---
title: "On Hunting · Κυνηγετικός"
author: "Xenophon"
translator: "Edgar Carew Marchant"
languages: [grc, en]
shelf: "Classical Greek"
section: 4 of 13
url: https://scriptura.si/works/xenophon-on-hunting/4/
cite: "Xenophon, tr. Edgar Carew Marchant, On Hunting · Κυνηγετικός, section 4. Scriptura (scriptura.si), https://scriptura.si/works/xenophon-on-hunting/4/"
---

# On Hunting · Κυνηγετικός

*Xenophon, tr. Edgar Carew Marchant*

Hunting with hounds, and its training in virtue.

> Greek: ed. Edgar Carew Marchant, from the Perseus Digital Library (canonical-greekLit, tlg0032.tlg014, CC BY-SA 4.0).

> English: Edgar Carew Marchant, from the Perseus Digital Library (tlg0032.tlg014.perseus-eng2). Notes are not included.

> Rows follow the references the two texts share (books, chapters and sections), cut where both reach the end of a sentence.

## 4. Chapter 4

Source: https://scriptura.si/works/xenophon-on-hunting/4/ · cite a paragraph as https://scriptura.si/works/xenophon-on-hunting/4/#p-N

[¶0] 1. First, then, they should be big. Next, the head should be light, flat and muscular; the lower parts of the forehead sinewy; the eyes prominent, black and sparkling; the forehead broad, with a deep dividing line; the ears small and thin with little hair behind; the neck long, loose and round; the chest broad and fairly fleshy; the shoulder-blades slightly outstanding from the shoulders; the forelegs short, straight, round and firm; the elbows straight; the ribs not low down on the ground, but sloping in an oblique line; the loins fleshy, of medium length, and neither too loose nor too hard; the flanks of medium size; the hips round and fleshy at the back, not close at the top, and smooth on the inside; the under part of the belly itself slim; the tail long, straight and thin; the thighs hard; the shanks long, round and solid; the hind-legs much longer than the fore-legs and slightly bent; the feet round.

> Greek: 1. πρῶτον μὲν οὖν χρὴ εἶναι μεγάλας, εἶτα ἐχούσας τὰς κεφαλὰς ἐλαφράς, σιμάς, ἀρθρώδεις, ἰνώδη τὰ κάτωθεν τῶν μετώπων, ὄμματα μετέωρα, μέλανα, λαμπρά, μέτωπα πλατέα, τὰς διακρίσεις βαθείας, ὦτα μικρά, λεπτά, ψιλὰ ὄπισθεν, τραχήλους μακρούς, ὑγρούς, περιφερεῖς, στήθη πλατέα, μὴ ἄσαρκα ἀπὸ τῶν ὤμων, τὰς ὠμοπλάτας διεστώσας μικρόν, σκέλη τὰ πρόσθια μικρά, ὀρθά, στρογγύλα, στιφρά, ὀρθοὺς τοὺς ἀγκῶνας, πλευρὰς μὴ ἐπὶ γῆν βαθείας, ἀλλʼ εἰς τὸ πλάγιον παρηκούσας, ὀσφῦς σαρκώδεις, τὰ μεγέθη μεταξὺ μακρῶν ⟨καὶ⟩ βραχειῶν, μήτε ὑγρὰς λίαν μήτε σκληράς, λαγόνας μεταξὺ μεγάλων ⟨καὶ⟩ μικρῶν, ἰσχία στρογγύλα, ὄπισθεν σαρκώδη, ἄνωθεν δὲ μὴ συνδεδεμένα, ἔνδοθεν δὲ προσεσταλμένα, τὰ κάτωθεν τῶν κενεώνων λαγαρὰ καὶ αὐτοὺς τοὺς κενεῶνας, οὐρὰς μακράς, ὀρθάς, λιγυράς, μηριαίας [μὴ] σκληράς, ὑποκώλια μακρά, περιφερῆ, εὐπαγῆ, σκέλη πολὺ μείζω τὰ ὄπισθεν τῶν ἔμπροσθεν καὶ ἐπίρρικνα, πόδας περιφερεῖς.

[¶1] 2. Hounds like these will be strong in appearance, agile, well-proportioned, and speedy; and they will have a jaunty expression and a good mouth.

> Greek: 2. καὶ ἐὰν ὦσι τοιαῦται αἱ κύνες, ἔσονται ἰσχυραὶ τὰ εἴδη, ἐλαφραί, σύμμετροι, ποδώκεις, καὶ ἀπὸ τῶν προσώπων φαιδραὶ καὶ εὔστομοι.

[¶2] 3. When tracking they should get out of the game paths quickly, hold their heads well down and aslant, smiling when they find the scent and lowering their ears; then they should all go forward together along the trail towards the form circling frequently, with eyes continually on the move and tails wagging.

> Greek: 3. ἰχνευέτωσαν δὲ ἐκ τῶν τριμμῶν ταχὺ ἀπαλλαττόμεναι, τιθεῖσαι τὰς κεφαλὰς ἐπὶ γῆν λεχρίας, ἐμμειδιῶσαι μὲν πρὸς τὰ ἴχνη, ἐπικαταβάλλουσαι δὲ τὰ ὦτα· καὶ τὰ μὲν ὄμματα πυκνὰ διακινοῦσαι, ταῖς δὲ οὐραῖς διασαίνουσαι κύκλους πολλοὺς ⟨ποιούμεναι⟩ πρὸς τὰς εὐνὰς προΐτωσαν ὁμοῦ διὰ τοῦ ἴχνους ἅπασαι.

[¶3] 4. As soon as they are close on the hare, they should let the huntsman know, quickening the pace and showing more emphatic signs by their excitement, movements of the head and eyes, changes of attitude, by looking up and looking into the covert and returning again and again to the hare’s form, by leaps forward, backward and to the side, displays of unaffected agitation and overpowering delight at being near the hare.

> Greek: 4. ὅταν δὲ περὶ αὐτὸν ὦσι τὸν λαγῶ, δῆλον ποιείτωσαν τῷ κυνηγέτῃ θᾶττον φοιτῶσαι, μᾶλλον γνωρίζουσαι ἀπὸ τοῦ θυμοῦ, ἀπὸ τῆς κεφαλῆς, ἀπὸ τῶν ὀμμάτων, ἀπὸ τῆς μεταλλάξεως τῶν σχημάτων καὶ ἀπὸ τῶν ἀναβλεμμάτων καὶ ἐμβλεμμάτων εἰς τὴν ὕλην καὶ ἀναστρεμμάτων τῶν ἐπὶ τὰς καθέδρας τοῦ λαγῶ, καὶ ἀπὸ τῶν εἰς τὸ πρόσθεν καὶ ὄπισθεν καὶ εἰς τὸ πλάγιον διαρριμμάτων, καὶ ἀπὸ τοῦ ἀληθῶς ἤδη αἰωρεῖσθαι τὴν ψυχὴν καὶ ὑπερχαίρειν ὅτι τοῦ λαγῶ ἐγγύς εἰσι.

[¶4] 5. They should pursue with unremitting vigour, giving tongue and barking freely, dogging the hare’s steps wherever she goes. They should be fast and brilliant in the chase, frequently casting about and giving tongue in the right fashion; and they should not leave the track and go back to the huntsman.

> Greek: 5. διωκέτωσαν δὲ ἐρρωμένως καὶ μὴ ἐπανιεῖσαι σὺν πολλῇ κλαγγῇ καὶ ὑλαγμῷ, συνεκπερῶσαι μετὰ τοῦ λαγῶ πάντῃ. μεταθείτωσαν δὲ ταχὺ καὶ λαμπρῶς, πυκνὰ μεταφερόμεναι καὶ ἐπανακλαγγάνουσαι δικαίως· πρὸς δὲ τὸν κυνηγέτην μὴ ἐπανίτωσαν λιποῦσαι τὰ ἴχνη.

[¶5] 6. Along with this appearance and behaviour they should have pluck, keen noses, sound feet and good coats. They will be plucky if they don’t leave the hunting-ground when the heat is oppressive; keen-nosed if they smell the hare on bare, parched and sunny ground in the dog days; sound in the feet if at the same season their feet are not torn to bits during a run in the mountains; they will have a good coat if the hair is fine, thick and soft.

> Greek: 6. μετὰ δὲ τοῦ εἴδους καὶ τοῦ ἔργου τούτου εὔψυχοι ἔστωσαν καὶ εὔρινες καὶ εὔποδες καὶ εὔτριχες. εὔψυχοι μὲν οὖν ἔσονται, ἐὰν μὴ λείπωσι τὰ κυνηγέσια ὅταν ᾖ πνίγη· εὔρινες δέ, ἐὰν τοῦ λαγῶ ὀσφραίνωνται ἐν τόποις ψιλοῖς, ξηροῖς, προσηλίοις τοῦ ἄστρου ἐπιόντος· εὔποδες δέ, ἐὰν τῇ αὐτῇ ὥρᾳ μὴ καταρρηγνύωνται αὐτῶν οἱ πόδες τὰ ὄρη θεουσῶν· εὔτριχες δέ, ἐὰν ἔχωσι λεπτὴν καὶ πυκνὴν καὶ μαλακὴν τὴν τρίχα.

[¶6] 7. The colour of the hounds should not be entirely tawny, black or white; for this is not a sign of good breeding: on the contrary, unbroken colour indicates a wild strain.

> Greek: 7. τὰ δὲ χρώματα οὐ χρὴ εἶναι τῶν κυνῶν οὔτε πυρρὰ οὔτε μέλανα οὔτε λευκὰ παντελῶς· ἔστι γὰρ οὐ γενναῖον τοῦτο, ἀλλ⟨ὰ τὸ⟩ ἁπλοῦν καὶ θηριῶδες.

[¶7] 8. So the tawny and the black hounds should show a patch of white about the face, and the white hounds a tawny patch. At the top of the thighs the hair should be straight and thick, and on the loins and at the lower end of the tail, but it should be moderately thick higher up.

> Greek: 8. αἱ μὲν οὖν πυρραὶ ἔχουσαι ἔστωσαν λευκὴν τρίχα ἐπανθοῦσαν περὶ τὰ μέτωπα καὶ αἱ μέλαιναι, αἱ δὲ λευκαὶ πυρράν· ἐπὶ δὲ ταῖς μηριαίαις ἄκραις τρίχας ὀρθάς, βαθείας, καὶ ἐπὶ ταῖς ὀσφύσι καὶ ταῖς οὐραῖς κάτω, ἄνωθεν δὲ μετρίας.

[¶8] 9. It is advisable to take the hounds to the mountains often, but less frequently to cultivated land. For in the mountains it is possible to track and follow a hare without hindrance, whereas it is impossible to do either in cultivated land owing to the game paths.

> Greek: 9. ἄγειν δὲ ἄμεινον τὰς κύνας ⟨εἰς⟩ τὰ ὄρη πολλάκις, τὰ δὲ ἔργα ἧττον· τὰ μὲν γὰρ ὄρη οἷόν τʼ ἐστὶ καὶ ἰχνεύειν καὶ μεταθεῖν καθαρῶς, τὰ δὲ ἔργα οὐδέτερα διὰ τοὺς τριμμούς.

[¶9] 10. It is also well to take the hounds out into rough ground, whether they find a hare or not; for they get sound in the feet, and hard work in such country is good for their bodies.

> Greek: 10. ἔστι δὲ καὶ ἄνευ τοῦ εὑρίσκειν τὸν λαγῶ ἀγαθὸν ἄγειν τὰς κύνας ⟨εἰς⟩ τὰ τραχέα· καὶ γὰρ εὔποδες γίγνονται καὶ τὰ σώματα διαπονοῦσαι ἐν τόποις τοιούτοις ὠφελοῦνται.

[¶10] 11. In summer they should be out till midday, in winter at any hour of the day, in autumn at any time except midday, and before evening during the spring; for at these times the temperature is mild.

> Greek: 11. ἀγέσθωσαν δὲ θέρους μὲν μέχρι μεσημβρίας, χειμῶνος δὲ διʼ ἡμέρας, μετοπώρου δʼ ἔξω μεσημβρίας, ἐντὸς δὲ ἑσπέρας τὸ ἔαρ. ταῦτα γὰρ μέτρια.