But Archestratus of Gela, in his treatise on Gastronomy, (which is the only poetical composition which you wise men admire; following Pythagoras in this doctrine alone, namely silence, and doing this only because of your want of words; and besides that, you profess to think well of the Art of Love of Sphodrias the Cynic, and the Amatory Conversation of Protagorides, and the Convivial Dialogues of that beautiful philosopher Persæus, compiled out of the Commentaries of Stilpon and Zeno, in which he inquires, How one may guard against guests at a banquet going to sleep; and, How one ought to use drinking of healths; and, When one ought to introduce beautiful boys and girls into a banquet; and when one ought to treat them well as if they were admired, and when one ought to send them away as disregarding them; and also, concerning various kinds of cookery, and concerning loaves, and other things; and all the over-subtle discussions in which the son of Sophroniscus has indulged concerning kissing. A philosopher who was continually exercising his intellect on such investigations as these, being entrusted, as Hermippus relates, with the citadel of Corinth by Antigonus, got drunk and lost even Corinth itself, being outwitted and defeated by Aratus the Sicyonian; who formerly had argued in his Dialogues against Zeno the philosopher, contending that a wise man would in every respect be a good general; and this excellent pupil of Zeno proved this especial point admirably by his own achievements. For it was a witty saying of Bion the Borysthenite, when he saw a brazen statue of his, on which was the inscription, PERSEUS OF CITIUM, THE PUPIL OF ZENO, that the man who engraved the inscription had made a blunder, for that it ought to have been, Persæus the servant (οἰκιτίεα not κιτίεα) of Zeno; for he had been born a slave of Zeno, as Nicias of Nicæa relates, in his History of Philosophers; and this is confirmed by Sotion the Alexandrian, in his Successions. And I have met with two books of that admirable work of Persæus, which have this title, “Convivial Dialogues.” But Ctesibius the Chalcidian, the friend of Menedemus, as Antigonus the Carystian relates in his Lives, being asked by somebody, What he had ever got by philosophy? replied, The power of getting a supper without contributing to it himself. On which account Timon somewhere or other said to him—Oh you mad dinner hunter, with the eyesOf a dead corpse, and heart both bold and shamelessAnd Ctesibius was a man who made very good guesses, and was a very witty man, and a sayer of amusing things; on which account every one used to invite him to their parties; he was not a man like you, you Cynic, who never sacrificed to the Graces, nor even to the Muses. And therefore Virtue avoiding you, and all like you, sits by Pleasure, as Mnasalces the Sicyonian says, in his Epigrams—Here I most miserable Virtue sitBy Pleasure's side, and cut my hair for grief,Crnsh'd in my spirit; for profane DelightIs judged by all my better, and my chief.And Baton the comic writer says in his Homicide—Now I invite those moderate philosophers,Who ne'er allow themselves a single pleasure,Who keep on looking for the one wise manIn all their walks and conversations,As if he were a slave who'd run away.O wretched man, why, when you have a ticket,Will you refuse to drink? Why dost thou nowDo so much wrong to the Gods? why dost thou makeMoney of greater value than the rateWhich nature puts on it? You drink but water,And so must be a worthless citizen;For so you cheat the farmer and the merchant;But I by getting drunk increase their trade.Then you at early dawn bear round a cruet,Seeking for oil, so that a man must thinkYou have an hour-glass with you, not a bottle.)
Ἀρχέστρατός τε ὁ Γελῷος ἐν τῇ Γαστρολογίᾳ ἣν μόνην ὑμεῖς ῥαψῳδίαν οἱ σοφοὶ ἀσπάζεσθε, μόνον τοῦτο πυθαγορίζοντες τὸ σιωπᾶν, δι’ ἀσθένειαν λόγων τοῦτο ποιοῦντες, ἔτι τε τὴν Σφοδρίου τοῦ κυνικοῦ τέχνην ἐρωτικὴν καὶ τὰς Πρωταγορίδου ἀκροάσεις ἐρωτικὰς Περσαίου τε τοῦ καλοῦ φιλοσόφου συμποτικοὺς διαλόγους συντεθέντας ἐκ τῶν Στίλπωνος καὶ Ζήνωνος ἀπομνημονευμάτων, ἐν οἷς ζητεῖ, ὅπως ἐν μὴ κατακοιμηθῶσιν οἱ συμπόται, καὶ πῶς ταῖς ἐπιχύσεσι χρηστέον πηνίκα τε εἰσακτέον τοὺς ὡραίους καὶ τὰς ὡραίας εἰς τὸ συμπόσιον καὶ πότε αὐτοὺς προσδεκτέον ὡραιζομένους καὶ πότε παραπεμπτέον ὡς ὑπερορῶντας, καὶ περὶ προσοψημάτων καὶ περὶ ἄρτων καὶ περὶ τῶν ἄλλων ὅσα τε περιεργότερον περὶ φιλημάτων εἴρηκεν ὁ Σωφρονίσκου φιλόσοφος, ὃς περὶ ταῦτα τὴν διάνοιαν ἀεὶ στρέφων πιστευθείς, ὥς φησιν Ἕρμιππος, ὑπ’ Ἀντιγόνου τὸν Ἀκροκόρινθον κωθωνιζόμενος ἐξέπεσεν καὶ αὐτῆς τῆς Κορίνθου, καταστρατηγηθεὶς ὑπὸ τοῦ Σικυωνίου Ἀράτου, ὁ πρότερον ἐν τοῖς διαλόγοις πρὸς Ζήνωνα διαμιλλώμενος ὡς ὁ σοφὸς πάντως ἂν εἴη καὶ στρατηγὸς ἀγαθός, μόνον τοῦτο διὰ τῶν ἔργων διαβεβαιωσάμενος ὁ καλὸς τοῦ Ζήνωνος οἰκετιεύς. χαριέντως γὰρ ἔφη Βίων ὁ Βορυσθενίτης θεασάμενος αὐτοῦ χαλκῆν εἰκόνα, ἐφ’ ἧς ἐπεγέγραπτο Περσαῖον Ζήνωνος Κιτιᾶ, πεπλανῆσθαι εἶπε τὸν ἐπιγράψαντα· δεῖν γὰρ οὕτως ἔχειν Περσαῖον Ζήνωνος οἰκετιᾶ. ἦν γὰρ ὄντως οἰκέτης γεγονὼς τοῦ Ζήνωνος, ὡς Νικίας ὁ Νικαεὺς ἱστορεῖ ἐν τῇ περὶ τῶν φιλοσόφων ἱστορίᾳ καὶ Σωτίων ὁ Ἀλεξανδρεὺς ἐν ταῖς Διαδοχαῖς. δύο δὲ συγγράμμασι τοῦ Περσαίου ἀπηντήκαμεν τῆς σοφῆς ταύτης πραγματείας, τοιοῦτον ἔχουσι τὸ ἐπίγραμμα, συμποτικῶν διαλόγων Κτησίβιος δ’ ὁ Χαλκιδεὺς ὁ Μενεδήμου γνώριμος, ὥς φησιν Ἀντίγονος ὁ Καρύστιος ἐν τοῖς βίοις, ἐρωτηθεὶς ὑπό τινος τί περιγέγονεν ἐκ φιλοσοφίας αὐτῷ, ἔφη ἀσυμβόλως δειπνεῖν. διὸ καὶ ὁ Τίμων που πρὸς αὐτὸν ἔφη· δειπνομανές, νεβροῦ ὄμματ’ ἔχων, κραδίην δ’ ἀκύλιστον. ἦν δ’ εὔστοχος ὁ Κτησίβιος καὶ χαρίεις περὶ τὸ γελοῖον διὸ καὶ πάντες αὐτὸν ἐπὶ τὰ συμπόσια παρεκάλουν οὐχ ὥσπερ σύ, κυνικέ, ὁ μηδέποτε ταῖς Χάρισιν, ἀλλ’ οὐδὲ ταῖς Μούσαις θύσας. φυγοῦσα γοῦν σε καὶ τοὺς σοὶ παραπλησίους ἡ Ἀρετὴ Ἡδονῇ παρακάθηται, ὥς φησι Μνασάλκης ὁ Σικυώνιος ἐν ἐπιγράμμασιν ἅδ’ ἐγὼ ἁ τλάμων Ἀρετὰ παρὰ τῇδε κάθημαι ἡδονῇ, αἰσχίστως κειραμένη πλοκάμους, θυμὸν ἄχει μεγάλῳ βεβολημένα, εἴπερ ἅπασιν ἁ κακόφρων Τέρψις κρεῖσσον ἐμοῦ κέκριται. Βάτων δ’ ὁ κωμικὸς ἐν Ἀνδροφόνῳ φησί· τῶν φιλοσόφων τοὺς σώφρονας ἐνταυθοῖ καλῶ, τοὺς ἀγαθὸν αὑτοῖς οὐ διδόντας οὐδὲ ἕν, τοὺς τὸν φρόνιμον ζητοῦντας ἐν τοῖς περιπάτοις καὶ ταῖς διατριβαῖς ὥσπερ ἀποδεδρακότα. ἄνθρωπ’ ἀλάστωρ, διὰ τί συμβολὰς ἔχων νήφεις; τί τηλικοῦτον ἀδικεῖς τοὺς θεούς; τί τἀργύριον, ἄνθρωπε, τιμιώτερον σαυτοῦ τέθεικας ἢ πέφυκε τῇ φύσει; ἀλυσιτελὴς εἶ τῇ πόλει πίνων ὕδωρ· τὸν γὰρ γεωργὸν καὶ τὸν ἔμπορον κακοῖς. ἐγὼ δὲ τὰς προσόδους μεθύων καλὰς ποῶ. ἔπειθ’ ἕωθεν περιάγεις τὴν λήκυθον καταμανθάνων τοὔλαιον, ὥστε περιφέρειν ὡρολόγιον δόξεις τι, οὐχὶ λήκυθον.
However, Archestratus, as I was saying before this long digression, whom you praise as equal to Homer, because of his praises of the stomach—though your friend Timon says of the stomach,Than which no part more shameless can be found—when speaking of the Sea-dog, writes as follows:—There are but few so happy as to knowThis godlike food, nor do men covet itWho have the silly souls of common mortals.They fear because it is an animalWhich living preys on man. But every fishLoves human flesh, if it can meet with it.So that 'tis fit that all who talk such nonsenseShould be confined to herbs, and should be sentTo Diodorus the philosopherAnd starve, and so pythagorize with him.But this Diodorus was by birth an Aspendian; but desiring to be thought a Pythagorean, he lived after the fashion of you Cynics, letting his hair grow, being dirty, and going barefoot. On which account some people fancied that it was an article of the Pythagorean creed to let the hair grow, which was in reality a fashion introduced by Diodorus, as Hermippus asserts. But Timæus of Tauromenium, in the ninth book of his Histories, writes thus concerning him- "Diodorus, who was by birth an Aspendian, introduced a novel fashion of dress, and pretended to resemble the Pythagoreans. Stratonicus wrote and sent a messenger to him, desiring him who carried the message to seek out a disciple of Pythagoras who kept the portico crowded by his insane vagaries about dress, and his insolence. And Sosicrates, in the third book of the Succession of Philosophers, relates that Diodorus used to wear a long beard, and a worn-out cloak, and to keep his hair long, indulging in these fashions out of a vain ostentation. For that the Pythagoreans before him wore very handsome clothes, and used baths, and perfumes, and hair of the ordinary length.
Ἀρχέστρατος δέ, ὦ Κύνουλκε, ὃν ἀντὶ τοῦ Ὁμήρου προσκυνεῖς διὰ τὴν γαστέρα ἧς οὐ λαμυρώτερον οὐδέν, ὁ Τίμων σου—περὶ τοῦ κυνὸς τοῦ θαλαττίου ἱστορῶν γράφει καὶ ταῦτα ἀλλ’ οὐ πολλοὶ ἴσασι βροτῶν τόδε θεῖον ἔδεσμα οὐδ’ ἔσθειν ἐθέλουσιν, ὅσοι κεπφαττελεβώδη ψυχὴν κέκτηνται θνητῶν εἰσὶν τ’ ἀπόπληκτοι, ὡς ἀνθρωποφάγου τοῦ θηρίου ὄντος· ἅπας δὲ ἰχθὺς σάρκα φιλεῖ βροτέην, ἄν που περικύρσῃ· ὥστε πρέπει καθαρῶς ὁπόσοι τάδε μωρολογοῦσι τοῖς λαχάνοις προσάγειν καὶ πρὸς Διόδωρον ἰόντας τὸν σοφὸν ἐγκρατέως μετ’ ἐκείνου πυθαγορίζειν. ἦν δ’ ὁ Διόδωρος οὗτος τὸ μὲν γένος Ἀσπένδιος, Πυθαγορικὸς δὲ δόξας εἶναι ὑμῶν τῶν κυνικῶν τρόπον ἔζη, κομῶν καὶ ῥυπῶν καὶ ἀνυποδητῶν, ὅθεν καὶ Πυθαγορικὸν τὸ τῆς κόμης ἔδοξαν εἶναί τινες ἀπὸ τοῦ Διοδώρου προαχθέν, ὥς φησιν Ἕρμιππος. Τίμαιος δ’ ὁ Ταυρομενίτης ἐν τῇ ἐνάτῃ τῶν ἱστοριῶν περὶ αὐτοῦ γράφει οὕτως·Διοδώρου τοῦ τὸ γένος Ἀσπενδίου τὴν ἐξηλλαγμένην εἰσαγαγόντος κατασκευὴν καὶ τοῖς Πυθαγορείοις πεπλησιακέναι προσποιηθέντος· πρὸς ὃν ἐπιστέλλων ὁ Στρατόνικος ἐκέλευσε τὸν ἀπαίροντα τὸ ῥηθὲν ἀπαγγεῖλαι τῷ περὶ θηροπέπλου μανίας ὕβρεώς τε περιστάσιμον στοὰν ἔχοντι Πυθαγόρου πελάτᾳ.Σωσικράτης δ’ ἐν τρίτῳ φιλοσόφων διαδοχῆς βαθεῖ πώγωνι χρήσασθαι τὸν Διόδωρον ἱστορεῖ καὶ τρίβωνα ἀναλαβεῖν κόμην τε φορῆσαι κατά τινα τῦφον τὴν ἐπιτήδευσιν ταύτην προσαγαγόντα, τῶν πρὸ αὐτοῦ Πυθαγορικῶν λαμπρᾷ τε ἐσθῆτι ἀμφιεννυμένων καὶ λουτροῖς καὶ ἀλείμμασι κουρᾷ τε τῇ συνήθει χρωμένων.
And if you in reality, O philosopher, do admire contentment and moderation in your feasts, why is it that you have come hither without being invited? Did you come as to a house of intemperance, in order to learn to make a Catalogue of a cook's instruments? or in order to spout some verses of Cepholion the Athenian? For according to the Cedalion of Sophocles, you areA branded lot, all knaves and parasites.And he says that you philosophers always have your minds set upon banquets; and that you think it constantly necessary to ask for something to eat or to devour some Cynic food. For there is no need for our picking our phrases. And all this is plain from what Alexis relates in this book which is entitled Linus: and in that he supposes Hercules to have been educated by Linus, and to have been ordered by him to select any one out of a number of books that were at hand to read. And he having taken a cookery-book in his hand, retained it with great eagerness. And Linus then speaks to him in the following terms—Lin. Come here, and take whatever book you please,And read it carefully, when you have scann'dThe titles, and the subjects well consider'd.There's Orpheus here, and Hesiod, and plays,Choerilus, Homer, Epicharmus too,All sorts of works. For thus your choice will show meYour nature, and your favourite pursuit.Her. I will take this.Lin. First show me what it is.Her. A cookery book, as says the title-page.Lin. You're a philosopher, that's very plain,Who passing over all these useful books,Choose out the art of Simus.Her. Who is SimusLin. A very clever man; now he has turn'dTo tragic studies; and of all the actorsIs, the most skilful cook, as those who eatHis dishes do declare. And of all cooksBy far the cleverest actor.Her. He's a manOf noble appetite; say what you wish;For be of this assured, that I am hungry.
εἰ δ’ ὑμεῖς ὄντως, ὦ φιλόσοφοι, τὴν αὐτάρκειαν ἀσπάζεσθε καὶ τὰ τῶν δείπνων εὐτελῆ, τί ἐνταῦθα παραγίνεσθε μηδὲ κληθέντες; ἦ ὡς εἰς ἀσώτιον μαγειρικὰ σκεύη καταλέγειν μαθησόμενοι; ἢ ὡς τὸν Διογένους Κεφαλίωνα ἀποστοματιοῦντες; κατὰ γὰρ τὸν Σοφοκλέους Κηδαλίωνά ἐστε μαστιγίαι, κέντρωνες, ἀλλοτριοφάγοι. ὅτι δ’ ὑμεῖς οἱ φιλόσοφοι περὶ τὰ δεῖπνα ἀεὶ τὸν νοῦν ἔχετε, δέον ὑμᾶς ἐπιφαγεῖν αἰτῆσαι ἢ ἐπεσθίειν τι τῶν κυνικῶν βρωμάτων ʽ οὐδὲ γὰρ χαριτογλωσσεῖν ἡμᾶς θέμισ᾽, δῆλον ἐξ ὧν καὶ Ἄλεξις ἐν τῷ ἐπιγραφομένῳ Λίνῳ ἱστορεῖ, ὑποτίθεται δὲ τὸν Ἡρακλέα παρὰ τῷ Λίνῳ παιδευόμενον καὶ κελευσθέντα ἀπὸ βιβλίων πολλῶν παρακειμένων λαβόντα ἐντυχεῖν. ἐκεῖνος δ’ ὀψαρτυτικὸν λαβὼν βιβλίον ἐν χεροῖν περισπουδάστως ἐκράτει. λέγει δὲ οὕτως ὁ Λίνος· βιβλίον ἐντεῦθεν ὅ τι βούλει προσελθὼν γὰρ λαβέ· ἔπειτ’ ἀναγνώσει πάνυ γε διασκοπῶν ἀπὸ τῶν ἐπιγραμμάτων ἀτρέμα τε καὶ σχολῇ. Ὀρφεὺς ἔνεστιν, Ἡσίοδος, τραγῳδίαι, Χοιρίλος, Ὅμηρος, Ἐπίχαρμος, συγγράμματα παντοδαπά. δηλώσεις γὰρ οὕτω τὴν φύσιν ἐπὶ τί μάλισθ’ ὥρμηκε. ηπ. τουτὶ λαμβάνω. λιν. δεῖξον τί ἐστι πρῶτον, ηπ. ὀψαρτυσία, ὥς φησι τοὐπίγραμμα. λιν. φιλόσοφός τις εἶ, εὔδηλον, ὃς παρεὶς τοσαῦτα γράμματα Σίμου τέχνην ἔλαβες. ηπ. ὁ Σῖμος δ’ ἐστὶ τίς; λιν. μάλ’ εὐφυὴς ἄνθρωπος, ἐπὶ τραγῳδίαν ὥρμηκε νῦν καὶ τῶν μὲν ὑποκριτῶν πολὺ κράτιστός ἐστιν ὀψοποιός, ὡς δοκεῖ τοῖς χρωμένοις, τῶν δ᾽ ὀψοποιῶν ὑποκριτής κάκιστός ἐστι τοῖς θεωμένοις.., λιν. βούλιμός ἐσθ’ ἅνθρωπος. ηπ. ὅτι βούλει λέγε· πεινῶ γάρ, εὖ τοῦτ’ ἴσθι.
When Magnus had run through these quotations, Cynulcus, looking at the philosophers who were present, said—Have you seen the Thasian brine, and heard how he does bark?How speedily the fellow did revenge himself, and thoroughly;It does not seem a case of one blind speaking to a deaf man:as Cratinus says, in his Archilochi. For he, forgetting before what a tribunal he was making an exhibition of his fine iambics, read his colabri with his natural greediness, and at the same time with his usual elegance of expression, andMelodies out of time, and tuneless cymbals:and after all this fine ignorant stupidity, he goes round to people's houses, seeking out where any handsome banquet is prepared, carrying his conduct to a length even beyond the Athenian Chærephon, of whom Alexis says in his Fugitive—That Chærephon has always got some trick,And now he's looking for some feast to shareWhere he himself will not be call'd uponFor any contribution. For wheresoeverA pot, such as is let to cooks, does stand,Thither he goeth at the earliest dawn;And if he sees one come to hire itFor any feast, he asks the cook the nameOf him who gives the feast, and then as soonAs the door opens, in he walks the first.But this man has no hesitation, like the excellent Magnus, even to make excursions quite beyond the boundaries for the sake of his stomach, as Alexis said in his Men who Died together—Chærephon comes to Corinth for a supper,Though he has never had an invitation;But still he flies across the sea, so sweetIt is to eat of what another pays for.And Theopompus, in his Ulysses, says—Well said Euripides, "It is not badFor a rich man to dine at other's cost."
ταῦτα τοῦ Μάγνου ἑξῆς καταδραμόντος ἀποβλέψας ὁ Κύνουλκος εἰς τοὺς παρόντας τῶν φιλοσόφων ἔφη·εἶδες τὴν Θασίαν ἅλμην οἱ̓͂ ἄττα βαύζει, ὡς εὖ καὶ ταχέως ἀπετείσατο καὶ παραχρῆμα. οὐ μέντοι παρὰ κωφὸν ὁ τυφλὸς ἔοικε λαλῆσαι, ὡς ὁ Κρατῖνος ἐν τοῖς Ἀρχιλόχοις ἔφη. ἐπιλανθανόμενος γὰρ ἐν οἷς ποιεῖται δικαστηρίοις τῶν καλῶν ἰάμβων αὐτοῦ τὰς ἐπιδείξεις ὑπὸ τῆς ἐμφύτου γαστριμαργίας καὶ ἡδυλογίας κολάβρους ἀναγινώσκει καὶ μέλη πάραυλα κἀκρότητα κύμβαλα. καὶ μετὰ τὰς καλὰς ταύτας ἀμουσολογίας περιέρχεται τὰς οἰκίας ἐξετάζων ὅπου δεῖπνα λαμπρὰ παρασκευάζεται, ὑπὲρ τὸν Ἀθηναῖον Χαιρεφῶντα ἐκεῖνον, περὶ οὗ φησιν Ἄλεξις ἐν Φυγάδι· αἰεὶ γ’ ὁ Χαιρεφῶν τιν’ εὑρίσκει τέχνην καὶ νῦν πορίζεται γε τὰ δεῖπν’ ἀσύμβολα. ὅπου γάρ ἐστιν ὁ κέραμος μισθώσιμος ὁ τοῖς μαγείροις, εὐθὺς ἐξ ἑωθινοῦ ἕστηκεν ἐλθών κἂν ἴδῃ μισθούμενον εἰς ἑστίασιν, τοῦ μαγείρου πυθόμενος τὸν ἑστιῶντα, τῆς θύρας χασμωμένης ἂν ἐπιλάβηται, πρῶτος εἰσελήλυθεν. οὐκ ὀκνεῖ δ’ ἀνὴρ οὗτος, καθάπερ καὶ ὁ καλὸς Μάγνος, καὶ ὑπερορίους ἀποδημίας ποιεῖσθαι τῆς γαστρὸς χάριν, ὡς ὁ αὐτὸς Ἄλεξις εἴρηκεν ἐν Συναποθνῄσκουσιν ἐπὶ δεῖπνον εἰς Κόρινθον ἐλθὼν Χαιρεφῶν ἄκλητος· ἤδη γὰρ πέτεται διαπόντιος· οὕτω τι τἀλλότρι’ ἐσθίειν ἐστὶ γλυκύ. καὶ Θεόπομπος δ’ ἐν Ὀδυσσεῖ ἔφη· Εὐριπίδου τἄρ’ ἐστὶν οὐ κακῶς ἔχον, τἀλλότρια δειπνεῖν τὸν καλῶς εὐδαίμονα.
And when all laughed at this, Ulpian said, Whence do the voluptuaries who talk so loosely get all their elegance of expression? And Cynulcus replied, But, O you well-seasoned little pig, Phrynichus the Cynic poet, in his Ephiates, mentions “the elegant speaker” in these terms:—Is is the hardest work of all to guard against such men;For they do carry always at their finger's end a sting,The misanthropic flower of youth; and then they fawn on allWith carefully selected sweetness of expression,Always the forum haunting when the citizens are seated;And then they lacerate with wounds severe and unexpectedThose whom they have been fawning on, and hide themselves and laugh.And the word χαριτογλωσσεῖν (to speak so as to please) is used by Aeschylus in the Prometheus Vinctus—You shall know this for true; nor is it mineχαριτογλωσσεῖν.And when Ulpian said again, But what, my friends, is meant by cooks' instruments? for these things were mentioned, and were thought worthy of being enumerated in the Arcadian banquets: and also where is the word ἀσώτιον (abode of luxury) to be found? For I know that the adjective ἄσωτος is common enough. And Alexis speaks of a luxurious extravagant man in his Cnidia, saying—Diodorus, most extravagant of men,In two brief years did make his patrimonyInto a football, with such headlong speedDid he devour everything.And again, in the Phædrus, he says—You tell me of a very slow proceeding;For in five days the little EpicharidesMade ducks and drakes of all his father's property,So quickly and entirely did he swallow it.
γελασάντων οὖν πάντων ἐπὶ τούτοις ὁ Οὐλπιανὸς ἔφη· πόθεν δὲ καὶ ἡδυλογία τοῖς ἡδονικοῖς τούτοις ἁμαρτολόγοις; πρὸς ὃν ὁ Κύνουλκος·ἀλλ᾽, ὦ χοιρίον εὐάρτυτον, Φρύνιχος ὁ κωμῳδιοποιὸς ἐν τῷ Ἐφιάλτῃ μνημονεύει τοῦ ἡδυλογεῖν διὰ τούτων ἐστὶν δ’ αὐτούς γε φυλάττεσθαι τῶν νῦν χαλεπώτατον ἔργον. ἔχουσι γάρ τι κέντρον ἐν τοῖς δακτύλοις, μισάνθρωπον ἄνθος ἥβης· εἶθ’ ἡδυλογοῦσιν ἅπασιν ἀεὶ κατὰ τὴν ἀγορὰν περιόντες, ἐπὶ τοῖς δὲ βάθροις ὅταν ὦσιν, ἐκεῖ τούτοις οἷς ἡδυλογοῦσι μεγάλας ἀμυχὰς καταμύξαντες καὶ συγκρούσαντες ἅπαντες γελῶσι. τὸ δὲ χαριτογλωσσεῖν Αἰσχύλος εἴρηκεν ἐν Προμηθεῖ δεσμώτῃ· γνώσει δὲ τάδ’ ὡς ἔτυμ᾽, οὐδὲ μάτην χαριτογλωσσεῖν ἔνι μοι.πάλιν τε εἰπόντος τοῦ Οὐλπιανοῦ·τίνα δ’ ἐστίν, ἄνδρες φίλοι, τὰ μαγειρικὰ σκεύη; τούτων γὰρ ἐμνημόνευσαν ἐν τοῖς Ἀρκαδικοῖς δείπνοις μνήμης ἠξιωμένων. καὶ τὸ ἀσώτιον ποῦ κεῖται; ἀσώτους μὲν γὰρ οἶδα διαβοήτους· ἕνα μὲν οὗ μνημονεύει Ἄλεξις ἐν Κνιδίᾳ· Διόδωρος οὑπίτριπτος ἐν ἔτεσιν δύο σφαῖραν ἀπέδειξε τὴν πατρῴαν οὐσίαν οὕτως ἰταμῶς ἅπαντα κατεμασήσατο. ἐν δὲ Φαίδρῳ φησί· σχολῇ γε, νὴ τὸν ἥλιον, σχολῇ λέγεις. Ἐπιχαρίδης ὁ μικρὸς ἐν πένθ’ ἡμέραις σφαῖραν ἐποίησε τὴν πατρῴαν οὐσίαν οὕτως συνεστρόγγυλεν ἰταμῶς καὶ ταχύ.
And Ctesippus the son of Chabrias carried hi extravagance and intemperance to such a height, that he old even the stones of his father's tomb, on which the Athenians had spent a thousand drachmæ, to furnish means for his luxury. And accordingly Diphilus says in his Men offering Sacrifices to the Dead—If Chabrias's son, the young Ctesippus,Had not become a friend of Phædimus,I should have brought a wholesome law forwardTo cause his father's monument to be finished.That each of all the citizens should giveA stone of size to fill a waggon, andI say that that would not be much for him.And Timocles, in his Demosatyri, says—Ctesippus, the fine son of Chabrias,Has ceased to shave himself three times a-day.A great man among women, not with men.And Menander, in his “Anger,” says this of him—And I too once was a young man, O woman,Nor did I then five several times a-dayBathe, as I now do bathe; nor at that timeHad I a soft cloak, such as now I have,Nor such perfumes as now; now I will paint myself,And pluck my hair, by Jove. Aye, I will beCtesippus, not a man; and in brief timeI too, like him, will eat up all the stones,For I'll not be content with earth alone.And perhaps it was on account of this extravagant luxury and debauchery that Demosthenes has handed down his name in his treatise on Immunities. But those who have devoured their patrimony ought to be punished in such a way as this, like the Nauclerus of Menander. For Menander says—O dearest mother of all mortals, Earth,How kind you are to all possess'd of sense;How worthy of all honour! Sure that manWho like a spendthrift eats his patrimony,Should be condemn'd to sail about for everAnd never reach the shore; that he might feelTo what great good he'd been insensible.
καὶ Κτήσιππος δ’ ὁ Χαβρίου υἱὸς εἰς τοσοῦτον ἦλθεν ἀσωτίας ὡς καὶ τοῦ μνήματος τοῦ πατρός, εἰς ὃ Ἀθηναῖοι χιλίας ἀνάλωσαν δραχμάς, τοὺς λίθους πωλῆσαι εἰς τὰς ἡδυπαθείας. Δίφιλος γοῦν ἐν τοῖς Ἐναγίζουσί φησι· εἰ μὴ συνήθης, Φαίδιμ᾽, ὢν ἐτύγχανεν ὁ Χαβρίου Κτήσιππος, εἰσηγησάμην νόμον ἂν τιν’ οὐκ ἄχρηστον, ὡς ἐμοὶ δοκεῖ, ὥστ’ ἐπιτελεσθῆναὶ ποτ’ αὐτῷ τοῦ πατρὸς τὸ μνῆμα κατ’ ἐνιαυτὸν ἕνα.., λίθον ἁμαξιαῖον, καὶ σφόδρ’ εὐτελὲς λέγω. Τιμοκλῆς δ’ ἐν Δημοσατύροις φησίν οὐδ’ ὁ Χαβρίου Κτήσιππος ἔτι τρὶς κείρεται, ἐν ταῖς γυναιξὶ λαμπρός, οὐκ ἐν ἀνδράσιν. καὶ Μένανδρος δ’ ἐν Ὀργῇ περὶ αὐτοῦ τάδε λέγει· καίτοι νέος ποτ’ ἐγενόμην κἀγώ, γύναι· ἀλλ’ οὐκ ἐλούμην πεντάκις τῆς ἡμέρας τότ᾽, ἀλλὰ νῦν· οὐδὲ χλανίδ’ εἶχον, ἀλλὰ νῦν οὐδὲ μύρον εἶχον, ἀλλὰ νῦν καὶ βάψομαι καὶ παρατιλοῦμαι νὴ Δία καὶ γενήσομαι Κτήσιππος, οὐκ ἄνθρωπος, ἐν ὀλίγῳ χρόνῳ, κᾆθ’ ὡς ἐκεῖνος κατέδομαι καὶ τοὺς λίθους ἁπαξάπαντας, οὐ γὰρ οὖν τὴν γῆν μόνην. τάχ’ οὖν διὰ τὴν πολλὴν ταύτην ἀσωτίαν καὶ κιναιδίαν τοὔνομα αὐτοῦ παρέλιπε Δημοσθένης ἐν τῷ περὶ ἀτελειῶν. χρὴ δὲ τοὺς τὰ πατρῷα κατεδηδοκότας κατὰ τὸν Μενάνδρου Ναύκληρον οὕτως κολάζεσθαι. φησὶν γάρ· ὦ φιλτάτη Γῆ μῆτερ, ὡς σεμνὸν σφόδρ’ εἶ τοῖς νοῦν ἔχουσι κτῆμα πολλοῦ τ’ ἄξιον, ὡς δῆτ’ ἐχρῆν εἴ τις πατρῴαν παραλαβὼν γῆν καταφάγοι, πλεῖν τοῦτον ἤδη διὰ τέλους καὶ μηδ’ ἐπιβαίνειν γῆς, ἵν’ οὕτως ᾔσθετο οἷον παραλαβὼν ἀγαθὸν οὐκ ἐφείσατο.
And Axionicus speaks of a certain Pythodelus as a very intemperate man, in his Etrurian, saying—Here Pythodelus comes, who is surnamedIsoballion, greediest of men,And on his steps does follow that wise womanIschas, bearing a drum, and very drunk.And Anaxandrides attacks Polyeuctus, turning him into ridicule in the comedy called Tereus—A. You shall be call'd a bird.B. Why so, by Vesta?Is it because I ate my patrimonyLike that most fashionable Polyeuctus?A. No, but because you, though you were a man,Were torn in pieces by the women so. And Theopompus, in the tenth book of his account of the Exploits of Philip, (a book from which some separate the conclusion, in which there is the mention made of the demagogues at Athens,) says that Eubulus the demagogue was an intemperate man. And he uses the following expressions— “And he so far exceeded the whole nation of the Tarentines in luxury and extravagance, that this latter is only im- moderate in its indulgence in feasts; but he spent on his luxury even the revenues of the Athenian people. But Callistratus,” he continues, “the son of Callicrates, who was himself also a demagogue, was very intemperate in his pleasures, but still he was very attentive to the business of the state.” And speaking of the Tarentines, in the fifty-second book of his Histories, he writes as follows—“The city of the Tarentines sacrifices oxen nearly every month, and celebrates public festivals; and the chief body of private individuals is always occupied in banquets and drinking parties. And the Tarentines hold some such language as this: That other men, because they are fond of personal exertion, and because they devote themselves to actual labour, prepare their subsistence in this way for the future: but that they, by means of their banquets and pleasures, are not about to live, but are living already.” But concerning the intemperance and general habits and life of Philip and his companions, Theopompus gives the following account, in the forty-ninth book of his Histories— “When Philip became master of great treasures, he did not spend them quickly, but he threw them away and squandered them; being of all the men that ever lived, not only the worst manager himself, but all those who were about him were so too. For absolutely not one of them had any idea of living properly, or of managing his household with moderation. And of that he himself was the cause, being a most insatiable and extravagant man, doing everything in an offhand manner, whether he was acquiring property or giving it away. For though he was a soldier, he was unable, out of pure laziness, to count what he had coming in and what he spent. And then his companions were men collected together from all quarters; for some of them came from his own country, and some from Thessaly, and some from other parts of Greece, not being selected with any care; but if among either Greeks or barbarians there was any lascivious, or im- pure, or avaricious man, he had almost every one of the same character assembled in Macedonia, and they were all called friends of Philip. And even if any one came who was not entirely of that disposition, still under the influence of the life and manners of the Macedonians, he very soon became like the rest. For their wars, and military expeditions, and other great expenses, encouraged them to be audacious, and to live, not in an orderly manner, but after a prodigal fashion and like robbers.” But Duris, in the seventh book of his History of the Affairs of Macedonia, speaking of Pasicyprus the king of Cyprus, and of his intemperate habits, writes as follows— “Alexander, after the siege of Tyre, dismissed Pnytagoras, and gave him many presents, and among them he gave him the fortified place which he asked for. And that very place Pasicyprus the king had previously sold, in a luxurious freak, for fifty talents, to Pymatus the Cittiæan, selling him both the fortress itself and his own royal authority over it. And when he had received the money he grew old in Amathus.” Such also was Aethiops the Corinthian, as Demetrius the Scepsian relates, of whom mention is made by Archilochus; “for he, out of his love of pleasure and intemperance, sailing with Archias to Sicily when he was about to found Syracuse, sold to his messmate for a cake of honey the lot which he had just drawn, and was about to take possession of in Syracuse.”
Πυθοδήλου δέ τινος ἀσώτου μνημονεύει Ἀξιόνικος ἐν Τυρρηνῷ οὕτως· ὁ Πυθόδηλος οὑτοσὶ ὁ Βαλλίων προσέρχετ’ ἐπικαλούμενος, μεθύουσά τ’ ἐξόπισθεν ἡ σοφωτάτη Ἀποτυμπανισχὰς κατὰ πόδας πορεύεται, Πολύευκτον δ’ Ἀναξανδρίδης ἐν Τηρεῖ κωμῳδῶν ὄρνις κεκλήσῃ （φησί）. β. διὰ τί, πρὸς τῆς Ἑστίας; πότερον καταφαγὼν τὴν πατρῴαν οὐσίαν, ὥσπερ Πολύευκτος ὁ καλός; α. οὐ δῆτ᾽, ἀλλ’ ὅτι ἄρρην ὑπὸ θηλειῶν κατεκόπης. Θεόπομπος δ’ ἐν τῇ δεκάτῃ τῶν Φιλιππικῶν, ἀφ’ ἧς τινες τὸ τελευταῖον μέρος χωρίσαντες, ἐν ᾧ ἐστι τὰ περὶ τῶν Ἀθήνησι δημαγωγῶν, … εὔβουλόν φησι τὸν δημαγωγὸν ἄσωτον γενέσθαι, τῇ λέξει δὲ ταύτῃ ἐχρήσατο· ᾽ καὶ τοσοῦτον ἀσωτίᾳ καὶ πλεονεξίᾳ διενήνοχε τοῦ δήμου τοῦ Ταραντίνων ὅσον ὁ μὲν περὶ τὰς ἑστιάσεις εἶχε μόνον ἀκρατῶς, ὁ δὲ τῶν Ἀθηναίων καὶ τὰς προσόδους καταμισθοφορῶν διατετέλεκε. Καλλίστρατος δέ, φησίν, ὁ Καλλικράτους δημαγωγὸς καὶ αὐτὸς πρὸς μὲν τὰς ἡδονὰς ἦν ἀκρατής, τῶν δὲ πολιτικῶν πραγμάτων ἦν ἐπιμελής περὶ δὲ τῶν Ταραντίνων ἱστορῶν ἐν τῇ δευτέρα καὶ πεντηκοστῇ τῶν ἱστοριῶν γράφει οὕτως· ᾽ ἡ πόλις ἡ τῶν Ταραντίνων σχεδὸν καθ’ ἕκαστον μῆνα βουθυτεῖ καὶ δημοσίας ἑστιάσεις ποιεῖται. τὸ δὲ τῶν ἰδιωτῶν πλῆθος αἰεὶ περὶ συνουσίας καὶ πότους ἐστί. λέγουσι δὲ καί τινα τοιοῦτον λόγον οἱ Ταραντῖνοι, τοὺς μὲν ἄλλους ἀνθρώπους διὰ τὸ φιλοπονεῖσθαι καὶ περὶ τὰς ἐργασίας διατρίβειν παρασκευάζεσθαι ζῆν, αὐτοὺς δὲ διὰ τὰς συνουσίας καὶ τὰς ἡδονὰς οὐ μέλλειν, ἀλλ’ ἤδη βιῶναι περὶ δὲ τῆς ἀσωτίας καὶ τοῦ βίου Φιλίππου καὶ τῶν ἑταίρων αὐτοῦ ἐν τῇ μ θ τῶν ἱστοριῶν ὁ Θεόπομπος τάδε γράφει· ᾽ Φίλιππος ἐπεὶ ἐγκρατὴς πολλῶν ἐγένετο χρημάτων οὐκ ἀνάλωσεν αὐτὰ ταχέως, ἀλλ’ ἐξέβαλε καὶ ἔρριψε, πάντων ἀνθρώπων κάκιστος ὢν οἰκονόμος οὐ μόνον αὐτός, ἀλλὰ καὶ οἱ περὶ αὐτὸν ἁπλῶς γὰρ οὐδεὶς αὐτῶν ἠπίστατο ζῆν ὀρθῶς οὐδὲ σωφρόνως οἰκεῖν οἰκίαν. τοῦ δ’ αὐτὸς αἴτιος ἦν ἄπληστος καὶ πολυτελὴς ὤν, προχείρως ἅπαντα ποιῶν καὶ κτώμενος καὶ διδούς. στρατιώτης γὰρ ὢν λογίζεσθαι τὰ προσιόντα καὶ τἀναλισκόμενα δι’ ἀσχολίαν οὐκ ἠδύνατο. ἔπειτα δ’ οἱ ἑταῖροι αὐτοῦ ἐκ πολλῶν τόπων ἦσαν συνερρυηκότες· οἱ μὲν γὰρ ἐξ αὐτῆς τῆς χώρας, οἱ δὲ ἐκ Θετταλίας, οἱ δὲ ἐκ τῆς ἄλλης Ἑλλάδος, οὐκ ἀριστίνδην ἐξειλεγμένοι, ἀλλ’ εἴ τις ἦν ἐν τοῖς Ἕλλησιν ἢ τοῖς βαρβάροις λάσταυρος ἢ βδελυρὸς ἢ θρασὺς τὸν τρόπον, οὗτοι σχεδὸν ἅπαντες εἰς Μακεδονίαν ἀθροισθέντες ἑταῖροι Φιλίππου προσηγορεύοντο. εἰ δὲ καὶ μὴ τοιοῦτός τις ὢν ἐληλύθει, ὑπὸ τοῦ βίου καὶ τῆς διαίτης τῆς Μακεδονικῆς ταχέως ἐκείνοις ὅμοιος ἐγίνετο. τὰ μὲν γὰρ οἱ πόλεμοι καὶ αἱ στρατεῖαι, τὰ δὲ καὶ αἱ πολυτέλειαι θρασεῖς αὐτοὺς εἶναι προετρέποντο καὶ ζῆν μὴ κοσμίως, ἀλλ’ ἀσώτως καὶ τοῖς λῃσταῖς παραπλησίως.᾽ Δοῦρις δ’ ἐν ζ Μακεδονικῶν περὶ Πασικύπρου λέγων τοῦ ἐν Κύπρῳ βασιλέως ὅτι ἄσωτος ἦν γράφει καὶ τάδε· ᾽ Ἀλέξανδρος μετὰ τὴν Τύρου πολιορκίαν Πνυταγόραν ἀποστέλλων ἄλλας τε δωρεὰς ἔδωκε καὶ χωρίον ὃ ᾐτήσατο. πρότερον δὲ τοῦτο Πασίκυπρος ὁ βασιλεύων ἀπέδοτο δι’ ἀσωτίαν πεντήκοντα ταλάντων Πυγμαλίωνι τῷ Κιτιεῖ, ἅμα τὸ χωρίον καὶ τὴν αὑτοῦ βασιλείαν καὶ λαβὼν τὰ χρήματα κατεγήρασεν ἐν Ἀμαθοῦντι τοιοῦτος ἐγένετο καὶ Αἰθίοψ ὁ Κορίνθιος, ὥς φησι Δημήτριος ὁ Σκήψιος, οὗ μνημονεύει Ἀρχίλοχος, ὑπὸ φιληδονίας γὰρ καὶ ἀκρασίας καὶ οὗτος μετ’ Ἀρχίου πλέων εἰς Σικελίαν ὅτ’ ἔμελλεν κτίζειν Συρακούσας τῷ ἑαυτοῦ συσσίτῳ μελιτούττης ἀπέδοτο τὸν κλῆρον ὃν ἐν Συρακούσαις λαχὼν ἔμελλεν ἕξειν. ᾽
But Demetrius carried his extravagance to such a height, he, I mean, who was the descendant of Demetrius Phalereus, according to the account of Hegesander, that he had Aristagora the Corinthian for a mistress, and lived in a most expensive manner. And when the Areopagitæ summoned him before them, and ordered him to live more decorously— “But even now,” said he, “I live like a gentleman, for I have a most beautiful mistress, and I do no wrong to any one, and I drink Chian wine, and I have a sufficiency of everything, as my own revenues suffice for all these expenses. And I do not live as some of you do, corrupted by bribes myself, and intriguing with other men's wives.” And hereupon he enumerated some who acted in this manner by name. And Antigonus the king, having heard this, made him a thesmothete. And he, being an hipparch at the Panathenæa, erected a seat close to the statues of Mercury for Aristagora, higher than the Mercuries themselves. And when the mysteries were celebrated at Eleusis, he placed a seat for her close to the temple, saying that those who endeavored to hinder him should repent it.
εἰς τοσοῦτον δ’ ἀσωτίας ἐληλύθει καὶ Δημήτριος ὁ Δημητρίου τοῦ Φαληρέως ἀπόγονος, ὥς φησιν Ἡγήσανδρος, ὥστε Ἀρισταγόραν μὲν ἔχειν τὴν Κορινθίαν ἐρωμένην, ζῆν δὲ πολυτελῶς. ἀνακαλεσαμένων δ’ αὐτὸν τῶν Ἀρεοπαγιτῶν καὶ κελευόντων βέλτιον ζῆν, ᾽ ἀλλὰ καὶ νῦν, εἶπεν, ἐλευθερίως ζῶ. καὶ γὰρ ἑταίραν ἔχω τὴν καλλίστην καὶ ἀδικῶ οὐδένα καὶ πίνω Χῖον οἶνον καὶ τἄλλ’ ἀρκούντως παρασκευάζομαι, τῶν ἰδίων μου προσόδων εἰς ταῦτα ἐκποιουσῶν, οὐ καθάπερ ὑμῶν ἔνιοι δεκαζόμενος ζῶ καὶ μοιχεύων καὶ τῶν τὰ τοιαῦτα πραττόντων καὶ ἐπ’ ὀνόματός τινας κατέλεξε. ταῦτα δ’ ἀκούσας Ἀντίγονος ὁ βασιλεὺς θεσμοθέτην αὐτὸν κατέστησεν. τοῖς δὲ Παναθηναίοις ἵππαρχος ὢν ἰκρίον ἔστησε πρὸς τοῖς Ἑρμαῖς Ἀρισταγόρᾳ μετεωρότερον τῶν Ἑρμῶν, Ἐλευσῖνί τε μυστηρίων ὄντων ἔθηκεν αὐτῇ θρόνον παρὰ τὸ ἀνάκτορον, οἰμώξεσθαι φήσας τοὺς κωλύσοντας.
But Phanodemus, and also Philochorus, have related that in former times the judges of the Areopagus used to summon before them and to punish profligate and extravagant men, and those who had no ostensible means of living: and many others have told the same story. At all events, those judges sent for Menedemus and Asclepiades the philosophers when they were young men and poor, and asked them how they managed to look so sleek and comfortable when they spent the whole day idling with philosophers, and had no property. And they replied that some one of the men about the mill had better be sent for. And when he came and said that they came every night to the mill and threshed and ground the corn, and each earned two drachmæ, the judges of the Areopagus marvelled, and presented them with two hundred drachmæ as a reward. And the citizens of Abdera brought Democritus to trial, on the ground that he had wasted the estate which he had inherited from his father. And when he had read to them his Great World, and his treatise concerning the Things in the Shades below, and had said that he had spent it on these works, he was discharged.
ὅτι δὲ τοὺς ἀσώτους καὶ τοὺς μὴ ἔκ τινος περιουσίας ζῶντας τὸ παλαιὸν ἀνεκαλοῦντο οἱ Ἀρεοπαγῖται καὶ ἐκόλαζον, ἱστόρησαν Φανόδημος καὶ Φιλόχορος ἄλλοι τε πλείους. Μενέδημον γοῦν καὶ Ἀσκληπιάδην τοὺς φιλοσόφους νέους ὄντας καὶ πενομένους μεταπεμψάμενοι ἠρώτησαν πῶς ὅλας τὰς ἡμέρας τοῖς φιλοσόφοις συσχολάζοντες, κεκτημένοι δὲ μηδέν, εὐεκτοῦσιν οὕτω τοῖς σώμασι· καὶ οἱ ἐκέλευσαν μεταπεμφθῆναί τινα τῶν μυλωθρῶν. ἐλθόντος δ’ ἐκείνου καὶ εἰπόντος ὅτι νυκτὸς ἑκάστης κατιόντες εἰς τὸν μυλῶνα καὶ ἀλοῦντες δύο δραχμὰς ἀμφότεροι λαμβάνουσι, θαυμάσαντες οἱ Ἀρεοπαγῖται διακοσίαις δραχμαῖς ἐτίμησαν αὐτούς. καὶ Δημόκριτον δ’ Ἀβδηρῖται δημοσίᾳ κρίνοντες ὡς κατεφθαρκότα τὰ πατρῷα, ἐπειδὴ ἀναγνοὺς αὐτοῖς τὸν μέγαν διάκοσμον καὶ τὰ περὶ τῶν ἐν Ἅιδου εἰπὼν εἰς ταῦτα ἀνηλωκέναι, ἀφείθη.
But those men who are not so luxurious, as Amphis says—Drink two entire days in every day,Shaking their heads through their too mighty draughts.And according to Diphilus—Having three heads, like to Diana's statue.Being enemies to their own estate, as Satyrus in his treatise on Characters said, running through their land, tearing to pieces and plundering their own houses, selling their own property as if it were the spoils of the enemy, considering not what has been spent, but what will be spent, and not what will remain afterwards, but what will not remain, having spent beforehand in their youth the money which ought to have carried them safely through old age, rejoicing in companionship, not in companions, and in their wine, and not in those who drink it with them. But Agatharchides the Corinthian, in the twenty-eighth book of his Commentary on the Affairs of Europe, says “that Gnosippus, who was a very luxurious and extravagant man in Sparta, was forbidden by the Ephori to hold intercourse with the young men.” And among the Romans, it is related, according to the statement of Posidonius, in the forty-ninth book of his Histories, that there was a man named Apicius who went beyond all other men in intemperance. This is that Apicius who was the cause of banishment to Rutilius, who wrote the history of the Romans in the Greek language. But concerning Apicius, the man, I mean, who is so notorious for his extravagant luxury, we have already spoken in our first book.
οἱ δὲ μὴ οὕτως ἄσωτοι κατὰ τὸν Ἄμφιν πίνουσ’ ἑκάστης ἡμέρας δι’ ἡμέρας, διασειόμενοι τοὺς κροτάφους ὑπὸ τοῦ ἀκράτου, καὶ κατὰ τὸν Δίφιλον κεφαλὰς ἔχοντες τρεῖς ὥσπερ Ἀρτεμίσιον, πολέμιοι τῆς οὐσίας ὑπάρχοντες, ὡς Σάτυρος ἐν τοῖς περὶ χαρακτήρων εἴρηκεν, κατατρέχοντες τὸν ἀγρόν, διαρπάζοντες τὴν οἰκίαν, λαφυροπωλοῦντες τὰ ὑπάρχοντα, σκοποῦντες οὐ τί δεδαπάνηται ἀλλὰ τί δαπανηθήσεται, οὐδὲ τί περιέσται ἀλλὰ τί οὐ περιέσται, ἐν τῇ νεότητι τὰ τοῦ γήρως ἐφόδια προκαταναλίσκοντες, χαίροντες τῇ ἑταίρᾳ, οὐ τοῖς ἑταίροις, καὶ τῷ οἴνῳ, οὐ τοῖς συμπόταις. Ἀγαθαρχίδης δ’ ὁ Κνίδιος ἐν τῇ ὀγδόῃ πρὸς ταῖς κ τῶν Εὐρωπιακῶν Γνώσιππον, φησίν, ἄσωτον γενόμενον ἐν τῇ Σπάρτῃ ἐκώλυον οἱ ἔφοροι συναναστρέφεσθαι τοῖς νέοις. παρὰ δὲ Ῥωμαίοις μνημονεύεται, ὥς φησι Ποσειδώνιος ἐν τῇ ἐνάτῃ καὶ τεσσαρακοστῇ τῶν ἱστοριῶν, Ἀπίκιόν τινα ἐπὶ ἀσωτίᾳ πάντας ἀνθρώπους ὑπερηκοντικέναι. οὗτος δ’ ἐστὶν Ἀπίκιος ὁ καὶ τῆς φυγῆς αἴτιος γενόμενος Ῥουτιλίῳ τῷ τὴν Ῥωμαικὴν ἱστορίαν ἐκδεδωκότι τῇ Ἑλλήνων φωνῇ. περὶ δὲ Ἀπικίου τοῦ καὶ αὐτοῦ ἐπὶ ἀσωτίᾳ διαβοήτου ἐν τοῖς πρώτοις εἰρήκαμεν.
But Diogenes the Babylonian, in his treatise on Nobility of Birth, says “that the son of Phocion, whose name was Phocus, was such a man that there was not one Athenian who did not hate him. And whenever any one met him they said to him, 'O you man who are a disgrace to your family!' For he had expended all his patrimony on intemperance; and after this he became a flatterer of the prefect of Munychia; on which account he was again attacked and reproached by every one. And once, when a voluntary contribution was being made, he came forward and said, before the whole assembly, ' I, too, contribute my share.' And the Athenians all with one accord cried out, 'Yes, to profligacy.' And Phocus was a man very fond of drinking hard; and accordingly, when he had conquered with horses at the Panathenæa, and when Sopater entertained his companions at a banquet, the preparation was very splendid, and foot-tubs full of wine and spices were set before all who came in. And his father, seeing this, called Phocus, and said, 'Will you not stop your companion from polluting your victory in this fashion?'” And I know too of many other intemperate and extravagant men, whom I leave you to find out, with the exception of Callias the son of Hipponicus, whom even the tutors of little children have heard of. But concerning the others whom I have been a little hasty in mentioning, if you have anything to say, I have the doors of my ears open. So speak; for I want to know something. Besides Magnus used the words ἐπεσθίειν and ἐπιφαγεῖν. And Aemilianus said, you have the word ἀσώτιον used by Strattis, in his Chrysippus, where he says—He will not e'en have time to ease himself,Nor to turn to an ἀσώτιον, nor e'en,If a man meets him, to converse with him.
Διογένης δ’ ὁ Βαβυλώνιος ἐν τοῖς περὶ εὐγενείας τὸν Φωκίωνος υἱόν, φησί, Φῶκον οὐκ ἦν ὃς οὐκ ἐμίσει Ἀθηναίων καὶ ὁπότε ἀπαντήσειέ τις αὐτῷ ἔλεγεν ᾽ ὦ καταισχύνας τὸ γένος πάντα γὰρ ἀνάλωσε τὸ πατρῷα εἰς ἀσωτίαν καὶ μετὰ ταῦτα ἐκολάκευε τὸν ἐπὶ τῆς Μουνυχίας· ἐφ’ ᾧ πάλιν ὑπὸ πάντων ἐπερραπίζετο. ἐπιδόσεων δέ ποτε γινομένων παρελθὼν καὶ αὐτὸς εἰς τὴν ἐκκλησίαν ἔφη ἐπιδίδωμι κἀγώ,᾽ καὶ οἱ Ἀθηναῖοι ὁμοθυμαδὸν ἀνεβόησαν ᾽εἰς ἀκολασίαν ἦν δ’ ὁ Φῶκος καὶ φιλοπότης. νικήσαντος γοῦν αὐτοῦ ἵπποις Παναθήναια ὡς ὁ πατὴρ εἱστία τοὺς ἑταίρους, συνελθόντων εἰς τὸ δεῖπνον λαμπρὰ μὲν ἦν ἡ παρασκευὴ καὶ τοῖς εἰσιοῦσι προσεφέροντο ποδονιπτῆρες οἴνου δι’ ἀρωμάτων, οὓς ἰδὼν ὁ πατήρ καλέσας τὸν Φῶκον ᾽ οὐ παύσεις, ἔφη, τὸν ἑταῖρον διαφθείροντά σου τὴν νίκην; ᾽ οἶδα δὲ καὶ ἄλλους ἀσώτους πολλούς, περὶ ὧν ὑμῖν καταλείπω ζητεῖν, πλὴν Καλλίου τοῦ Ἱππονίκου, ὃν καὶ οἱ τῶν παίδων οἴδασι παιδαγωγοί, περὶ δὲ τῶν ἄλλων ὧν φθάνω προβεβληκὼς εἴ τι λέγειν ἔχετε, ᾽ ἀναπεπταμένας ἔχω τῶν ὤτων τὰς πύλας ὥστε λέγετε ἐπιζητῶ γὰρ καὶ ὅπερ ὁ Μάγνος εἴρηκε τὸ ἐπεσθίειν καὶ τὸ ἐπιφαγεῖν.καὶ ὁ Αἰμιλιανὸς ἔφη·τὸ μὲν ἀσώτιον ἔχεις παρὰ Στράττιδι ἐν Χρυσίππῳ λέγοντι οὕτως εἰ μηδέ χέσαι γ’ αὐτῷ σχολὴ γενήσεται μηδ’ εἰς ἀσώτιον τραπέσθαι μηδ’ ἐὰν αὐτῷ ξυναντᾷ τις, λαλῆσαι μηδὲ ἕν.
But the instruments used by a cook are enumerated by Anaxippus, in his Harp-player, as follows:—Bring me a ladle and a dozen spits,A flesh-hook, and a mortar, and a cheese-scraper,A cylinder, three troughs, a knife, four choppers.Will you not, O man hated by the gods,Make haste and put the kettle on the fireAnd are you now still dawdling at that dish?And with that largest chopper?But Aristophanes calls the dish which we commonly call χύτρα, a κακκάβη, in his play of the Women occupying the Tents; saying—Warm now the κακκάβη of the preceptor.And, in his Daitaleis, he says—To bring the κακκάβη from thence.And Antiphanes, in his Friend to the Thebans, says—We now have everything; for that fine eelFrom Thebes, a namesake of the one in-doors,Mingling within the hollow κακκάβη,Is warm, and leaps, is boiled, and bubbles up.But Antiphanes calls a dish βατάνιον, in his Euthydicus—Then came a polypus all cut in pieces,And boiled ἐν βατανίοισιν.And Alexis, in his Asclepioclides, says—But I when sojourning in Sicily,Learn'd to cook with such dexterity,That I make all the guests with eagernessInvade the dishes (βατάνια) with their teeth at times.But Antiphanes spells the word with a π; writing it πατάνιον, in his Wedding—πατάνια, beet, and assafœtida,Dishes and candles, coriander and onions,And salt and olives, and round dishes too.And Philetærus says, in his Œnopion—Here let the cook of dainty dishes (πατανίων) come.And, in a subsequent passage, he says—He seems to have more pupils for his dishesThan even Stratonicus had.And Antiphanes, in his Parasite, said this—A. Another bulky man, large as a table,And nobly born, will come besides this man.B. Whom do you mean?A. A new Carystian,Born of the earth and warm.B. Tell me his name,Or else begone.A. I mean a κάκκαβος,But you, perhaps, would call it merely dish.B. What do I care what name you give to it?Whether men like to call it κάκκαβοςOr σίττυβος, I know the thing you mean.But Eubulus, in his Ionian, uses both forms, both βατάνιον and πατάνιον, where he says—Round dishes, and βατάνια, and caccabia,And Iopadia, and πατάνια, in crowdsCountless, I could not tell you half their names.
μαγειρικὰ δὲ σκευή καταριθμεῖται Ἀνάξιππος ἐν Κιθαρῳδῷ οὕτως· ζωμήρυσιν φέροις, ὀβελίσκους δώδεκα, κρεάγραν, θυίαν, τυροκνῆστιν παιδικήν, στελεόν, σκαφίδας τρεῖς, δορίδα, κοπίδας τέτταρας. οὐ μὴ πρότερον οἴσεις, θεοῖσιν ἐχθρὲ σύ, τὸ λεβήτιον, τἀκ τοῦ νίτρου πάλιν ὑστερεῖς; καὶ τὴν κύβηλιν, τὴν ταγηνιστηρίαν· τὴν χύτραν δ’ Ἀριστοφάνης ἐν Σκηνὰς καταλαμβανούσαις κακκάβην εἴρηκεν οὕτως τὴν κακκάβην γὰρ κᾶε. β. τοῦ διδασκάλου; κἀν Δαιταλεῦσι· κἄγειν ἐκεῖθεν κακκάβην. Ἀντιφάνης δ’ ἐν Φιλοθηβαίῳ· πάντ’ ἔστιν ἡμῖν ἥ τε γὰρ συνώνυμος τῆς ἔνδον οὔσης ἔγχελυς Βοιωτία μιχθεῖσα κοίλοις ἐν βυθοῖσι κακκάβης χλιαίνετ᾽, αἴρεθ᾽, ἕψεται, παφλάζεται. βατάνιον δ’ εἴρηκεν Ἀντιφάνης ἐν Εὐθυδίκῳ· ἔπειτα πουλύπους τετμημένος ἐν βατανίοισιν ἑφθός. Ἄλεξις ἐν Ἀσκληπιοκλείδῃ· οὕτως δ’ ὀψοποιεῖν εὐφυῶς περὶ τὴν Σικελίαν αὐτὸς ἔμαθον ὥστε τοὺς δειπνοῦντας εἰς τὰ βατάνι’ ἐμβάλλειν ποῶ ἐνίοτε τοὺς ὀδόντας ὑπὸ τῆς ἡδονῆς. πατάνιον δὲ διὰ τοῦ π Ἀντιφάνης ἐν Γάμῳ, πατάνια, σεῦτλον, σίλφιον, χύτρας, λύχνους, κορίαννα, κρόμμυ᾽, ἅλας, ἔλαιον, τρυβλίον. Φιλέταιρος Οἰνοπίωνι· ὁ μάγειρος οὗτος Πατανίων προσελθέτω. καὶ πάλιν πλείους Στρατονίκου τοὺς μαθητάς μοι δοκεῖ ἕξειν Πατανίων. ἐν δὲ Παρασίτῳ ὁ Ἀντιφάνης καὶ τάδε εἴρηκεν ἄλλος ἐπὶ τούτῳ μέγας ἥξει τις ἰσοτράπεζος εὐγενής β. τίνα λέγεις; α. Καρύστου θρέμμα, γηγενής, ζέων β. εἶτ’ οὐκ ἂν εἴποις; ὕπαγε. α. κάκκαβον λέγω· σὺ δ’ ἴσως ἂν εἴποις λοπάδ᾽. β. ἐμοὶ δὲ τοὔνομα οἴει διαφέρειν, εἴτε κάκκαβόν τινες χαίρουσιν ὀνομάζοντες εἴτε σίττυβον, πλὴν ὅτι λέγεις ἀγγεῖον οἶδα; Εὔβουλος δ’ ἐν Ἴωνι καὶ βατάνια καὶ πατάνια λέγει ἐν τούτοις· τρυβλία δὲ καὶ βατάνια καὶ κακκάβια καὶ λοπάδια καὶ πατάνια ποικιλόθροα καὶ οὐδ’ ἂν λέγων λέξαιμι.
But Alexis made a catalogue of seasonings, in his play called the Caldron, saying—A. Let me have no excuses, no “I have not.”B. But tell me what you want—I will take all.A. Quite right. Go first of all and take some sesame.B. There's some within.A. Take some grapes dried and cut,Some fennel, anise, assafœtida,Mustard and cabbage, some dry coriander,Sumach and cummin, capers, marjoram,Leeks, garlic, thyme, sage, seseli,Some new-made wine boil'd down, some rue and spinach.And, in his Woman working all Night, or the Spinners, he introduces a cook as saying—I must run round, and bawl for what I want;You'll call for supper when you home return,And I have got no vinegar, nor anise,Nor marjoram, nor fig-leaves, nor sweet oil,Nor almonds, nor the lees of new-made wine,Nor garlic, no, nor leeks, nor onions,No fire, no cummin seed, no salt, no eggs,No wood, no trough, no frying-pan, no rope;No pail, no cistern, neither well nor pitcher;Here I stand useless with but knife in hand,Girt and prepared for action all in vain.And, in his Wicked Woman, he says—First of all take a dish of goodly size,And put in marjoram and pounded herbs,Steep'd to a fair extent in vinegar,Colour'd with new made wine, and flavoured withPlenty of potent assafœtida.And Teleclides used the word ἐπεσθίειν, in his Prytanes, in this manner:—τύριον ἐπεσθίοντα, eating cheese.And Eupolis used the word ἐπιφαγεῖν in his Taxiarchs—Wishing to eat (ἐπιφαγεῖν) of nothingBut just an onion and three pickled olives.And Aristophanes, in his Plutus, says—Once, out of poverty, he ate up (ἐπήσθιεν) everything.
ἡδυσμάτων δὲ κατάλογον Ἄλεξις ἐποιήσατο ἐν Λέβητι οὕτως …μὴ προφάσεις ἐνταῦθά μοι, μηδ’ οὐκ ἔχω. β. ἀλλὰ λέγ’ ὅτου δεῖ, λήψομαι γὰρ πάντ’ ἐγώ. α. ὀρθῶς γε· πρῶτον μὲν λάβ’ ἐλθὼν σήσαμα. β. ἀλλ’ ἔστιν ἔνδον. α. ἀσταφίδα κεκομμένην, μάραθον, ἄνηθον, νᾶπυ, καυλόν, σίλφιον, κορίαννον αὖον, ῥοῦν, κύμινον, κάππαριν, ὀρίγανον, γήτειον, σκόροδον, θύμον, σφάκον, σίραιον, σέσελι, πήγανον, πράσον.ἐν δὲ Παννυχίδι ἢ Ἐρίθοις· μάγειρον δὲ ποιεῖ λέγοντα· κύκλῳ δεήσει περιτρέχειν με καὶ βοᾶν, ἄν του δέωμαι. δεῖπνον αἰτήσεις με σὺ ἤδη παρελθών; οὐκ ἔχων δὲ τυγχάνω οὐκ ὄξος, οὐκ ἄνηθον, οὐκ ὀρίγανον, οὐ θρῖον, οὐκ ἔλαιον, οὐκ ἀμυγδάλας, οὐ σκόροδον, οὐ σίραιον, οὐχὶ γήθυον, οὐ βολβόν, οὐ πῦρ, οὐ κύμινον, οὐχ ἅλας, οὐκ ᾠόν, οὐ ξύλ᾽, οὐ σκάφην, οὐ τήγανον, οὐχ ἱμονιάν, οὐ λάκκον εἶδον, οὐ φρέαρ· οὐ στάμνος ἔστι· διακενῆς δ’ ἕστηκ’ ἐγὼ ἔχων μάχαιραν, προσέτι περιεζωσμένος. κἀν Πονήρᾳ· τῆς ὀριγάνου πρώτιστον ὑποθεὶς εἰς λοπάδα νεανικὴν τὸ τρίμμ’ ἐπιπολῆς εὐρύθμως διειμένον ὄξει, σιραίῳ χρωματίσας καὶ σιλφίῳ, πυκνῷ πατάξας. ἐπεσθίειν εἴρηκε Τηλεκλείδης Πρυτάνεσιν οὕτως· τυρίον ἐπεσθίοντα. ἐπιφαγεῖν δ’ Εὔπολις Ταξιάρχοις· ἐπιφαγεῖν μηδὲν ἄλλ’ ἢ κρόμμυον λέποντα καὶ τρεῖς ἁλμάδας. καὶ Ἀριστοφάνης Πλούτῳ· πρὸ τοῦ δ’ ὑπὸ τῆς πενίας ἅπαντ’ ἐπήσθιεν.
But there was another class of men somewhat different from the cooks, called τραπεζοποιοὶ, setters out of tables. But what their office was is plainly stated by Antiphanes, in his Sojourner—Hither I come, and bring this table-setter,Who soon shall wash the cloths, and trim the lamps,Prepare the glad libations, and do every thingWhich to his office may pertain.And it is worth inquiring whether the τραπεζοκόμος is the same person as the τραπεζοποιός. For king Juba, in his treatise on Similitudes, says that the τραπεζοκόμος is the same person who is called by the Romans structor, quoting from the play of Alexander, which is entitled Potation—Now for to-morrow I must get a flute-player,A table-setter, and a workman too.This was my master's reason for despatching meOn this commision from his country seat.But they called him τραπεζοποιὸς who took care of the tables, and of everything else which required order and good mnagement. Philemon says, in his “The Uninvited Guest”—There is no need of long deliberationAbout the kitchen, for the table-setterIs bound to look to that; that is his office.They also used the word ἐπιτραπεζώματα, meaning by th s the food which was placed upon the table. Plato says, in the Menelaus—How little now is left of the ἐπιτραπεζώματα.They also called the man who bought the meat, the Ἀγοραστὴς, but now they call him ὀψωνάτωρ, an officer whom Xenophon mentions, in the second book of the Memorabilia, speaking thus:—“Could we expect to get a steward and buyer of such a character for nothing” But the same word is used in a more general sense by Menander, in his Phanius—He was a thrifty and a moderate buyer (ἀγοραστής):And Aristophanes calls him ὀψώνης, in his Tagenistæ, saying—How the purveyor (ὀψώνης) seems to delay our supper.Cratinus, too, uses the verb παροψωνέω, in his Cleobulinæ, where he says * * * * * * And Alexis uses the verb παραγοράζω, in the same sense, (to buy dainty side-dishes,) in his Dropidas. There are people called εἰλέατροι; they are those, according to Pamphilus, who invite people to the king's table, having their name derived from ἐλεός (a kitchen table). But Artemidorus calls them δειπνοκλήτορες. They also used to call the tasters (according to the statement of the same Pamphilus) ἐδέατροι, because they ate of dishes before the king with a view to his safety. But now, the person called ἐδέατρος is the superintendent of the whole management of the feast; and that office is very eminent and honourable. Accordingly, Chares, in the third book of his Histories, says that Ptolemy surnamed Soter, was originally appointed as the taster (ἐδέατρος) of Alexander. And it appears that the person whom the Romans now call the taster was at that time called by the Greeks προτένθης. As Aristophanes, in the earlier of his plays, called the Clouds, says—A. Why then do not the magistrates receiveThe prytanea on the new-moon's day,But on the day before?B. They seem to meTo act like tasters (πρότενθαι) who in hopes to takeThe prytanea with all possible speed,Taste them on this account all on one day.And Pherecrates mentions them, in his Countrymen—Do not you marvel; we are of the numberOf skilful tasters (προτένθων), but you know us not.And Philyllus says, in his Hercules—Must I then tell you who I am to-day?I am that taster called Dorpia.And I find also a decree passed, while Cephisodrus was archer at Athens, in which the tasters are mentioned as a regular guild or college; just like the men who are called parasites. For the decree runs thus:—“Phocus proposed that, in order that the council might celebrate the Apaturia with the rest of the Athenians, in accordance with the national customs, that it should be decreed by the council, that the councillors should be released for the day, as also the other councils have been dismissed, for a holiday of five days from the day which the tasters (οἱ πρότενθαι) celebrate.” And that the ancients had people who were called “tasters” Xenophon tells us in his treatise which is entitled Hiero or the Tyrant, where he says, “The tyrant lives, never trusting either meat or drink, but they order those who minister to them to taste them first, in the place of offering libations to the gods; because they feel a distrust lest they should eat or drink something pernicious.” And Anaxilas, in his Calypso, says—First the old woman here shall taste your drink.
τῶν δὲ μαγείρων διάφοροί τινες ἦσαν οἱ καλούμενοι τραπεζοποιοί. εἰς ὃ δὲ οὗτοι παρελαμβάνοντο σαφῶς παρίστησιν Ἀντιφάνης ἐν Μετοίκῳ· προσέλαβον ἐλθὼν τουτονὶ τραπεζοποιόν, ὃς πλυνεῖ σκεύη, λύχνους ἑτοιμάσει, σπονδὰς ποιήσει, τἄλλ’ ὅσα τούτῳ προσήκει. ζητητέον δὲ εἰ καὶ ὁ τραπεζοκόμος ὁ αὐτὸς ἐστι τῷ τραπεζοποιῷ. Ἰόβας γὰρ ὁ βασιλεὺς ἐν ταῖς Ὁμοιότησι τὸν αὐτὸν εἶναί φησι τραπεζοκόμον καὶ τὸν ὑπὸ Ῥωμαίων καλούμενον στρούκτωρα, παρατιθέμενος ἐκ δράματος Ἀλεξάνδρου ᾧ ἐπιγραφὴ Πότος· εἰς αὔριόν με δεῖ λαβεῖν αὐλητρίδα. τραπεζοποιὸν, δημιουργὸν λήψομαι· ἐπὶ τοῦτ’ ἀπέστειλ’ ἐξ ἀγροῦ μ’ ὁ δεσπότης. ἐκάλουν δὲ τραπεζοποιὸν τὸν τραπεζῶν ἐπιμελητὴν καὶ τῆς ἄλλης εὐκοσμίας. Φιλήμων Παρεισιόντι· περὶ τοὐπτάνιον οὐ γίνεθ’ ἡ σκευωρία· τραπεζοποιὸς ἐστ’ ἐπὶ τοῦ διακονεῖν. ἔλεγον δὲ καὶ ἐπιτραπεζώματα τὰ ἐπιτιθέμενα τῇ τραπέζῃ βρώματα. Πλάτων Μενελάῳ· ὡς ὀλίγα λοιπὰ τῶν ἐπιτραπεζωμάτων. ἐκάλουν δὲ καὶ ἀγοραστὴν τὸν τὰ ὄψα ὠνούμενον, νῦν δ’ ὀψωνάτωρα, ὡς Ξενοφῶν ἐν δευτέρῳ Ἀπομνημονευμάτων οὑτωσὶ λέγων διάκονον δ’ ἂν καὶ ἀγοραστὴν τὸν τοιοῦτον ἐθέλοιμεν προῖκα λαβεῖν; παρὰ δὲ Μενάνδρῳ ἐστὶ κοινότερον ἐν Φανίῳ· φειδωλὸς ἦν καὶ μέτριος ἀγοραστής. ὀψώνην δ’ εἴρηκεν Ἀριστοφάνης ἐν Ταγηνισταῖς διὰ τούτων ὡς οὑψώνης διατρίβειν ἡμῖν τἄριστον ἔοικε. παροψωνεῖν δ’ ἔφη Κρατῖνος ἐν Κλεοβουλίναις οὕτως … παραγοράζειν δὲ Ἄλεξις ἐν Δρωπίδῃ. εἰλέατροι δὲ καλοῦνται, ὥς φησι Πάμφιλος, οἱ ἐπὶ τὴν βασιλικὴν καλοῦντες τράπεζαν παρὰ τὸ ἐλεόν. Ἀρτεμίδωρος δ’ αὐτοὺς δειπνοκλήτορας ὀνομάζει, ἐκάλουν δέ, φησί, καὶ τοὺς προγεύστας ἐδεάτρους, ὅτι προήσθιον τῶν βασιλέων πρὸς ἀσφάλειαν. νῦν δὲ ὁ ἐδέατρος ἐπιστάτης γέγονε τῆς ὅλης διακονίας, ἦν δ’ ἐπιφανὴς καὶ ἔντιμος ἡ χρεία. Χάρης γοῦν ἐν τῇ γ τῶν ἱστοριῶν Πτολεμαῖόν φησι τὸν Σωτῆρα ἐδέατρον ἀποδειχθῆναι Ἀλεξάνδρου, μήποτε δὲ καὶ ὃν νῦν καλοῦσι Ῥωμαῖοι πρωτογεύστην τότε οἱ Ἕλληνες προτένθην ὠνόμαζον, ὡς Ἀριστοφάνης ἐν προτέραις Νεφέλαις διὰ τούτων στρ. πῶς οὐ δέχονται δῆτα τῇ νουμηνίᾳ ἁρχαὶ τὰ πρυτανεῖ᾽, ἀλλ’ ἕνῃ τε καὶ νέᾳ; φειδ. ὅπερ οἱ προτένθαι γὰρ δοκοῦσιν μοι παθεῖν ἵν’ ὡς τάχιστα τὰ πρυτανεῖ’ ὑφελοίατο, διὰ τοῦτο προὐτένθευσαν ἡμέρᾳ μιᾷ. μνημονεύει αὐτῶν καὶ Φερεκράτης ἐν Ἀγρίοις· μὴ θαυμάσῃς· τῶν γὰρ προτενθῶν ἐσμέν, ἀλλ’ οὐκ οἶσθα σύ. καὶ Φιλύλλιος ἐν Ἡρακλεῖ· βούλεσθε δῆτ’ ἐγὼ φράσω τίς εἰμ’ ἐγώ; ἡ τῶν προτενθῶν Δορπία καλουμένη. εὑρίσκω δὲ καὶ ψήφισμα ἐπὶ Κηφισοδώρου ἄρχοντος Ἀθήνησι γενόμενον, ἐν ᾧ ὥσπερ τι σύστημα οἱ προτένθαι εἰσί, καθάπερ καὶ οἱ παράσιτοι ὀνομαζόμενοι, ἔχον οὕτως· Φῶκος εἶπεν ὅπως ἂν ἡ βουλὴ ἄγῃ τὰ Ἀπατούρια μετὰ τῶν ἄλλων Ἀθηναίων κατὰ τὰ πάτρια, ἐψηφίσθαι τῇ βουλῇ ἀφεῖσθαι τοὺς βουλευτὰς τὰς ἡμέρας ἅσπερ καὶ αἱ ἄλλαι ἀρχαὶ αἱ ἀφεταὶ ἀπὸ τῆς ἡμέρας ἧς οἱ προτένθαι ἄγουσι πέντε ἡμέρας. ὅτι δ’ εἶχον οἱ ἀρχαῖοι καὶ τοὺς προγεύστας καλουμένους Ξενοφῶν ἐν τῷ ἐπιγραφομένῳ Ἱέρωνι ἢ τυραννικῷ φησιν ὁ τύραννος οὐδὲ σιτίοις καὶ ποτοῖς πιστεύων διάγει, ἀλλὰ καὶ τούτων ἀντὶ τοῦ ἀπάρχεσθαι θεοῖς τοῖς διακονοῦσι πρῶτον κελεύουσιν ἀπογεύεσθαι διὰ τὸ ἀπιστεῖν μὴ καὶ ἐν τούτοις κακόν τι φάγωσιν ἢ πίωσιν. Ἀναξίλας δ’ ἐν Καλυψοῖ φησιν προγεύσεταί σοι πρῶτον ἡ γραῦς τοῦ ποτοῦ.