1. For hunting the wild boar provide yourself with Indian, Cretan, Locrian and Laconian hounds, boar nets, javelins, spears and caltrops. In the first place the hounds of each breed must be of high quality, that they may be qualified to fight the beast.
1. πρὸς δὲ τὸν ὗν τὸν ἄγριον κεκτῆσθαι κύνας Ἰνδικάς, Κρητικάς, Λοκρίδας, Λακαίνας, ἄρκυς, ἀκόντια, προβόλια, ποδοστράβας. πρῶτον μὲν οὖν χρὴ εἶναι τὰς κύνας ἑκάστου γένους μὴ τὰς ἐπιτυχούσας, ἵνα ἕτοιμαι ὦσι πολεμεῖν τῷ θηρίῳ.
2. The nets must be made of the same flax as those used for hares, of forty-five threads woven in three strands, each strand containing fifteen threads. The height should be ten knots, counted from the top, and the depths of the meshes fifteen inches. The ropes at top and bottom must be half as thick again as the nets. There must be metal rings at the elbows, and the ropes must be inserted under the meshes, and their ends must pass out through the rings. Fifteen nets are sufficient.
2. αἱ δὲ ἄρκυς λίνων μὲν τῶν αὐτῶν ὧνπερ αἱ τῶν λαγῶν, ⟨ἔστωσαν δὲ⟩ πεντεκαιτετταρακοντάλινοι ἐκ τριῶν τόνων, ἕκαστος δὲ τόνος ἐκ πεντεκαίδεκα λίνων, ἀπὸ δὲ τοῦ κορυφαίου τὸ μέγεθος δεχάμματοι, τὸ δὲ βάθος τῶν βρόχων πυγόνος· οἱ δὲ περίδρομοι ἡμιόλιοι τοῦ τῶν ἀρκύων πάχους· ἐπʼ ἄκροις δὲ δακτυλίους ἐχέτωσαν, ὑφείσθωσαν δʼ ὑπὸ τοὺς βρόχους, τὸ δὲ ἄκρον αὐτῶν ἐκπεράτω ἔξω διὰ τῶν δακτυλίων· ἱκανὰ δὲ πεντεκαίδεκα.
3. The javelins must be of every variety, the blades broad and keen, and the shafts strong. The spears must have blades fifteen inches long, and stout teeth at the middle of the socket, forged in one piece but standing out; and their shafts must be of cornel wood, as thick as a military spear. The caltrops must be similar to those used in hunting deer. There must be several huntsmen, for the task of capturing the beast is no light one even for a large number of men. I will now explain how to use each portion of the outfit in hunting.
3. τὰ δʼ ἀκόντια ἔστω παντοδαπά, ἔχοντα τὰς λόγχας εὐπλατεῖς καὶ ξυρήκεις, ῥάβδους δὲ στιφράς. τὰ δὲ προβόλια πρῶτον μὲν λόγχας ἔχοντα τὸ μὲν μέγεθος πεντεπαλάστους, κατὰ δὲ μέσον τὸν αὐλὸν κνώδοντας ἀποκεχαλκευμένους, στιφρούς, καὶ τὰς ῥάβδους κρανείας δορατοπαχεῖς. αἱ δὲ ποδοστράβαι ὅμοιαι ταῖς τῶν ἐλάφων. συγκυνηγέται δʼ ἔστωσαν· τὸ γὰρ θηρίον μόλις καὶ ὑπὸ πολλῶν ἁλίσκεται. ὅπως δὲ δεῖ τούτων ἑκάστῳ πρὸς θήραν χρῆσθαι διδάξω.
4. First then, when the company reach the place where they suppose the game to lurk, let them slip one of the Laconian hounds, and taking the others in leash, go round the place with the hound.
4. πρῶτον μὲν οὖν χρὴ ἐλθόντας ὅπου ἂν οἴωνται [εἶναι] ὑπάγειν τὸ κυνηγέσιον, λύσαντας μίαν τῶν κυνῶν τῶν Λακαινῶν, τὰς δʼ ἄλλας ἔχοντας δεδεμένας, συμπεριιέναι τῇ κυνί.
5. As soon as she has found his tracks, let the field follow, one behind another, keeping exactly to the line of the track. The huntsmen also will find many evidences of the quarry, the tracks in soft ground, broken branches where the bushes are thick, and marks of his tusks wherever there are trees.
5. ἐπειδὰν δὲ λάβῃ αὐτοῦ τὰ ἴχνη, ἕπεσθαι ἑξῆς τῇ ἰχνεύσει ἡγουμένῃ ⟨τοὺς⟩ ἀκολουθοῦντας σαφῶς. ἔσται δὲ καὶ τοῖς κυνηγέταις πολλὰ δῆλα αὐτοῦ, ἐν μὲν τοῖς μαλακοῖς τῶν χωρίων τὰ ἴχνη, ἐν δὲ τοῖς λασίοις τῆς ὕλης κλάσματα· ὅπου δʼ ἂν δένδρα ᾖ, πληγαὶ τῶν ὀδόντων.
6. The hound following the track will, as a rule, arrive at a well-wooded spot. For the beast usually lies in such places, since they are warm in winter and cool in summer. As soon as the hound reaches the lair, she will bark.
6. ἡ δὲ κύων ἐπὶ τὸ πολὺ ἀφίξεται ⟨ἐπὶ⟩ τόπον ὑλώδη ἰχνεύουσα. κατακλίνεται γὰρ τὸ θηρίον ὡς ἐπὶ τὸ πολὺ εἰς τοιαῦτα· τοῦ μὲν γὰρ χειμῶνός ἐστιν ἀλεεινά, τοῦ δὲ θέρους ψυχεινά. ἐπειδὰν δʼ ἀφίκηται ἐπὶ τὴν εὐνήν, ὑλακτεῖ·
7. But in most cases the boar will not get up. So take the hound and tie her up with the others at a good distance from the lair, and have the nets put up in the convenient anchorages, hanging the meshes on forked branches of trees. Out of the net itself make a long projecting bosom, putting sticks inside to prop it up on both sides, so that the light of day may penetrate as much as possible into the bosom through the meshes, in order that the interior may be as light as possible when the boar rushes at it. Fasten the (lower) rope to a strong tree, not to a bush, since the bushes give way at the bare stem. Wherever there is a gap between a net and the ground, fill in the places that afford no anchorage with wood, in order that the boar may rush into the net, and not slip out.
7. ὁ δʼ οὐκ ἀνίσταται ὡς τὰ πολλά. λαβόντα οὖν τὴν κύνα καὶ ταύτην μετὰ τῶν ἄλλων δῆσαι ἄπωθεν ἀπὸ τῆς εὐνῆς πολὺ καὶ εἰς τοὺς ὅρμους ἐμβαλέσθαι τὰς ἄρκυς, ἐπιβάλλοντα τοὺς βρόχους ἐπὶ ἀποσχαλιδώματα τῆς ὕλης δίκρα τῆς δὲ ἄρκυος αὐτῆς μακρὸν προήκοντα κόλπον ποιεῖν, ἀντηρίδας ἔνδοθεν ἑκατέρωθεν ὑφιστάντα κλῶνας, ὅπως ἂν εἰς τὸν κόλπον διὰ τῶν βρόχων αἱ αὐγαὶ τοῦ φέγγους ὡς μάλιστα ἐνέχωσιν, ἵνα προσθέοντι ὡς φανότατον ᾖ τὸ ἔσω· καὶ τὸν περίδρομον ἐξάπτειν ἀπὸ δένδρου ἰσχυροῦ, καὶ μὴ ἐκ ῥάχου· οὐκ ἰσχυραὶ γὰρ ἐν τοῖς ψιλοῖς αἱ ῥᾶχοι. ὑπὲρ δὲ ἑκάστην ἐμφράττειν τῇ ὕλῃ καὶ τὰ δύσορμα, ἵνα εἰς τὰς ἄρκυς ποιῆται τὸν δρόμον καὶ μὴ ἐξαλλάττῃ.
8. As soon as they are in position, let the party go to the hounds and loose them all, and take the javelins and the spears and advance. Let one man, the most experienced, urge on the hounds, while the others follow in regular order, keeping well behind one another, so that the boar may have a free passage between them; for should he beat a retreat and dash into a crowd, there is a risk of being gored, since he spends his rage on anyone he encounters.
8. ἐπειδὰν δʼ ἑστῶσιν, ἐλθόντας πρὸς τὰς κύνας λῦσαι ἁπάσας καὶ λαβόντας τὰ ἀκόντια καὶ τὰ προβόλια προιέναι. ἐγκελεύειν δὲ ταῖς κυσὶν ἕνα τὸν ἐμπειρότατον, τοὺς δʼ ἄλλους ἕπεσθαι κοσμίως ἀπολείποντας ἀπʼ ἀλλήλων πολύ, ὅπως ἂν ᾖ αὐτῷ ἱκανὴ διαδρομή· ἐὰν γὰρ ὑποχωρῶν ἐμπέσῃ εἰς πυκνούς, κίνδυνος πληγῆναι· ᾧ γὰρ ἂν προσπέσῃ, εἰς τοῦτον τὴν ὀργὴν κατέθετο.
9. As soon as the hounds are near the lair, they will go for him. The noise will cause him to get up, and he will toss any hound that attacks him in front. He will run and plunge into the nets; or if not, you must pursue him. If the ground where he is caught in the net is sloping, he will quickly get up; if it is level, he will immediately stand still, intent on himself.
9. ἐπειδὰν δʼ αἱ κύνες ἐγγὺς ὦσι τῆς εὐνῆς, ἐπεισίασι· θορυβούμενος δὲ ἐξαναστήσεται, καὶ ἥτις ἂν τῶν κυνῶν προσφέρηται αὐτῷ πρὸς τὸ πρόσωπον, ἀναρρίψει· θέων δʼ ἐμπεσεῖται· ἐὰν δὲ μή, μεταθεῖν ἀνάγκη. καὶ ἐὰν μὲν ᾖ τὸ χωρίον κατωφερὲς ἐν ᾧ ἂν ἔχῃ αὐτὸν ἡ ἄρκυς, ταχὺ ἐξαναστήσεται· ἐὰν δὲ ἄπεδον, εὐθὺς ἑστήξει περὶ αὑτὸν ἔχων.
10. At this moment the hounds will press their attack, and the huntsmen must fling their javelins at him warily, and pelt him with stones, gathering round behind and a good way off, till he shoves hard enough to pull the rope of the net tight. Then let the most experienced and most powerful man in the field approach him in front and thrust his spear into him.
10. ἐν τούτῳ δὲ τῷ καιρῷ αἱ μὲν κύνες προσκείσονται· αὐτοὺς δὲ χρὴ φυλαττομένους αὐτὸν ἀκοντίζειν, καὶ βάλλειν λίθοις, περιισταμένους ὄπισθεν καὶ πολὺ ἄπωθεν, ἕως ἂν κατατείνῃ προωθῶν αὑτὸν τῆς ἄρκυος τὸν περίδρομον. εἶτα ὅστις ἂν ᾖ τῶν παρόντων ἐμπειρότατος καὶ ἐγκρατέστατος προσελθόντα ἐκ τοῦ πρόσθεν τῷ προβολίῳ παίειν.
11. If, in spite of javelins and stones, he refuses to pull the rope tight, but draws back, wheels round and marks his assailant, in that case the man must approach him spear in hand, and grasp it with the left in front and the right behind, since the left steadies while the right drives it. The left foot must follow the left hand forward, and the right foot the other hand.
11. ἐὰν δὲ μὴ βούληται ἀκοντιζόμενος καὶ βαλλόμενος κατατεῖναι τὸν περίδρομον, ἀλλʼ ἐπανιεὶς ἔχῃ προσιόντα περιδρομὴν ποιούμενος, ἀνάγκη, ὅταν οὕτως ἔχῃ, λαβόντα τὸ προβόλιον προσιέναι, ἔχεσθαι δʼ αὐτοῦ τῇ μὲν χειρὶ τῇ ἀριστερᾷ πρόσθεν, τῇ δʼ ἑτέρᾳ ὄπισθεν· κατορθοῖ γὰρ ἡ μὲν ἀριστερὰ αὐτό, ἡ δὲ δεξιὰ ἐπεμβάλλει· ἔμπροσθεν δὲ ὁ ποὺς ὁ μὲν ἀριστερὸς ἑπέσθω τῇ χειρὶ τῇ ὁμωνύμῳ, ὁ δὲ δεξιὸς τῇ ἑτέρᾳ.
12. As he advances let him hold the spear before him, with his legs not much further apart than in wrestling, turning the left side towards the left hand, and then watching the beast’s eye and noting the movement of the fellow’s head. Let him present the spear, taking care that the boar doesn’t knock it out of his hand with a jerk of his head, since he follows up the impetus of the sudden knock.
12. προσιόντα δὲ προβάλλεσθαι τὸ προβόλιον, μὴ πολλῷ μείζω διαβάντα ἢ ἐν πάλῃ, ἐπιστρέφοντα τὰς πλευρὰς τὰς εὐωνύμους ἐπὶ τὴν χεῖρα τὴν εὐώνυμον, εἶτα εἰσβλέποντα εἰς τὸ ὄμμα τοῦ θηρίου ἐνθυμούμενον τὴν κίνησιν τὴν ἀπὸ τῆς κεφαλῆς τῆς ἐκείνου. προσφέρειν δὲ τὸ προβόλιον φυλαττόμενον μὴ ἐκκρούσῃ ἐκ τῶν χειρῶν τῇ κεφαλῇ ἐκνεύσας· τῇ γὰρ ῥύμῃ τῆς ἐκκρούσεως ἕπεται.
13. In case this accident should happen, the man must fall on his face and clutch the undergrowth beneath him, for, if the beast attacks him in this position, he is unable to lift the man’s body owing to the upward curve of his tusks; but if his body is off the ground, the man is certain to be gored. Consequently the boar tries to lift him up, and, if he cannot, he stands over and tramples on him.
13. παθόντα δὲ τοῦτο πίπτειν δεῖ ἐπὶ στόμα καὶ ἔχεσθαι τῆς ὕλης κάτωθεν· τὸ γὰρ θηρίον ἐὰν μὲν οὕτως ἔχοντι προσπέσῃ, διὰ τὴν σιμότητα τῶν ὀδόντων τὸ σῶμα οὐ δύναται ὑπολαβεῖν· ἐὰν δὲ μετεώρῳ, ἀνάγκη πληγῆναι. πειρᾶται μὲν οὖν μετεωρίζειν· ἐὰν δὲ μὴ δύνηται, ἀμφιβὰς πατεῖ.
14. For a man in this critical situation there is only one escape from these disasters. One of his fellow huntsmen must approach with a spear and provoke the boar by making as though he would hurl it; but he must not hurl it, or he may hit the man on the ground.
14. ἀπαλλαγὴ δὲ τούτων μία ἐστὶ μόνη, ὅταν ἐν τῇ ἀνάγκῃ ταύτῃ ἔχηται, προσελθόντα ἐγγὺς τῶν συγκυνηγετῶν ἕνα ἔχοντα προβόλιον ἐρεθίζειν ὡς ἀφήσοντα· ἀφιέναι δὲ οὐ χρή, μὴ τύχῃ τοῦ πεπτωκότος.
15. On seeing this the boar will leave the man under him and turn savagely and furiously on his tormentor. The other must jump up instantly, remembering to keep his spear in his hand as he rises, for safety without victory is not honourable.
15. ὅταν δὲ ἴδῃ τοῦτο, καταλιπὼν ὃν ἂν ἔχῃ ὑφʼ αὑτῷ ἐπὶ τὸν ἐρεθίζοντα ὑπʼ ὀργῆς καὶ θυμοῦ ἐπιστρέψει. τὸν δὲ ταχὺ ἀναπηδᾶν, τὸ δὲ προβόλιον μεμνῆσθαι ἔχοντα ἀνίστασθαι· οὐ γὰρ καλὴ ἡ σωτηρία ἄλλως ἢ κρατήσαντι.
16. He must again present the spear in the same way as before, and thrust it inside the shoulder-blade where the throat is, and push with all his might. The enraged beast will come on, and but for the teeth of the blade, would shove himself forward along the shaft far enough to reach the man holding the spear.
16. προσφέρειν δὲ πάλιν τὸν αὐτὸν τρόπον καὶ προτεῖναι ἐντὸς τῆς ὠμοπλάτης ᾗ ἡ σφαγή, καὶ ἀντερείσαντα ἔχειν ἐρρωμένως· ὁ δʼ ὑπὸ τοῦ μένους πρόσεισι, καὶ εἰ μὴ κωλύοιεν οἱ κνώδοντες τῆς λόγχης, ἀφίκοιτʼ ἂν διὰ τῆς ῥάβδου προωθῶν αὑτὸν πρὸς τὸν τὸ προβόλιον ἔχοντα.
17. His strength is so great that he has some peculiar properties which one would never imagine him to possess. Thus, if you lay hairs on his tusks immediately after he is dead, they shrivel up, such is the heat of the tusks. While he is alive they become intensely hot whenever he is provoked, or the surface of the hounds’ coats would not be singed when he tries to gore them and misses.
17. οὕτω δὲ πολλὴ ἡ δύναμίς ἐστιν αὐτοῦ ὥστε καὶ ἃ οὐκ ἂν οἴοιτό τις πρόσεστιν αὐτῷ· τεθνεῶτος γὰρ εὐθὺς ἐάν τις ἐπὶ τὸν ὀδόντα ἐπιθῇ τρίχας, συντρέχουσιν· οὕτως εἰσὶ θερμοί· ζῶντι δὲ διάπυροι, ὅταν ἐρεθίζηται· οὐ γὰρ ἂν τῶν κυνῶν ἁμαρτάνων τῇ πληγῇ τοῦ σώματος ἄκρα τὰ τριχώματα περιεπίμπρη.
18. All this trouble, and even more, the male animal causes before he is caught. If the creature in the toils is a sow, run up and stick her, taking care not to be knocked down. Such an accident is bound to result in your being trampled and bitten. So don’t fall under her, if you can help it. If you get into that position unintentionally, the same aids to rise that are used to assist a man under a boar are employed. When on your feet again, you must ply the spear until you kill her.
18. ὁ μὲν οὖν ἄρρην τοσαῦτα καὶ ἔτι πλείω πράγματα παρασχὼν ἁλίσκεται. ἐὰν δὲ θήλεια ᾖ ἡ ἐμπεσοῦσα, ἐπιθέοντα παίειν φυλαττόμενον μὴ ὠσθεὶς πέσῃ· παθόντα δὲ τοῦτο πατεῖσθαι ἀνάγκη καὶ δάκνεσθαι. ἑκόντα οὖν οὐ χρὴ ὑποπίπτειν· ἐὰν δʼ ἄκων ἔλθῃ εἰς τοῦτο, διαναστάσεις γίγνονται αἱ αὐταὶ ὥσπερ ὑπὸ τοῦ ἄρρενος· ἐξαναστάντα δὲ δεῖ παίειν τῷ προβολίῳ, ἕως ἂν ἀποκτείνῃ.
19. Another way of capturing them is as follows. The nets are set up for them at the passages from glens into oak coppices, dells and rough places, on the outskirts of meadows, fens and sheets of water. The keeper, spear in hand, watches the nets. The huntsmen take the hounds and search for the likeliest places. As soon as the boar is found, he is pursued. If he falls into the net, the net-keeper must take his spear, approach the boar, and use it as I have explained.
19. ἁλίσκονται δὲ καὶ ὧδε. ἵστανται μὲν αὐτοῖς αἱ ἄρκυς ἐπὶ τὰς διαβάσεις τῶν ναπῶν εἰς τοὺς δρυμούς, τὰ ἄγκη, τὰ τραχέα, εἰσβολὰς δὲ εἰς τὰς ὀργάδας καὶ τὰ ἕλη καὶ τὰ ὕδατα. ὁ δὲ τεταγμένος ἔχων τὸ προβόλιον φυλάττει τὰς ἄρκυς. οἱ δὲ τὰς κύνας ἐπάγουσι τοὺς τόπους ζητοῦντες τοὺς καλλίστους·
20. The boar is also captured, in hot weather, when pursued by the hounds; for in spite of his prodigious strength, the animal tires with hard breathing. Many hounds are killed in this kind of sport, and the huntsmen themselves run risks, whenever in the course of the pursuit they are forced to approach a boar with their spears in their hands, when he is tired or standing in water or has posted himself by a steep declivity or is unwilling to come out of a thicket; for neither net nor anything else stops him from rushing at anyone coming near him. Nevertheless approach they must in these circumstances, and show the pluck that led them to take up this hobby.
20. ἐπειδὰν δὲ εὑρεθῇ, διώκεται. ἐὰν μὲν οὖν εἰς τὴν ἄρκυν ἐμπίπτῃ, τὸν ἀρκυωρὸν ἀναλαβόντα τὸ προβόλιον προσιέναι καὶ χρῆσθαι ὡς εἴρηκα· ἐὰν δὲ μὴ ἐμπέσῃ, μεταθεῖν. ἁλίσκεται δὲ καὶ ὅταν ᾖ πνίγη, διωκόμενος ὑπὸ τῶν κυνῶν· τὸ γὰρ θηρίον καίπερ ὑπερβάλλον δυνάμει ἀπαγορεύει ὑπέρασθμον γιγνόμενον. ἀποθνῄσκουσι δὲ κύνες πολλαὶ ἐν τῇ τοιαύτῃ θήρᾳ καὶ αὐτοὶ οἱ κυνηγέται κινδυνεύουσιν, ὅταν γε ἐν ταῖς μεταδρομαῖς ἀπειρηκότι ἀναγκάζωνται προσιέναι ἔχοντες τὰ προβόλια ἢ ἐν ὕδατι ὄντι ἢ ἐφεστῶτι πρὸς ἀποκρήμνῳ ἢ ἐκ δασέος μὴ θέλοντι ἐξιέναι· οὐ γὰρ κωλύει αὐτὸν οὔτε ἄρκυς οὔτε ἄλλο οὐδὲν φέρεσθαι ὁμόσε τῷ πλησιάζοντι· ὅμως μέντοι προσιτέον, ὅταν ἔχῃ οὕτως, καὶ ἐπιδεικτέον τὴν εὐψυχίαν, διʼ ἣν εἵλοντο ἐκπονεῖν τὴν ἐπιθυμίαν ταύτην.
22. They must use the spear and the forward position of the body as explained; then, if a man does come to grief, it will not be through doing things the wrong way. Caltrops are also set for them as for the deer and in the same places. The routine of inspection and pursuit, the methods of approach and the use of the spear are the same.
22. χρηστέον δὲ τῷ προβολίῳ καὶ ταῖς προβολαῖς τοῦ σώματος ὡς εἴρηται· εἰ γάρ τι καὶ πάσχοι, οὐκ ἂν διά γε τὸ μὴ ὀρθῶς ποιεῖν πάσχοι. ἵστανται δὲ αἱ ποδοστράβαι αὐτοῖς ὥσπερ ταῖς ἐλάφοις ἐν τοῖς αὐτοῖς τόποις, καὶ ἐπισκέψεις αἱ αὐταὶ καὶ μεταδρομαὶ καὶ αἱ πρόσοδοι καὶ αἱ χρεῖαι τοῦ προβολίου.
23. The young pigs are not to be caught without difficulty. For they are not left alone so long as they are little, and when the hounds find them or they see something coming, they quickly vanish into the wood; and they are generally accompanied by both parents, who are fierce at such times and more ready to fight for their young than for themselves.
23. τὰ δὲ νεογενῆ αὐτῶν ὅταν ἁλίσκηται, χαλεπῶς τοῦτο πάσχει· οὔτε γὰρ μονοῦται, ἕως ἂν μικρὰ ᾖ, ὅταν τε αἱ κύνες εὕρωσιν ἢ προΐδῃ τι, ταχὺ εἰς τὴν ὕλην ἀφανίζεται, ἕπονταί τε ἐπὶ πολὺ ἄμφω ὧν ἂν ὦσι, χαλεποὶ ὄντες τότε καὶ μᾶλλον μαχόμενοι ὑπὲρ ἐκείνων ἢ ὑπὲρ αὑτῶν.