1. We will now describe what the rider should do when he has received his horse and is going to mount, if he is to make the best of himself and his horse in riding. First, then, he must hold the lead-rope fastened to the chin-strap or the nose-band ready in the left hand, and so loose as not to jerk the horse whether he means to mount by holding on to the mane near the ears or to spring up with the help of the spear. With his right hand let him take hold of the reins by the withers along with the mane, so that he may not jerk the horse’s mouth with the bit in any way as he mounts.
1. ὅταν γε μὴν παραδέξηται τὸν ἵππον ὡς ἀναβησόμενος, νῦν αὖ γράψομεν ὅσα ποιῶν ὁ ἱππεὺς καὶ ἑαυτῷ καὶ τῷ ἵππῳ ὠφελιμώτατος ἂν ἐν τῇ ἱππικῇ εἴη. πρῶτον μὲν τοίνυν τὸν ῥυταγωγέα χρὴ ἐκ τῆς ὑποχαλινιδίας ἢ ἐκ τοῦ ψαλίου ἠρτημένον εὐτρεπῆ εἰς τὴν ἀριστερὰν χεῖρα λαβεῖν, καὶ οὕτω χαλαρὸν ὡς μήτʼ ἂν [ἀνιὼν] τῶν τριχῶν παρὰ τὰ ὦτα λαβόμενος μέλλῃ ἀναβήσεσθαι μήτʼ ἂν ἀπὸ δόρατος ἀναπηδᾷ, σπᾶν τὸν ἵππον. τῇ δεξιᾷ δὲ τὰς ἡνίας παρὰ τὴν ἀκρωμίαν λαμβανέτω ὁμοῦ τῇ χαίτῃ, ὅπως μηδὲ καθʼ ἕνα τρόπον ἀναβαίνων σπάσῃ τῷ χαλινῷ τὸ στόμα τοῦ ἵππου.
2. When he has made his spring in order to mount, he should raise his body with his left hand, while at the same time he helps himself up by stretching out his right; for by mounting in this way he will not present an awkward appearance even from behind by bending his leg. Neither must he touch the horse’s back with his knee, but throw the leg right over the off side. Having brought the foot over, he must then let his buttocks down on the horse’s back.
2. ἐπειδὰν δὲ ἀνακουφίσῃ ἑαυτὸν εἰς τὴν ἀνάβασιν, τῇ μὲν ἀριστερᾷ ἀνιμάτω τὸ σῶμα, τὴν δὲ δεξιὰν ἐκτείνων συνεπαιρέτω ἑαυτόν (οὕτω γὰρ ἀναβαίνων οὐδὲ ὄπισθεν αἰσχρὰν θέαν παρέξει συγκεκαμμένῳ τῷ σκέλει), καὶ μηδὲ τὸ γόνυ ἐπὶ τὴν ῥάχιν τοῦ τιθέτω ἵππου, ἀλλʼ ὑπερβησάτω ἐπὶ τὰς δεξιὰς πλευρὰς τὴν κνήμην. ὅταν δὲ περιενέγκῃ τὸν πόδα, τότε καὶ τὼ γλουτὼ καθέτω ἐπὶ τὸν ἵππον.
3. In case the horseman happens to be leading the horse with the left hand and holding his spear in the right, it is well, we think, to practise mounting on the off side also. For this purpose all that he needs to learn is to do with the left parts of the body what in the other case he did with the right, and vice versa.
3. ἢν δὲ τύχῃ ὁ ἱππεὺς τῇ μὲν ἀριστερᾷ ἄγων τὸν ἵππον, τῇ δὲ δεξιᾷ τὸ δόρυ ἔχων, ἀγαθὸν μὲν ἡμῖν δοκεῖ εἶναι τὸ καὶ ἐκ τῶν δεξιῶν μελετῆσαι ἀναπηδᾶν. μαθεῖν δʼ οὐδὲν δεῖ ἄλλο ἢ ἃ μὲν τότε τοῖς δεξιοῖς τοῦ σώματος ἐποίει τοῖς ἀριστεροῖς ποιεῖν, ἃ δὲ τότε τοῖς ἀριστεροῖς τοῖς δεξιοῖς.
4. The reason why we recommend this method of mounting also is, that no sooner is the rider mounted than he is quite ready to fight with the enemy on a sudden, if occasion requires.
4. τούτου δʼ ἕνεκεν καὶ ταύτην ἐπαινοῦμεν τὴν ἀνάβασιν, ὅτι ἅμα τε ἀναβεβηκὼς ἂν εἴη καὶ κατεσκευασμένος πάντα, εἴ τι δέοι ἐξαίφνης πρὸς πολεμίους ἀγωνίζεσθαι.
5. When he is seated, whether on the bare back or on the cloth, we would not have him sit as if he were on his chair, but as though he were standing upright with his legs astride. For thus he will get a better grip of his horse with his thighs, and the erect position will enable him, if need be, to throw his spear and deliver a blow on horseback with more force.
5. ἐπειδάν γε μὴν καθέζηται ἐάν τε ἐπὶ ψιλοῦ ἐάν τε ἐπὶ τοῦ ἐφιππίου, οὐ τὴν ὥσπερ ἐπὶ [τοῦ] δίφρου ἕδραν ἐπαινοῦμεν, ἀλλὰ τὴν ὥσπερ εἰ ὀρθὸς ἂν διαβεβηκὼς εἴη τοῖν σκελοῖν. τοῖν τε γὰρ μηροῖν οὕτως ἂν ἔχοιτο μᾶλλον τοῦ ἵππου, καὶ ὀρθὸς ὢν ἐρρωμενεστέρως ἂν δύναιτο καὶ ἀκοντίσαι καὶ πατάξαι ἀπὸ τοῦ ἵππου, εἰ δέοι.
6. The lower leg including the foot must hang lax and easy from the knee down. For if he keeps his leg stiff and should strike it against anything, he may break it, whereas a loose leg will recoil, whatever it encounters, without disturbing the position of the thigh at all.
6. χρὴ δὲ καὶ χαλαρὰν ἀπὸ τοῦ γόνατος ἀφεῖσθαι τὴν κνήμην σὺν τῷ ποδί. σκληρὸν μὲν γὰρ ἔχων τὸ σκέλος εἰ προσκόψειέ τῳ, προσκεκλασμένος ἂν εἴη· ὑγρὰ δὲ οὖσα ἡ κνήμη, εἴ τι καὶ προσπίπτοι αὐτῇ, ὑπείκοι ἂν καὶ τὸν μηρὸν οὐδὲν μετακινοίη.
7. The rider must also accustom himself to keeping his body above the hips as loose as possible, for thus he will be able to stand more fatigue and will be less liable to come off when he is pulled or pushed.
7. δεῖ δὲ τὸν ἱππέα καὶ τὸ ἄνωθεν τῶν ἑαυτοῦ ἰσχίων σῶμα ὡς ὑγρότατον ἐθίζειν εἶναι. οὕτω γὰρ ἂν πονεῖν τε ἔτι μᾶλλον δύναιτο καὶ εἰ ἕλκοι τις αὐτὸν ἢ ὠθοίη ἧττον ἂν σφάλλοιτο.
8. As soon as he is seated, he must teach his horse to stand quiet at first, until he has shifted anything that wants arranging underneath him, gathered the reins even in his hand and grasped his spear in the most convenient manner. Then let him keep his left arm close to his side, for thus the horseman’s figure will look best, and his hand will have most power.
8. ἐπειδάν γε μὴν καθέζηται, πρῶτον μὲν ἠρεμεῖν δεῖ διδάσκειν τὸν ἵππον, ἕως ἂν καὶ ὑποσπάσηται, ἤν τι δέηται, καὶ ἡνίας ἰσώσηται καὶ δόρυ λάβῃ ὡς ἂν εὐφορώτατον εἴη· ἔπειτα δὲ ἐχέτω τὸν ἀριστερὸν βραχίονα πρὸς ταῖς πλευραῖς· οὕτω γὰρ εὐσταλέστατός τε ὁ ἱππεὺς ἔσται καὶ ἡ χεὶρ ἐγκρατεστάτη.
9. As for reins, we recommend that they be of equal strength, not weak nor slippery nor thick, in order that the spear may be held in the same hand when necessary.
9. ἡνίας γε μὴν ἐπαινοῦμεν ὁποῖαι ἴσαι τέ εἰσι καὶ μὴ ἀσθενεῖς μηδὲ ὀλισθηραὶ μηδὲ παχεῖαι, ἵνα καὶ τὸ δόρυ ὅταν δέῃ δέχεσθαι ἡ χεὶρ δύνηται.
10. When he directs his horse to go forward, let him begin at a walk, for this prevents any flurry. If the horse carries his head too low, let the rider hold the hands higher; if too high, lower; for in this way he will give him the most graceful carriage.
10. ὅταν δὲ προχωρεῖν σημήνῃ τῷ ἵππῳ, βάδην μὲν ἀρχέσθω· τοῦτο γὰρ ἀταρακτότατον. ἡνιοχείτω δέ, ἢν μὲν κυφαγωγότερος ᾖ ὁ ἵππος, ἀνωτέρω ταῖς χερσίν, ἢν δὲ μᾶλλον ἀνακεκυφώς, κατωτέρω· οὕτω γὰρ ἂν μάλιστα κοσμοίη τὸ σχῆμα.
11. After this, if he breaks into his natural trot, he will relax his body in the easiest fashion and come to the gallop most readily. Since, too, the more approved method is to begin with the left, one will best begin on this side, by giving the horse the signal to gallop while trotting, at the instant when he is treading with the right (fore) foot.
11. μετὰ δὲ ταῦτα τὸν αὐτοφυᾶ διατροχάζων διαχαλῴη τʼ ἂν ἀλυπότατα τὸ σῶμα καὶ εἰς τὸ ἐπιρραβδοφορεῖν ἥδιστʼ ἂν ἀφικνοῖτο. ἐπείπερ δὲ καὶ ἀπὸ τῶν ἀριστερῶν ἄρχεσθαι εὐδοκιμώτερον, ὧδʼ ἂν μάλιστα ἀπὸ τούτων ἄρχοιτο, εἰ διατροχάζοντος μέν, ὁπότε ἐμβαίνοι τῷ δεξιῷ, τότε σημαίνοι τῷ ἵππῳ τὸ ἐπιρραβδοφορεῖν.
12. As he is then on the point of raising the left, he will begin with it, and, as soon as the rider turns him to the left, will immediately begin the stride. For it is natural for the horse to lead with the right when turned to the right and with the left when turned to the left.
12. τὸ γὰρ ἀριστερὸν μέλλων αἴρειν ἐκ τούτου ἂν ἄρχοιτο, καὶ ὁπότε ἐπὶ τὰ εὐώνυμα ἀναστρέφοι, τότε καὶ τῆς ἐπισκελίσεως ἄρχοιτο. καὶ γὰρ πέφυκεν ὁ ἵππος εἰς μὲν τὰ δεξιὰ στρεφόμενος τοῖς δεξιοῖς ἀφηγεῖσθαι, εἰς εὐώνυμα δὲ τοῖς ἀριστεροῖς.
13. The exercise that we recommend is the one called the ring, since it accustoms the horse to turn on both jaws. It is also well to change the exercise, in order that both jaws may be equally practised on each side of the exercise.
13. ἱππασίαν δʼ ἐπαινοῦμεν τὴν πέδην καλουμένην· ἐπʼ ἀμφοτέρας γὰρ τὰς γνάθους στρέφεσθαι ἐθίζει. καὶ τὸ μεταβάλλεσθαι δὲ τὴν ἱππασίαν ἀγαθόν, ἵνα ἀμφότεραι αἱ γνάθοι καθʼ ἑκάτερον τῆς ἱππασίας ἰσάζωνται.
14. We recommend the manage rather than the complete ring, for thus the horse will turn more willingly when he has gone some distance in a straight course, and one can practise the career and the turn at the same time.
14. ἐπαινοῦμεν δὲ καὶ τὴν ἑτερομήκη πέδην μᾶλλον τῆς κυκλοτεροῦς. ἥδιον μὲν γὰρ οὕτως ἂν στρέφοιτο ὁ ἵππος ἤδη πλήρης ὢν τοῦ εὐθέος, καὶ τό τε ὀρθοδρομεῖν καὶ τὸ ἀποκάμπτειν ἅμα μελετῴη ἄν.
15. It is necessary to collect him at the turns; for it is neither easy for the horse nor safe to turn short when going fast, especially if the ground is uneven or slippery.
15. δεῖ δὲ καὶ ὑπολαμβάνειν ἐν ταῖς στροφαῖς· οὐ γὰρ ῥᾴδιον τῷ ἵππῳ οὐδʼ ἀσφαλὲς ἐν τῷ τάχει ὄντα κάμπτειν ἐν μικρῷ, ἄλλως τε κἂν ἀπόκροτον ἢ ὀλισθηρὸν ᾖ τὸ χωρίον.
16. In collecting him the rider must slant the horse as little as possible with the bit, and slant his own body as little as possible; else he may be sure that a trifling cause will be enough to bring him and his horse down.
16. ὅταν γε μὴν ὑπολαμβάνῃ, ὡς ἥκιστα μὲν χρὴ τὸν ἵππον πλαγιοῦν τῷ χαλινῷ, ὡς ἥκιστα δʼ αὐτὸν πλαγιοῦσθαι· εἰ δὲ μή, εὖ χρὴ εἰδέναι ὅτι μικρὰ πρόφασις ἀρκέσει κεῖσθαι καὶ αὐτὸν καὶ τὸν ἵππον.
17. As soon as the horse faces the straight after turning, push him along at once. For of course, in war too, turns are made with a view to pursuit or retreat. It is well, therefore, to practise increasing the pace after turning.
17. ἐπειδάν γε μὴν ἐκ τῆς στροφῆς εἰς τὸ εὐθὺ βλέπῃ ὁ ἵππος, ἐν τούτῳ πρὸς τὸ θᾶττον αὐτὸν ὁρμάτω. δῆλον γὰρ ὅτι καὶ ἐν τοῖς πολέμοις αἱ στροφαί εἰσι τοῦ διώκειν ἢ τοῦ ἀποχωρεῖν ἕνεκα. ἀγαθὸν οὖν τὸ στραφέντα ταχύνειν μελετᾶν.
18. So soon as the horse appears to have been exercised enough, it is well to let him rest a certain time, and then suddenly to put him to his top speed again, of course away from, not towards, other horses, and to pull him up again in the midst of his career as short as possible, and then to turn and start him again from the stand. For it is obvious that a time will come when it will be necessary to do one or the other.
18. ὅταν δὲ ἱκανῶς ἤδη δοκῇ τὸ γυμνάσιον τῷ ἵππῳ ἔχειν, ἀγαθὸν καὶ διαναπαύσαντα ὁρμῆσαι αὖθις ἐξαίφνης εἰς τὸ τάχιστον, καὶ ἀφʼ ἵππων μέντοι, μὴ πρὸς ἵππους· καὶ ἐκ τοῦ ταχέος αὖ ὡς ἐγγυτάτω ἠρεμίζειν, καὶ ἐκ τοῦ ἑστάναι δὲ στρέψαντα [δεῖ] πάλιν ὁρμᾶν· πρόδηλον γὰρ ὅτι ἔσται ποτὲ ὅτε ἑκατέρου τούτων δεήσει·
19. When the time has come to dismount, the rider must never dismount among other horses or near a group of people or outside the riding-ground; but let the place where the horse is forced to work be the place where he also receives his reward of ease.
19. ὅταν γε μὴν καταβαίνειν ἤδη καιρὸς ᾖ, μήτε ἐν ἵπποις ποτὲ καταβαίνειν μήτε παρὰ σύστασιν ἀνθρώπων μήτʼ ἔξω τῆς ἱππασίας, ἀλλʼ ὅπουπερ καὶ πονεῖν ἀναγκάζεται ὁ ἵππος, ἐνταῦθα καὶ τῆς ῥᾳστώνης τυγχανέτω.