et multiplicationes habent notas.
11.2. 2. For the holes made in the capitals through the openings of which are stretched the strings made of twisted hair, generally women's, or of sinew, are proportionate to the amount of weight in the stone which the ballista is intended to throw, and to the principle of mass, as in catapults the principle is that of the length of the arrow. Therefore, in order that those who do not understand geometry may be prepared beforehand, so as not to be delayed by having to think the matter out at a moment of peril in war, I will set forth what I myself know by experience can be depended upon, and what I have in part gathered from the rules of my teachers, and wherever Greek weights bear a relation to the measures, I shall reduce and explain them so that they will express the same corresponding relation in our weights.
11.2. Nam quae fiunt in capitibus foramina, per quorum spatia contenduntur capillo maxime muliebri vel nervo funes, magnitudine ponderis lapidis, quem debet ea ballista mittere, ex ratione gravitatis proportiones sumuntur, quemadmodum catapultis de longitudinibus sagittarum. itaque ut etiam qui geometricen non noverunt, habeant expeditum, ne in periculo bellico cogitationibus detineantur, quae ipse faciundo certa cognovi quaeque ex parte accepi a praeceptoribus, finita exponam, et quibus ⟨ponde⟩ribus Graecorum pensiones ad modulos habeant rationem, ad eam ut etiam nostris ponderibus respondeant, tradam explicata.
11.3. 3. A ballista intended to throw a two-pound stone will have a hole of five digits in its capital; four pounds, six digits, and six pounds, seven digits; ten pounds, eight digits; twenty pounds, ten digits; forty pounds, twelve and a half digits; sixty pounds, thirteen and a half digits; eighty pounds, fifteen and three quarters digits; one hundred pounds, one foot and one and a half digits; one hundred and twenty pounds, one foot and two digits; one hundred and forty pounds, one foot and three digits; one hundred and sixty pounds, one foot and a quarter; one hundred and eighty pounds, one foot and five digits; two hundred pounds, one foot and six digits; two hundred and forty pounds, one foot and seven digits; two hundred and eighty pounds, one foot and a half; three hundred and twenty pounds, one foot and nine digits; three hundred and sixty pounds, one foot and ten digits.
11.3. Nam quae ballista duo pondo saxum mittere debet, foramen erit in eius capitulo digitorum V; si pondo IIII, digitorum sex et … digitorum VII; decem pondo digitorum VIII; viginti pondo digitorum X;XL pondo digitorum XII SK;LX pondo digitorum XIII et digiti octava parte;LXXX pondo digitorum XV;CXX pondo I pedis et sesquidigiti;C et LX pedis I9;C et LXXX pedis et digitorum V;CC pondo pedis et digitorum VI;CC et X ⟨L pondo⟩ pedis I et digitorum VII;CCCLX … pedis I S.
11.4. 4. Having determined the size of the hole, design the “scutula,” termed in Greek περίτρητος,... holes in length and two and one sixth in breadth. Bisect it by a line drawn diagonally from the angles, and after this bisecting bring together the outlines of the figure so that it may present a rhomboidal design, reducing it by one sixth of its length and one fourth of its breadth at the (obtuse) angles. In the part composed by the curvatures into which the points of the angles run out, let the holes be situated, and let the breadth be reduced by one sixth; moreover, let the hole be longer than it is broad by the thickness of the bolt. After designing the scutula, let its outline be worked down to give it a gentle curvature.
11.4. Cum ergo foraminis magnitudo fuerit instituta, describatur scutula, quae graece περίτρητος appellatur, cuius longitudo foraminum †vel, latitudo duo et sextae partis. dividatur medium lineae descriptae et, cum divisum erit, contrahantur extremae partes eius formae, ut obliquam deformationem habeat longitudinis sexta parte, latitudinis, ubi est versura, quarta parte. in qua parte autem est curvatura, in quibus procurrunt cacumina angulorum, eo foramina convertantur, et contractura latitudinis redeat introrsus sexta parte, foramen autem oblongius sit tanto, quantam epizygis habet crassitudinem. cum deformatum fuerit, circum levigatur, extremam ut habeat curvaturam molliter circumactam.
11.5. 5. It should be given the thickness of seven twelfths of a hole. The boxes are two holes (in height), one and three quarters in breadth, two thirds of a hole in thickness except the part that is inserted in the hole, and at the top one third of a hole in breadth. The sideposts are five holes and two thirds in length, their curvature half a hole, and their thickness thirty-seven forty-eighths of a hole. In the middle their breadth is increased as much as it was near the hole in the design, by the breadth and thickness of... hole; the height by one fourth of a hole.
11.5. Crassitudo eius foraminis constituatur. modioli foraminum duo, latitudo IS9, crassitudo praeterquam quod in foramine inditur foraminis, ad extremum autem latitudo foraminis. parastatarum longitudo foraminis VSF; curvatura foraminis pars dimidia; crassitudo foraminis et partis LX. adicitur autem ad mediam latitudinem, quantum est prope foramen factum in descriptione, latitudine et crassitudine foraminis V, altitudo parte IIII.