1. Whoever wishes to investigate medicine properly, should proceed thus: in the first place to consider the seasons of the year, and what effects each of them produces (for they are not at all alike, but differ much from themselves in regard to their changes). Then the winds, the hot and the cold, especially such as are common to all countries, and then such as are peculiar to each locality. We must also consider the qualities of the waters, for as they differ from one another in taste and weight, so also do they differ much in their qualities. In the same manner, when one comes into a city to which he is a stranger, he ought to consider its situation, how it lies as to the winds and the rising of the sun; for its influence is not the same whether it lies to the north or the south, to the rising or to the setting sun. These things one ought to consider most attentively, and concerning the waters which the inhabitants use, whether they be marshy and soft, or hard, and running from elevated and rocky situations, and then if saltish and unfit for cooking; and the ground, whether it be naked and deficient in water, or wooded and well watered, and whether it lies in a hollow, confined situation, or is elevated and cold; and the mode in which the inhabitants live, and what are their pursuits, whether they are fond of drinking and eating to excess, and given to indolence, or are fond of exercise and labor, and not given to excess in eating and drinking.
1. ἰητρικὴν ὅστις βούλεται ὀρθῶς ζητεῖν, τάδε χρὴ ποιεῖν· πρῶτον μὲν ἐνθυμεῖσθαι τὰς ὥρας τοῦ ἔτεος, ὅ τι δύναται ἀπεργάζεσθαι ἑκάστη· οὐ γὰρ ἐοίκασιν ἀλλήλοισιν οὐδέν, ἀλλὰ πολὺ διαφέρουσιν αὐταί τε ἐφʼ ἑωυτέων καὶ ἐν τῇσι μεταβολῇσιν· ἔπειτα δὲ τὰ πνεύματα τὰ θερμά τε καὶ τὰ ψυχρά, μάλιστα μὲν τὰ κοινὰ πᾶσιν ἀνθρώποισιν, ἔπειτα δὲ καὶ τὰ ἐν ἑκάστῃ χώρῃ ἐπιχώρια ἐόντα. δεῖ δὲ καὶ τῶν ὑδάτων ἐνθυ μεῖσθαι τὰς δυνάμιας· ὥσπερ γὰρ ἐν τῷ στόματι διαφέρουσι καὶ ἐν τῷ σταθμῷ, οὕτω καὶ ἡ δύναμις διαφέρει πολὺ ἑκάστου. ὥστε ἐς πόλιν ἐπειδὰν ἀφίκηταί τις, ἧς ἄπειρός ἐστι, διαφροντίσαι χρὴ τὴν θέσιν αὐτῆς, ὅκως κεῖται καὶ πρὸς τὰ πνεύματα καὶ πρὸς τὰς ἀνατολὰς τοῦ ἡλίου. οὐ γὰρ τωὐτὸ δύναται ἥτις πρὸς βορέην κεῖται καὶ ἥτις πρὸς νότον οὐδʼ ἥτις πρὸς ἥλιον ἀνίσχοντα οὐδʼ ἥτις πρὸς δύνοντα. ταῦτα δὲ χρὴ ἐνθυμεῖσθαι ὡς κάλλιστα καὶ τῶν ὑδάτων πέρι ὡς ἔχουσι, καὶ πότερον ἑλώδεσι χρέονται καὶ μαλθακοῖσιν ἢ σκληροῖσί τε καὶ ἐκ μετεώρων καὶ πετρωδέων εἴτε ἁλυκοῖσι καὶ ἀτεράμνοισιν· καὶ τὴν γῆν, πότερον ψιλή τε καὶ ἄνυδρος ἢ δασεῖα καὶ ἔφυδρος καὶ εἴτε ἔγκοιλός ἐστι καὶ πνιγηρὴ εἴτε μετέωρος καὶ ψυχρή· καὶ τὴν δίαιταν τῶν ἀνθρώπων, ὁκοίῃ ἥδονται, πότερον φιλοπόται καὶ ἀριστηταὶ καὶ ἀταλαίπωροι ἢ φιλογυμνασταί τε καὶ φιλόπονοι καὶ ἐδωδοὶ καὶ ἄποτοι.
2. From these things he must proceed to investigate everything else. For if one knows all these things well, or at least the greater part of them, he cannot miss knowing, when he comes into a strange city, either the diseases peculiar to the place, or the particular nature of common diseases, so that he will not be in doubt as to the treatment of the diseases, or commit mistakes, as is likely to be the case provided one had not previously considered these matters. And in particular, as the season and the year advances, he can tell what epidemic diseases will attack the city, either in summer or in winter, and what each individual will be in danger of experiencing from the change of regimen. For knowing the changes of the seasons, the risings and settings of the stars, how each of them takes place, he will be able to know beforehand what sort of a year is going to ensue. Having made these investigations, and knowing beforehand the seasons, such a one must be acquainted with each particular, and must succeed in the preservation of health, and be by no means unsuccessful in the practice of his art. And if it shall be thought that these things belong rather to meteorology, it will be admitted, on second thoughts, that astronomy contributes not a little, but a very great deal, indeed, to medicine. For with the seasons the digestive organs of men undergo a change.
2. καὶ ἀπὸ τούτων χρὴ ἐνθυμεῖσθαι ἕκαστα. εἰ γὰρ ταῦτα εἰδείη τις καλῶς, μάλιστα μὲν πάντα, εἰ δὲ μή, τά γε πλεῖστα, οὐκ ἂν αὐτὸν λανθάνοι ἐς πόλιν ἀφικνεόμενον, ἧς ἂν ἄπειρος ᾖ, οὔτε νοσήματα ἐπιχώρια οὔτε τῶν κοινῶν ἡ φύσις, ὁκοίη τίς ἐστιν· ὥστε μὴ ἀπορεῖσθαι ἐν τῇ θεραπείῃ τῶν νούσων μηδὲ διαμαρτάνειν· ἃ εἰκός ἐστι γίνεσθαι, ἢν μή τις ταῦτα πρότερον εἰδὼς προφροντίσῃ περὶ ἑκάστου· τοῦ δὲ χρόνου προϊόντος καὶ τοῦ ἐνιαυτοῦ λέγοι ἄν, ὁκόσα τε νοσήματα μέλλει πάγκοινα τὴν πόλιν κατασχή σειν ἢ θέρεος ἢ χειμῶνος, ὁκόσα τε ἴδια ἑκάστῳ κίνδυνος γίνεσθαι ἐκ μεταβολῆς τῆς διαίτης. εἰδὼς γὰρ τῶν ὡρέων τὰς μεταβολὰς καὶ τῶν ἄστρων τὰς ἐπιτολάς τε καὶ δύσιας, καθότι ἕκαστον τούτων γίνεται, προειδείη ἂν τὸ ἔτος ὁκοῖόν τι μέλλει γίνεσθαι. οὕτως ἄν τις ἐννοεύμενος καὶ προγινώσκων τοὺς καιροὺς μάλιστʼ ἂν εἰδείη περὶ ἑκάστου καὶ τὰ πλεῖστα τυγχάνοι τῆς ὑγιείης καὶ κατορθοίη οὐκ ἐλάχιστα ἐν τῇ τέχνῃ. εἰ δὲ δοκέοι τις ταῦτα μετεωρολόγα εἶναι, εἰ μετασταίη τῆς γνώμης, μάθοι ἄν, ὅτι οὐκ ἐλάχιστον μέρος συμβάλλεται ἀστρονομίη ἐς ἰητρικήν, ἀλλὰ πάνυ πλεῖστον. ἅμα γὰρ τῇσιν ὥρῃσι καὶ αἱ νοῦσοι καὶ αἱ κοιλίαι μεταβάλλουσιν τοῖσιν ἀνθρώποισιν.
3. But how of the aforementioned things should be investigated and explained, I will now declare in a clear manner. A city that is exposed to hot winds (these are between the wintry rising, and the wintry setting of the sun), and to which these are peculiar, but which is sheltered from the north winds; in such a city the waters will be plenteous and saltish, and as they run from an elevated source, they are necessarily hot in summer, and cold in winter; the heads of the inhabitants are of a humid and pituitous constitution, and their bellies subject to frequent disorders, owing to the phlegm running down from the head; the forms of their bodies, for the most part, are rather flabby; they do not eat nor drink much; drinking wine in particular, and more especially if carried to intoxication, is oppressive to them; and the following diseases are peculiar to the district: in the first place, the women are sickly and subject to excessive menstruation; then many are unfruitful from disease, and not from nature, and they have frequent miscarriages; infants are subject to attacks of convulsions and asthma, which they consider to be connected with infancy, and hold to be a sacred disease (epilepsy). The men are subject to attacks of dysentery, diarrhea, hepialus, chronic fevers in winter, of epinyctis, frequently, and of hemorrhoids about the anus. Pleurisies, peripneumonies, ardent fevers, and whatever diseases are reckoned acute, do not often occur, for such diseases are not apt to prevail where the bowels are loose. Ophthalmies occur of a humid character, but not of a serious nature, and of short duration, unless they attack epidemically from the change of the seasons. And when they pass their fiftieth year, defluxions supervening from the brain, render them paralytic when exposed suddenly to strokes of the sun, or to cold. These diseases are endemic to them, and, moreover, if any epidemic disease connected with the change of the seasons, prevail, they are also liable to it.
3. ὅκως δὲ χρὴ ἕκαστα τῶν προειρημένων σκοπεῖν καὶ βασανίζειν, ἐγὼ φράσω σαφέως. ἥτις μὲν πόλις πρὸς τὰ πνεύματα κεῖται τὰ θερμά — ταῦτα δʼ ἐστὶ μεταξὺ τῆς τε χειμερινῆς ἀνατολῆς τοῦ ἡλίου καὶ τῶν δυσμέων τῶν χειμερινῶν — καὶ αὐτῇ ταῦτα τὰ πνεύματά ἐστι σύννομα, τῶν δὲ ἀπὸ τῶν ἄρκτων πνευμάτων σκέπη, ἐν ταύτῃ τῇ πόλει ἐστὶ τά τε ὕδατα πολλὰ καὶ ὕφαλα, καὶ ἀνάγκη εἶναι μετέωρα, τοῦ μὲν θέρεος θερμά, τοῦ δὲ χειμῶνος ψυχρά· τούς τε ἀνθρώπους τὰς κεφαλὰς ὑγρὰς ἔχειν καὶ φλεγματώδεας, τάς τε κοιλίας αὐτῶν πυκνὰ ἐκταράσσεσθαι ἀπὸ τῆς κεφαλῆς τοῦ φλέγματος ἐπικαταρρέοντος· τά τε εἴδεα ἐπὶ τὸ πλῆθος αὐτῶν ἀτονώτερα εἶναι· ἐσθίειν δʼ οὐκ ἀγαθοὺς εἶναι οὐδὲ πίνειν. ὁκόσοι μὲν γὰρ κεφαλὰς ἀσθενέας ἔχουσιν, οὐκ ἂν εἴησαν ἀγαθοὶ πίνειν· ἡ γὰρ κραιπάλη μᾶλλον πιέζει. νοσήματά τε τάδε ἐπιχώρια εἶναι· πρῶτον μὲν τὰς γυναῖκας νοσερὰς καὶ ῥοώδεας εἶναι· ἔπειτα πολλὰς ἀτόκους ὑπὸ νούσου καὶ οὐ φύσει ἐκτιτρώσκεσθαί τε πυκνά· τοῖσί τε παιδίοισιν ἐπιπίπτειν σπασμούς τε καὶ ἄσθματα καὶ ἃ νομίζουσι τὸ παιδίον ποιεῖν καὶ ἱερὴν νοῦσον εἶναι· τοῖσι δὲ ἀνδράσι δυσεντερίας καὶ διαρροίας καὶ ἠπιάλους καὶ πυρετοὺς πολυχρονίους χειμερινοὺς καὶ ἐπινυκτίδας πολλὰς καὶ αἱμορροΐδας ἐν τῇ ἕδρῃ. πλευρίτιδες δὲ καὶ περιπνευμονίαι καὶ καῦσοι καὶ ὁκόσα ὀξέα νοσήματα νομίζονται εἶναι οὐκ ἐγγίνονται πολλά. οὐ γὰρ οἷόν τε, ὅκου ἂν κοιλίαι ὑγραὶ ἔωσι, τὰς νούσους ταύτας ἰσχύειν. ὀφθαλμίαι τε ἐγγίνονται ὑγραὶ καὶ οὐ χαλεπαί, ὀλιγοχρόνιοι, ἦν μή τι κατάσχῃ νόσημα πάγκοινον ἐκ μεταβολῆς μεγάλης. καὶ ὁκόταν τὰ πεντήκοντα ἔτεα ὑπερβάλωσι, κατάρροοι ἐπιγενόμενοι ἐκ τοῦ ἐγκεφάλου παραπληκτικοὺς ποιέουσι τοὺς ἀνθρώπους, ὁκόταν ἐξαίφνης ἡλιωθέωσι τὴν κεφαλὴν ἢ ῥιγώσωσι. ταῦτα μὲν τὰ νοσήματα αὐτοῖσιν ἐπιχώριά ἐστι. χωρὶς δέ, ἤν τι πάγκοινον κατάσχῃ νόσημα ἐκ μεταβολῆς τῶν ὡρέων, καὶ τούτου μετέχουσιν.
4. But the following is the condition of cities which have the opposite exposure, namely, to cold winds, between the summer settings and the summer risings of the sun, and to which these winds are peculiar, and which are sheltered from the south and the hot breezes. In the first place the waters are, for the most part, hard cold. The men must necessarily be well braced and slender, and they must have the discharges downwards of the alimentary canal hard, and of difficult evacuation, while those upwards are more fluid, and rather bilious than pituitous. Their heads are sound and hard, and they are liable to burstings (of vessels?) for the most part. The diseases which prevail epidemically with them, are pleurisies, and those which are called acute diseases. This must be the case when the bowels are bound; and from any causes, many become affected with suppurations in the lungs, the cause of which is the tension of the body, and hardness of the bowels; for their dryness and the coldness of the water dispose them to ruptures (of vessels?). Such constitutions must be given to excess of eating, but not of drinking; for it is not possible to be gourmands and drunkards at the same time. Ophthalmies, too, at length supervene; these being of a hard and violent nature, and soon ending in rupture of the eyes; persons under thirty years of age are liable to severe bleedings at the nose in summer; attacks of epilepsy are rare but severe. Such people are likely to be rather long-lived; their ulcers are not attended with serious discharges, nor of a malignant character; in disposition they are rather ferocious than gentle. The diseases I have mentioned are peculiar to the men, and besides they are liable to any common complaint which may be prevailing from the changes of the seasons. But the women, in the first place, are of a hard constitution, from the waters being hard, indigestible, and cold; and their menstrual discharges are not regular, but in small quantity, and painful. Then they have difficult parturition, but are not very subject to abortions. And when they do bring forth children, they are unable to nurse them; for the hardness and indigestable nature of the water puts away their milk. Phthisis frequently supervenes after childbirth, for the efforts of it frequently bring on ruptures and strains. Children while still little are subject to dropsies in the testicle, which disappear as they grow older; in such a town they are late in attaining manhood. It is, as I have now stated, with regard to hot and cold winds and cities thus exposed.
4. ὁκόσαι δʼ ἀντικέονται τούτων πρὸς τὰ πνεύματα τὰ ψυχρὰ τὰ μεταξὺ τῶν δυσμέων τῶν θερινῶν τοῦ ἡλίου καὶ τῆς ἀνατολῆς τῆς θερινῆς, καὶ αὐτῇσι ταῦτα τὰ πνεύματα ἐπιχώριά ἐστι, τοῦ δὲ νότου καὶ τῶν θερμῶν πνευμάτων σκέπη, ὧδε ἔχει περὶ τῶν πολίων τούτων· πρῶτον μὲν τὰ ὕδατα σκληρά τε καὶ ψυχρὰ ὡς ἐπὶ τὸ πλῆθος ἐγγίνεται. τοὺς δὲ ἀνθρώπους εὐτόνους τε καὶ σκελιφροὺς ἀνάγκη εἶναι, τούς τε πλείους τὰς κοιλίας ἀτεράμνους ἔχειν καὶ σκληρὰς τὰς κάτω, τὰς δὲ ἄνω εὐροωτέρας· χολώδεάς τε μᾶλλον ἢ φλεγματίας εἶναι. τὰς δὲ κεφαλὰς ὑγιηρὰς ἔχουσι καὶ σκληράς· ῥηγματίαι τέ εἰσιν ἐπὶ τὸ πλῆθος. νοσεύματα δὲ αὐτοῖσιν ἐπιδημεῖ τάδε· πλευρίτιδές τε πολλαὶ αἵ τε ὀξεῖαι νομιζόμεναι νοῦσοι. ἀνάγκη δὲ ὧδε ἔχειν, ὁκόταν αἱ κοιλίαι σκληραὶ ἔωσιν· ἔμπυοί τε πολλοὶ γίνονται ἀπὸ πάσης προφάσιος. τούτου δὲ αἴτιόν ἐστι τοῦ σώματος ἡ ἔντασις καὶ ἡ σκληρότης τῆς κοιλίης. ἡ γὰρ ξηρότης ῥηγματίας ποιεῖ εἶναι καὶ τοῦ ὕδατος ἡ ψυχρότης. ἐδωδοὺς δὲ ἀνάγκη τὰς τοιαύτας φύσιας εἶναι καὶ οὐ πολυπότας· οὐ γὰρ οἷόν τε ἅμα πολυβόρους τε εἶναι καὶ πολυπότας· ὀφθαλμίας τε γίνεσθαι μὲν διὰ χρόνου, γίνεσθαι δὲ σκληρὰς καὶ ἰσχυράς, καὶ εὐθέως ῥήγνυσθαι τὰ ὄμματα· αἱμορροίας δὲ ἐκ τῶν ῥινῶν τοῖσι νεωτέροισι τριήκοντα ἐτέων γίνεσθαι ἰσχυρὰς τοῦ θέρεος· τά τε ἱερὰ νοσεύματα καλεύμενα, ὀλίγα μὲν ταῦτα, ἰσχυρὰ δέ. μακροβίους δὲ τοὺς ἀνθρώπους τούτους μᾶλλον εἰκὸς εἶναι τῶν ἑτέρων· τά τε ἕλκεα οὐ φλεγματώδεα ἐγγίνεσθαι οὐδὲ ἀγριοῦσθαι· τά τε ἤθεα ἀγριώτερα ἢ ἡμερώτερα. τοῖσι μὲν ἀνδράσι ταῦτα τὰ νοσήματα ἐπιχώριά ἐστι· καὶ χωρίς, ἤν τι πάγκοινον κατάσχῃ ἐκ μεταβολῆς τῶν ὡρέων· τῇσι δὲ γυναιξί· πρῶτον μὲν στερίφαι πολλαὶ γίνονται διὰ τὰ ὕδατα ἐόντα σκληρά τε καὶ ἀτέραμνα καὶ ψυχρά. αἱ γὰρ καθάρσιες οὐκ ἐπιγίνονται τῶν ἐπιμηνίων ἐπιτήδειαι, ἀλλὰ ὀλίγαι καὶ πονηραί. ἔπειτα τίκτουσι χαλεπῶς· ἐκτιτρώσκουσι δὲ οὐ σφόδρα. ὁκόταν δὲ τέκωσι, τὰ παιδία ἀδύνατοι τρέφειν εἰσί· τὸ γὰρ γάλα ἀποσβέννυται ἀπὸ τῶν ὑδάτων τῆς σκληρότητος καὶ ἀτεραμνίης· φθίσιές τε γίνονται συχναὶ ἀπὸ τῶν τοκετῶν. ὑπὸ γὰρ βίης ῥήγματα ἴσχουσι καὶ σπάσματα. τοῖς δὲ παιδίοισιν ὕδρωπες ἐγγίνονται ἐν τοῖσιν ὄρχεσιν, ἕως μικρὰ ᾖ· ἔπειτα προϊούσης τῆς ἡλικίης ἀφανίζονται· ἡβῶσί τε ὀψὲ ἐν ταύτῃ τῇ πόλει.
5. Cities that are exposed to winds between the summer and the winter risings of the sun, and those the opposite to them, have the following characters:— Those which lie to the rising of the sun are all likely to be more healthy than such as are turned to the North, or those exposed to the hot winds, even if there should not be a furlong between them. In the first place, both the heat and cold are more moderate. Then such waters as flow to the rising sun, must necessarily be clear, fragrant, soft, and delightful to drink, in such a city. For the sun in rising and shining upon them purifies them, by dispelling the vapors which generally prevail in the morning. The persons of the inhabitants are, for the most part, well colored and blooming, unless some disease counteract. The inhabitants have clear voices, and in temper and intellect are superior to those which are exposed to the north, and all the productions of the country in like manner are better. A city so situated resembles the spring as to moderation between heat and cold, and the diseases are few in number, and of a feeble kind, and bear a resemblance to the diseases which prevail in regions exposed to hot winds. The women there are very prolific, and have easy deliveries. Thus it is with regard to them.
5. περὶ μὲν οὖν τῶν θερμῶν πνευμάτων καὶ τῶν ψυχρῶν καὶ τῶν πολίων τούτων ὧδε ἔχει ὡς προείρηται. ὁκόσαι δὲ κέονται πρὸς τὰ πνεύματα τὰ μεταξὺ τῶν θερινῶν ἀνατολέων τοῦ ἡλίου καὶ τῶν χειμερινῶν καὶ ὁκόσαι τὸ ἐναντίον τούτων, ὧδε ἔχει περὶ αὐτέων· ὁκόσαι μὲν πρὸς τὰς ἀνατολὰς τοῦ ἡλίου κέονται, ταύτας εἰκὸς εἶναι ὑγιεινοτέρας τῶν πρὸς τὰς ἄρκτους ἐστραμμένων καὶ τῶν πρὸς τὰ θερμά, ἢν καὶ στάδιον τὸ μεταξὺ ᾖ. πρῶτον μὲν γὰρ μετριώτερον ἔχει τὸ θερμὸν καὶ τὸ ψυχρόν· ἔπειτα τὰ ὕδατα, ὁκόσα πρὸς τὰς τοῦ ἡλίου ἀνατολάς ἐστι, ταῦτα λαμπρά τε εἶναι ἀνάγκη καὶ εὐώδεα καὶ μαλθακὰ καὶ ἐρατεινὰ ἐγγίνεσθαι ἐν ταύτῃ τῇ πόλει· ὁ γὰρ ἥλιος † κωλύει ἀνίσχων καὶ καταλάμπων. τὸ γὰρ ἑωθινὸν ἑκάστοτε αὐτὸς ὁ ἠὴρ ἐπέχει ὡς ἐπὶ τὸ πολύ.† τά τε εἴδεα τῶν ἀνθρώπων εὔχροά τε καὶ ἀνθηρά ἐστι μᾶλλον ἢ ἄλλῃ ἢν μή τις νοῦσος κωλύῃ. λαμπρόφωνοί τε οἱ ἄνθρωποι ὀργήν τε καὶ σύνεσιν βελτίους εἰσὶ τῶν προσβορείων, ᾗπερ καὶ τὰ ἄλλα τὰ ἐμφυόμενα ἀμείνω ἐστίν. ἔοικέ τε μάλιστα ἡ οὕτω κειμένη πόλις ἦρι κατὰ τὴν μετριότητα τοῦ θερμοῦ καὶ τοῦ ψυχροῦ· τά τε νοσεύματα ἐλάσσω μὲν γίνεται καὶ ἀσθενέστερα, ἔοικε δὲ τοῖς ἐν τῇσι πόλεσι γενομένοις νοσεύμασι τῇσι πρὸς τὰ θερμὰ πνεύματα ἐστραμμένῃσιν. αἵ τε γυναῖκες αὐτόθι ἀρικύμονές εἰσι σφόδρα καὶ τίκτουσι ῥηϊδίως.
6. But such cities as lie to the west, and which are sheltered from winds blowing from the east, and which the hot winds and the cold winds of the north scarcely touch, must necessarily be in a very unhealthy situation: in the first place the waters are not clear, the cause of which is, because the mist prevails commonly in the morning, and it is mixed up with the water and destroys its clearness, for the sun does not shine upon the water until he be considerably raised above the horizon. And in summer, cold breezes from the east blow and dews fall; and in the latter part of the day the setting sun particularly scorches the inhabitants, and therefore they are pale and enfeebled, and are partly subject to all the aforesaid diseases, but no one is peculiar to them. Their voices are rough and hoarse owing to the state of the air, which in such a situation is generally impure and unwholesome, for they have not the northern winds to purify it; and these winds they have are of a very humid character, such being the nature of the evening breezes. Such a situation of a city bears a great resemblance to autumn as regards the changes of the day, inasmuch as the difference between morning and evening is great. So it is with regard to the winds that are conducive to health, or the contrary.
6. περὶ μὲν τούτων ὧδε ἔχει. ὁκόσαι δὲ πρὸς τὰς δύσιας κεῖνται καὶ αὐτῇσίν ἐστι σκέπη τῶν πνευμάτων τῶν ἀπὸ τῆς ἠοῦς πνεόντων τά τε θερμὰ πνεύματα παραρρεῖ καὶ τὰ ψυχρὰ ἀπὸ τῶν ἄρκτων, ἀνάγκη ταύτας τὰς πόλιας θέσιν κεῖσθαι νοσερωτάτην. πρῶτον μὲν γὰρ τὰ ὕδατα οὐ λαμπρά· αἴτιον δέ, ὅτι ὁ ἠὴρ τὸ ἑωθινὸν κατέχει ὡς ἐπὶ τὸ πολύ, ὅστις τῷ ὕδατι ἐγκαταμιγνύμενος τὸ λαμπρὸν ἀφανίζει· ὁ γὰρ ἥλιος πρὶν ἄνω ἀρθῆναι οὐκ ἐπιλάμπει. τοῦ δὲ θέρεος ἕωθεν μὲν αὖραι ψυχραὶ πνέουσι καὶ δρόσοι πίπτουσι· τὸ δὲ λοιπὸν ἥλιος ἐγκαταδύνων ὥστε μάλιστα διέψει τοὺς ἀνθρώπους, διὸ καὶ ἀχρόους τε εἰκὸς εἶναι καὶ ἀρρώστους, τῶν τε νοσευμάτων πάντων μετέχειν μέρος τῶν προειρημένων· οὐδὲν γὰρ αὐτοῖς ἀποκέκριται. βαρυφώνους τε εἰκὸς εἶναι καὶ βραγχώδεας διὰ τὸν ἠέρα, ὅτι ἀκάθαρτος ὡς ἐπὶ τὸ πολὺ αὐτόθι γίνεται καὶ νοσώδης· οὔτε γὰρ ὑπὸ τῶν βορείων ἐκκρίνεται σφόδρα· οὐ γὰρ προσέχουσι τὰ πνεύματα· ἅ τε προσέχουσιν αὐτοῖσι καὶ πρόσκεινται ὑδατεινότατά ἐστιν· ἐπεὶ τοιαῦτα τὰ ἀπὸ τῆς ἑσπέρης πνεύματα· ἔοικέν τε μετοπώρῳ μάλιστα ἡ θέσις ἡ τοιαύτη τῆς πόλιος κατὰ τὰς τῆς ἡμέρης μεταβολάς, ὅτι πολὺ τὸ μέσον γίνεται τοῦ τε ἑωθινοῦ καὶ τοῦ πρὸς τὴν δείλην.
7. And I wish to give an account of the other kinds of waters, namely, of such as are wholesome and such as are unwholesome, and what bad and what good effects may be derived from water; for water contributes much towards health. Such waters then as are marshy, stagnant, and belong to lakes, are necessarily hot in summer, thick, and have a strong smell, since they have no current; but being constantly supplied by rain-water, and the sun heating them, they necessarily want their proper color, are unwholesome and form bile; in winter, they become congealed, cold, and muddy with the snow and ice, so that they are most apt to engender phlegm, and bring on hoarseness; those who drink them have large and obstructed spleens, their bellies are hard, emaciated, and hot; and their shoulders, collar-bones, and faces are emaciated; for their flesh is melted down and taken up by the spleen, and hence they are slender; such persons then are voracious and thirsty; their bellies are very dry both above and below, so that they require the strongest medicines. This disease is habitual to them both in summer and in winter, and in addition they are very subject to dropsies of a most fatal character; and in summer dysenteries, diarrheas, and protracted quartan fevers frequently seize them, and these diseases when prolonged dispose such constitutions to dropsies, and thus prove fatal. These are the diseases which attack them in summer; but in winter younger persons are liable to pneumonia, and maniacal affections; and older persons to ardent fevers, from hardness of the belly. Women are subject to oedema and leucophlegmasiae; when pregnant they have difficult deliveries; their infants are large and swelled, and then during nursing they become wasted and sickly, and the lochial discharge after parturition does not proceed properly with the women. The children are particularly subject to hernia, and adults to varices and ulcers on their legs, so that persons with such constitutions cannot be long-lived, but before the usual period they fall into a state of premature old age. And further, the women appear to be with child, and when the time of parturition arrives, the fulness of the belly disappears, and this happens from dropsy of the uterus. Such waters then I reckon bad for every purpose. The next to them in badness are those which have their fountains in rocks, so that they must necessarily be hard, or come from a soil which produces thermal waters, such as those having iron, copper, silver, gold, sulphur, alum, bitumen, or nitre (soda) in them; for all these are formed by the force of heat. Good waters cannot proceed from such a soil, but those that are hard and of a heating nature, difficult to pass by urine, and of difficult evacuation by the bowels. The best are those which flow from elevated grounds, and hills of earth; these are sweet, clear, and can bear a little wine; they are hot in summer and cold in winter, for such necessarily must be the waters from deep wells. But those are most to be commended which run to the rising of the sun, and especially to the summer sun; for such are necessarily more clear, fragrant, and light. But all such as are salty, crude, and harsh, are not good for drink. But there are certain constitutions and diseases with which such waters agree when drunk, as I will explain presently. Their characters are as follows: the best are such as have their fountains to the east; the next, those between the summer risings and settings of the sun, and especially those to the risings; and third, those between the summer and winter settings; but the worst are those to the south, and the parts between the winter rising and setting, and those to the south are very bad, but those to the north are better. They are to be used as follows: whoever is in good health and strength need not mind, but may always drink whatever is at hand. But whoever wishes to drink the most suitable for any disease, may accomplish his purpose by attending to the following directions: To persons whose bellies are hard and easily burnt up, the sweetest, the lightest, and the most limpid waters will be proper; but those persons whose bellies are soft, loose, and pituitous, should choose the hardest, those kinds that are most crude, and the saltiest, for thus will they be most readily dried up; for such waters as are adapted for boiling, and are of a very solvent nature, naturally loosen readily and melt down the bowels; but such as are intractable, hard, and by no means proper for boiling, these rather bind and dry up the bowels. People have deceived themselves with regard to salt waters, from inexperience, for they think these waters purgative, whereas they are the very reverse; for such waters are crude, and ill adapted for boiling, so that the belly is more likely to be bound up than loosened by them. And thus it is with regard to the waters of springs.
7. περὶ μὲν πνευμάτων, ἅ τέ ἐστιν ἐπιτήδεια καὶ ἀνεπιτήδεια, ὧδε ἔχει. περὶ δὲ τῶν λοιπῶν ὑδάτων βούλομαι διηγήσασθαι, ἅ τέ ἐστι νοσώδεα καὶ ἃ ὑγιεινότατα καὶ ὁκόσα ἀφʼ ὕδατος κακὰ εἰκὸς γίνεσθαι καὶ ὅσα ἀγαθά. πλεῖστον γὰρ μέρος συμβάλλεται ἐς τὴν ὑγιείην. ὁκόσα μὲν οὖν ἐστιν ἑλώδεα καὶ στάσιμα καὶ λιμναῖα, ταῦτα ἀνάγκη τοῦ μὲν θέρεος εἶναι θερμὰ καὶ παχέα καὶ ὀδμὴν ἔχοντα, ἅτε οὐκ ἀπόρρυτα ἐόντα· ἀλλὰ τοῦ τε ὀμβρίου ὕδατος ἐπιφερομένου αἰεὶ νέου τοῦ τε ἡλίου καίοντος ἀνάγκη ἄχροά τε εἶναι καὶ πονηρὰ καὶ χολώδεα, τοῦ δὲ χειμῶνος παγετώδεά τε καὶ ψυχρὰ καὶ τεθολωμένα ὑπό τε χιόνος καὶ παγετῶν, ὥστε φλεγματωδέστατα εἶναι καὶ βραγχωδέστατα. τοῖσι δὲ πίνουσι σπλῆνας μὲν αἰεὶ μεγάλους εἶναι καὶ μεμυωμένους καὶ τὰς γαστέρας σκληράς τε καὶ λεπτὰς καὶ θερμάς, τοὺς δὲ ὤμους καὶ τὰς κληῖδας καὶ τὸ πρόσωπον καταλελεπτύσθαι· ἐς γὰρ τὸν σπλῆνα αἱ σάρκες συντήκονται, διότι ἰσχνοί εἰσιν· ἐδωδούς τε εἶναι τοὺς τοιούτους καὶ διψηρούς· τάς τε κοιλίας ξηροτάτας τε καὶ θερμοτάτας καὶ τὰς ἄνω καὶ τὰς κάτω ἔχειν, ὥστε τῶν φαρμάκων ἰσχυροτέρων δεῖσθαι. τοῦτο μὲν τὸ νόσημα αὐτοῖσι σύντροφόν ἐστι καὶ θέρεος καὶ χειμῶνος. πρὸς δὲ τούτοισιν οἱ ὕδρωπες πλεῖστοί τε γίνονται καὶ θανατωδέστατοι. τοῦ γὰρ θέρεος δυσεντερίαι τε πολλαὶ ἐμπίπτουσι καὶ διάρροιαι καὶ πυρετοὶ τεταρταῖοι πολυχρόνιοι. ταῦτα δὲ τὰ νοσεύματα μηκυνθέντα τὰς τοιαύτας φύσιας ἐς ὕδρωπας καθίστησι καὶ ἀποκτείνει. ταῦτα μὲν αὐτοῖσι τοῦ θέρεος γίνεται. τοῦ δὲ χειμῶνος τοῖσι νεωτέροισι μὲν περιπνευμονίαι τε καὶ μανιώδεα νοσεύματα, τοῖσι δὲ πρεσβυτέροισι καῦσοι διὰ τὴν τῆς κοιλίης σκληρότητα. τῇσι δὲ γυναιξὶν οἰδήματα ἐγγίνεται καὶ φλέγμα λευκόν, καὶ ἐν γαστρὶ ἴσχουσι μόλις καὶ τίκτουσι χαλεπῶς· μεγάλα τε τὰ ἔμβρυα καὶ οἰδέοντα. ἔπειτα ἐν τῇσι τροφῇσι φθινώδεά τε καὶ πονηρὰ γίνεται· ἥ τε κάθαρσις τῇσι γυναιξὶν οὐκ ἐπιγίνεται χρηστὴ μετὰ τὸν τόκον. τοῖσι δὲ παιδίοισι κῆλαι ἐπιγίνονται μάλιστα καὶ τοῖσιν ἀνδράσι κίρσοι καὶ ἕλκεα ἐν τῇσι κνήμῃσιν, ὥστε τὰς τοιαύτας φύσιας οὐχ οἷόν τε μακροβίους εἶναι, ἀλλὰ προγηράσκειν τοῦ χρόνου τοῦ ἱκνευμένου. ἔτι δὲ αἱ γυναῖκες δοκέουσιν ἔχειν ἐν γαστρί, καὶ ὁκόταν ὁ τόκος ᾖ, ἀφανίζεται τὸ πλήρωμα τῆς γαστρός. τοῦτο δὲ γίνεται, ὁκόταν ὑδρωπιήσωσιν αἱ ὑστέραι. τὰ μὲν τοιαῦτα ὕδατα νομίζω μοχθηρὰ εἶναι πρὸς ἅπαν χρῆμα· δεύτερα δὲ ὅσων εἶεν αἱ πηγαὶ ἐκ πετρέων — σκληρὰ γὰρ ἀνάγκη εἶναι — ἢ ἐκ γῆς, ὅκου θερμὰ ὕδατά ἐστιν, ἢ σίδηρος γίνεται ἢ χαλκὸς ἢ ἄργυρος ἢ χρυσὸς ἢ θεῖον ἢ στυπτηρίη ἢ ἄσφαλτον ἢ νίτρον. ταῦτα γὰρ πάντα ὑπὸ βίης γίνονται τοῦ θερμοῦ. οὐ τοίνυν οἷόν τε ἐκ τοιαύτης γῆς ὕδατα ἀγαθὰ γίνεσθαι, ἀλλὰ σκληρὰ καὶ καυσώδεα διουρεῖσθαί τε χαλεπὰ καὶ πρὸς τὴν διαχώρησιν ἐναντία εἶναι. ἄριστα δὲ ὁκόσα ἐκ μετεώρων χωρίων ῥεῖ καὶ λόφων γεηρῶν. αὐτά τε γάρ ἐστι γλυκέα καὶ λευκὰ καὶ τὸν οἶνον φέρειν ὀλίγον οἷά τέ ἐστιν. τοῦ δὲ χειμῶνος θερμὰ γίνεται, τοῦ δὲ θέρεος ψυχρά. οὕτω γὰρ ἂν εἴη ἐκ βαθυτάτων πηγέων. μάλιστα δὲ ἐπαινέω ὧν τὰ ῥεύματα πρὸς τὰς ἀνατολὰς τοῦ ἡλίου ἐρρώγασι καὶ μᾶλλον πρὸς τὰς θερινάς. ἀνάγκη γὰρ λαμπρότερα εἶναι καὶ εὐώδεα καὶ κοῦφα. ὁκόσα δέ ἐστιν ἁλυκὰ καὶ ἀτέραμνα καὶ σκληρά, ταῦτα μὲν πάντα πίνειν οὐκ ἀγαθά· εἰσὶ δʼ ἔνιαι φύσιες καὶ νοσεύματα, ἐς ἃ ἐπιτήδειά ἐστι τὰ τοιαῦτα ὕδατα πινόμενα, περὶ ὧν φράσω αὐτίκα. ἔχει δὲ περὶ τούτων ὧδε· ὁκόσων μὲν αἱ πηγαὶ πρὸς τὰς ἀνατολὰς ἔχουσι, ταῦτα μὲν ἄριστα αὐτὰ ἑωυτῶν ἐστι· δεύτερα δὲ τὰ μεταξὺ τῶν θερινῶν ἀνατολέων ἐστὶ τοῦ ἡλίου καὶ δυσίων, καὶ μᾶλλον τὰ πρὸς τὰς ἀνατολάς· τρίτα δὲ τὰ μεταξὺ τῶν δυσμέων τῶν θερινῶν καὶ τῶν χειμερινῶν· φαυλότατα δὲ τὰ πρὸς τὸν νότον καὶ τὰ μεταξὺ τῆς χειμερινῆς ἀνατολῆς καὶ δύσιος. καὶ ταῦτα τοῖσι μὲν νοτίοισι πάνυ πονηρά, τοῖσι δὲ βορείοισιν ἀμείνω. τούτοισι δὲ πρέπει ὧδε χρῆσθαι· ὅστις μὲν ὑγιαίνει τε καὶ ἔρρωται, μηδεν διακρίνειν, ἀλλὰ πίνειν αἰεὶ τὸ παρεόν. ὅστις δὲ νούσου εἵνεκα βούλεται τὸ ἐπιτηδειότατον πίνειν, ὧδε ἂν ποιέων μάλιστα τυγχάνοι τῆς ὑγιείης· ὁκόσων μὲν αἱ κοιλίαι σκληραί εἰσι καὶ συγκαίειν ἀγαθαί, τούτοισι μὲν τὰ γλυκύτατα συμφέρει καὶ κουφότατα καὶ λαμπρότατα· ὁκόσων δὲ μαλθακαὶ αἱ νηδύες καὶ ὑγραί εἰσι καὶ φλεγματώδεες, τούτοισι δὲ τὰ σκληρότατα καὶ ἀτεραμνότατα καὶ τὰ ὑφαλυκά· οὕτω γὰρ ἂν ξηραίνοιντο μάλιστα. ὁκόσα γὰρ ὕδατά ἐστιν ἕψειν ἄριστα καὶ τακερώτατα, ταῦτα καὶ τὴν κοιλίην διαλύειν εἰκὸς μάλιστα καὶ διατήκειν· ὁκόσα δέ ἐστιν ἀτέραμνα καὶ σκληρὰ καὶ ἥκιστα ἑψανά, ταῦτα δὲ συνίστησι μάλιστα τὰς κοιλίας καὶ ξηραίνει. ἀλλὰ γὰρ ψευσάμενοι εἰσὶν οἱ ἄνθρωποι τῶν ἁλμυρῶν ὑδάτων πέρι διʼ ἀπειρίην, καὶ ὅτι νομίζεται διαχωρητικά· τὰ δὲ ἐναντιώτατά ἐστι πρὸς τὴν διαχώρησιν· ἀτέραμνα γὰρ καὶ ἀνέψανα, ὥστε καὶ τὴν κοιλίην ὑπʼ αὐτῶν στύφεσθαι μᾶλλον ἢ τήκεσθαι.
8. I will now tell how it is with respect to rain-water, and water from snow. Rain waters, then, are the lightest, the sweetest, the thinnest, and the clearest; for originally the sun raises and attracts the thinnest and lightest part of the water, as is obvious from the nature of salts; for the saltish part is left behind owing to its thickness and weight, and forms salts; but the sun attracts the thinnest part, owing to its lightness, and he abstracts this not only from the lakes, but also from the sea, and from all things which contain humidity, and there is humidity in everything; and from man himself the sun draws off the thinnest and lightest part of the juices. As a strong proof of this, when a man walks in the sun, or sits down having a garment on, whatever parts of the body the sun shines upon do not sweat, for the sun carries off whatever sweat makes its appearance; but those parts which are covered by the garment, or anything else, sweat, for the particles of sweat are drawn and forced out by the sun, and are preserved by the cover so as not to be dissipated by the sun; but when the person comes into the shade the whole body equally perspires, because the sun no longer shines upon it. Wherefore, of all kinds of water, these spoil the soonest; and rain water has a bad spot smell, because its particles are collected and mixed together from most objects, so as to spoil the soonest. And in addition to this, when attracted and raised up, being carried about and mixed with the air, whatever part of it is turbid and darkish is separated and removed from the other, and becomes cloud and mist, but the most attenuated and lightest part is left, and becomes sweet, being heated and concocted by the sun, for all other things when concocted become sweet. While dissipated then and not in a state of consistence it is carried aloft. But when collected and condensed by contrary winds, it falls down wherever it happens to be most condensed. For this is likely to happen when the clouds being carried along and moving with a wind which does not allow them to rest, suddenly encounters another wind and other clouds from the opposite direction: there it is first condensed, and what is behind is carried up to the spot, and thus it thickens, blackens, and is conglomerated, and by its weight it falls down and becomes rain. Such, to all appearance, are the best of waters, but they require to be boiled and strained; for otherwise they have a bad smell, and occasion hoarseness and thickness of the voice to those who drink them. Those from snow and ice are all bad, for when once congealed, they never again recover their former nature; for whatever is clear, light, and sweet in them, is separated and disappears; but the most turbid and weightiest part is left behind. You may ascertain this in the following manner: If in winter you will pour water by measure into a vessel and expose it to the open air until it is all frozen, and then on the following day bring it into a warm situation where the ice will thaw, if you will measure the water again when dissolved you will find it much less in quantity. This is a proof that the lightest and thinnest part is dissipated and dried up by the congelation, and not the heaviest and thickest, for that is impossible: wherefore I hold that waters from snow and ice, and those allied to them, are the worst of any for all purposes whatever. Such are the characters of rain-water, and those from ice and snow.
8. καὶ περὶ μὲν τῶν πηγαίων ὑδάτων ὧδε ἔχει. περὶ δὲ τῶν ὀμβρίων καὶ ὁκόσα ἀπὸ χιόνος φράσω ὅκως ἔχει. τὰ μὲν οὖν ὄμβρια κουφότατα καὶ γλυκύτατά ἐστι καὶ λεπτότατα καὶ λαμπρότατα. τήν τε γὰρ ἀρχὴν ὁ ἥλιος ἀνάγει καὶ ἀναρπάζει τοῦ ὕδατος τό τε λεπτότατον καὶ κουφότατον. δῆλον δὲ οἱ ἅλες ποιέουσι. τὸ μὲν γὰρ ἁλμυρὸν λείπεται αὐτοῦ ὑπὸ πάχεος καὶ βάρεος καὶ γίνεται ἅλες, τὸ δὲ λεπτότατον ὁ ἥλιος ἀναρπάζει ὑπὸ κουφότητος· ἀνάγει δὲ τὸ τοιοῦτο οὐκ ἀπὸ τῶν ὑδάτων μοῦνον τῶν λιμναίων, ἀλλὰ καὶ ἀπὸ τῆς θαλάσσης καὶ ἐξ ἁπάντων ἐν ὁκόσοισι ὑγρόν τι ἔνεστιν. ἔνεστι δὲ ἐν παντὶ χρήματι. καὶ ἐξ αὐτῶν τῶν ἀνθρώπων ἄγει τὸ λεπτότατον τῆς ἰκμάδος καὶ κουφότατον. τεκμήριον δὲ μέγιστον· ὅταν ἄνθρωπος ἐν ἡλίῳ βαδίζῃ ἢ καθίζῃ ἱμάτιον ἔχων, ὁκόσα μὲν τοῦ χρωτὸς ὁ ἥλιος ἐφορᾷ, οὐχ ἱδρῴη ἄν· ὁ γὰρ ἥλιος ἀναρπάζει τὸ προφαινόμενον τοῦ ἱδρῶτος· ὁκόσα δὲ ὑπὸ τοῦ ἱματίου ἐσκέπασται ἢ ὑπʼ ἄλλου του, ἱδροῖ. ἐξάγεται μὲν γὰρ ὑπὸ τοῦ ἡλίου καὶ βιάζεται, σῴζεται δὲ ὑπὸ τῆς σκέπης, ὥστε μὴ ἀφανίζεσθαι ὑπὸ τοῦ ἡλίου. ὁκόταν δὲ ἐς σκιὴν ἀφίκηται, ἅπαν τὸ σῶμα ὁμοίως ἰδίει· οὐ γὰρ ἔτι ὁ ἥλιος ἐπιλάμπει. διὰ ταῦτα δὲ καὶ σήπεται τῶν ὑδάτων τάχιστα ταῦτα καὶ ὀδμὴν ἴσχει πονηρὴν τὸ ὄμβριον, ὅτι ἀπὸ πλείστων συνῆκται καὶ συμμέμικται, ὥστε σήπεσθαι τάχιστα. ἔτι δὲ πρὸς τούτοισιν ἐπειδὰν ἁρπασθῇ καὶ μετεωρισθῇ περιφερόμενον καὶ καταμεμιγμένον ἐς τὸν ἠέρα, τὸ μὲν θολερὸν αὐτοῦ καὶ νυκτοειδὲς ἐκκρίνεται καὶ ἐξίσταται καὶ γίνεται ἠὴρ καὶ ὀμίχλη, τὸ δὲ λαμπρότατον καὶ κουφότατον αὐτοῦ λείπεται καὶ γλυκαίνεται ὑπὸ τοῦ ἡλίου καιόμενόν τε καὶ ἑψόμενον. γίνεται δὲ καὶ τἄλλα πάντα τὰ ἑψόμενα αἰεὶ γλυκύτερα. ἕως μὲν οὖν διεσκεδασμένον ᾖ καὶ μήπω συνεστήκῃ, φέρεται μετέωρον. ὁκόταν δέ κου ἀθροισθῇ καὶ συστραφῇ ἐς τὸ αὐτὸ ὑπὸ ἀνέμων ἀλλήλοισιν ἐναντιωθέντων ἐξαίφνης, τότε καταρρήγνυται, ᾗ ἂν τύχῃ πλεῖστον συστραφέν. τότε γὰρ ἐοικὸς τοῦτο μᾶλλον γίνεσθαι, ὁκόταν τὰ νέφεα ὑπὸ ἀνέμου στάσιν μὴ ἔχοντος ὡρμημένα ἐόντα καὶ χωρέοντα ἐξαίφνης ἀντικόψῃ πνεῦμα ἐναντίον καὶ ἕτερα νέφεα· ἐνταῦθα τὸ μὲν πρῶτον αὐτοῦ συστρέφεται, τὰ δὲ ὄπισθεν ἐπιφέρεταί τε καὶ οὕτω παχύνεται καὶ μελαίνεται καὶ συστρέφεται ἐς τὸ αὐτὸ καὶ ὑπὸ βάρεος καταρρήγνυται καὶ ὄμβροι γίνονται. ταῦτα μέν ἐστιν ἄριστα κατὰ τὸ εἰκός. δεῖται δὲ ἀφέψεσθαι καὶ ἀποσήπεσθαι· εἰ δὲ μή, ὀδμὴν ἴσχει πονηρὴν καὶ βράγχος καὶ βῆχες καὶ βαρυφωνίη τοῖς πίνουσι προσίσταται. τὰ δὲ ἀπὸ χιόνος καὶ κρυστάλλων πονηρὰ πάντα. ὁκόταν γὰρ ἅπαξ παγῇ, οὐκ ἔτι ἐς τὴν ἀρχαίην φύσιν καθίσταται, ἀλλὰ τὸ μὲν αὐτοῦ λαμπρὸν καὶ κοῦφον καὶ γλυκὺ ἐκκρίνεται καὶ ἀφανίζεται, τὸ δὲ θολωδέστατον καὶ σταθμωδέστατον λείπεται. γνοίης δʼ ἂν ὧδε· εἰ γὰρ βούλει, ὅταν ᾖ χειμών, ἐς ἀγγεῖον μέτρῳ ἐγχέας ὕδωρ θεῖναι ἐς τὴν αἰθρίην, ἵνα πήξεται μάλιστα, ἔπειτα τῇ ὑστεραίῃ ἐσενεγκὼν ἐς ἀλέην, ὅκου χαλάσει μάλιστα ὁ παγετός, ὁκόταν δὲ λυθῇ, ἀναμετρεῖν τὸ ὕδωρ, εὑρήσεις ἔλασσον συχνῷ. τοῦτο τεκμήριον, ὅτι ὑπὸ τῆς πήξιος ἀφανίζεται καὶ ἀναξηραίνεται τὸ κουφότατον καὶ λεπτότατον, οὐ τὸ βαρύτατον καὶ παχύτατον· οὐ γὰρ ἂν δύναιτο. ταύτῃ οὖν νομίζω πονηρότατα ταῦτα τὰ ὕδατα εἶναι τὰ ἀπὸ χιόνος καὶ κρυστάλλου καὶ τὰ τούτοισιν ἑπόμενα πρὸς ἅπαντα χρήματα.
9. Men become affected with the stone, and are seized with diseases of the kidneys, strangury, sciatica, and become ruptured, when they drink all sorts of waters, and those from great rivers into which other rivulets run, or from a lake into which many streams of all sorts flow, and such as are brought from a considerable distance. For it is impossible that such waters can resemble one another, but one kind is sweet, another saltish and aluminous, and some flow from thermal springs; and these being all mixed up together disagree, and the strongest part always prevails; but the same kind is not always the strongest, but sometimes one and sometimes another, according to the winds, for the north wind imparts strength to this water, and the south to that, and so also with regard to the others. There must be deposits of mud and sand in the vessels from such waters, and the aforesaid diseases must be engendered by them when drunk, but why not to all I will now explain. When the bowels are loose and in a healthy state, and when the bladder is not hot, nor the neck of the bladder very contracted, all such persons pass water freely, and no concretion forms in the bladder; but those in whom the belly is hot, the bladder must be in the same condition; and when preternaturally heated, its neck becomes inflamed; and when these things happen, the bladder does not expel the urine, but raises its heat excessively. And the thinnest part of it is secreted, and the purest part is passed off in the form of urine, but the thickest and most turbid part is condensed and concreted, at first in small quantity, but afterwards in greater; for being rolled about in the urine, whatever is of a thick consistence it assimilates to itself, and thus it increases and becomes indurated. And when such persons make water, the stone forced down by the urine falls into the neck of the bladder and stops the urine, and occasions intense pain; so that calculous children rub their privy parts and tear at them, as supposing that the obstruction to the urine is situated there. As a proof that it is as I say, persons affected with calculus have very limpid urine, because the thickest and foulest part remains and is concreted. Thus it generally is in cases of calculus. It forms also in children from milk, when it is not wholesome, but very hot and bilious, for it heats the bowels and bladder, so that the urine being also heated undergoes the same change. And I hold that it is better to give children only the most diluted wine, for such will least burn up and dry the veins. Calculi do not form so readily in women, for in them the urethra is short and wide, so that in them the urine is easily expelled; neither do they rub the pudendum with their hands, nor handle the passage like males; for the urethra in women opens direct into the pudendum, which is not the case with men, neither in them is the urethra so wide, and they drink more than children do. Thus, or nearly so, is it with regard to them.
9. περὶ μὲν οὖν ὀμβρίων ὑδάτων καὶ τῶν ἀπὸ χιόνος καὶ κρυστάλλων οὕτως ἔχει. λιθιῶσι δὲ μάλιστα ἄνθρωποι καὶ ὑπὸ νεφριτίδων καὶ στραγγουρίης ἁλίσκονται καὶ ἰσχιάδων, καὶ κῆλαι γίνονται, ὅκου ὕδατα πίνουσι παντοδαπώτατα καὶ ἀπὸ ποταμῶν μεγάλων, ἐς οὓς ποταμοὶ ἕτεροι ἐμβάλλουσι, καὶ ἀπὸ λίμνης, ἐς ἣν ῥεύματα πολλὰ καὶ παντοδαπὰ ἀφικνεῦνται, καὶ ὁκόσοι ὕδασιν ἐπακτοῖσι χρέονται διὰ μακροῦ ἀγομένοισι καὶ μὴ ἐκ βραχέος. οὐ γὰρ οἷόν τε ἕτερον ἑτέρῳ ἐοικέναι ὕδωρ, ἀλλὰ τὰ μὲν γλυκέα εἶναι, τὰ δὲ ἁλυκά τε καὶ στυπτηριώδεα, τὰ δὲ ἀπὸ θερμῶν ῥεῖν. συμμισγόμενα δὲ ταῦτα ἐς τωὐτὸ ἀλλήλοισι στασιάζει καὶ κρατεῖ αἰεὶ τὸ ἰσχυρότατον. ἰσχύει δὲ οὐκ αἰεὶ τωὐτό, ἀλλὰ ἄλλοτε ἄλλο κατὰ τὰ πνεύματα· τῷ μὲν γὰρ βορέης τὴν ἰσχὺν παρέχεται, τῷ δὲ ὁ νότος, καὶ τῶν λοιπῶν πέρι ωὑτὸς λόγος. ὑφίστασθαι οὖν τοῖσι τοιούτοισιν ἀνάγκη ἐν τοῖς ἀγγείοις ἰλὺν καὶ ψάμμον· καὶ ἀπὸ τούτων πινομένων τὰ νοσήματα γίνεται τὰ προειρημένα· ὅτι δὲ οὐχ ἅπασιν, ἑξῆς φράσω. ὁκόσων μὲν ἥ τε κοιλίη εὔροός τε καὶ ὑγιηρή ἐστι καὶ ἡ κύστις μὴ πυρετώδης μηδὲ ὁ στόμαχος τῆς κύστιος συμπέφρακται λίην, οὗτοι μὲν διουρεῦσι ῥηϊδίως, καὶ ἐν τῇ κύστει οὐδὲν συστρέφεται. ὁκόσων δὲ ἂν ἡ κοιλίη πυρετώδης ᾖ, ἀνάγκη καὶ τὴν κύστιν τωὐτὸ πάσχειν. ὁκόταν γὰρ θερμανθῇ μᾶλλον τῆς φύσιος, ἐφλέγμηνεν αὐτῆς ὁ στόμαχος. ὁκόταν δὲ ταῦτα πάθῃ, τὸ οὖρον οὐκ ἀφίησιν, ἀλλʼ ἐν ἑωυτῇ συνέψει καὶ συγκαίει. καὶ τὸ μὲν λεπτότατον αὐτοῦ ἀποκρίνεται καὶ τὸ καθαρώτατον διιεῖ καὶ ἐξουρεῖται, τὸ δὲ παχύτατον καὶ θολωδέστατον συστρέφεται καὶ συμπήγνυται. καὶ τὸ μὲν πρῶτον μικρόν, ἔπειτα δὲ μέζον γίνεται. κυλινδεύμενον γὰρ ὑπὸ τοῦ οὔρου, ὅ τι ἂν συνίστηται παχύ, συναρμόζει πρὸς ἑωυτό, καὶ οὕτως αὔξεταί τε καὶ πωροῦται· καὶ ὁκόταν οὐρῇ, πρὸς τὸν στόμαχον τῆς κύστιος προσπίπτει ὑπὸ τοῦ οὔρου βιαζόμενον καὶ κωλύει οὐρεῖν καὶ ὀδύνην παρέχει ἰσχυρήν· ὥστε τὰ αἰδοῖα τρίβουσι καὶ ἕλκουσι τὰ παιδία τὰ λιθιῶντα· δοκεῖ γὰρ αὐτοῖς τὸ αἴτιον ἐνταῦθα εἶναι τῆς οὐρήσιος. τεκμήριον δέ, ὅτι οὕτως ἔχει· τὸ γὰρ οὖρον λαμπρότατον οὐρέουσιν οἱ λιθιῶντες, ὅτι τὸ παχύτατον καὶ θολωδέστατον αὐτοῦ μένει καὶ συστρέφεται. τὰ μὲν πλεῖστα οὕτω λιθιᾷ· γίνεται δὲ παισὶν καὶ ἀπὸ τοῦ γάλακτος, ἢν μὴ ὑγιηρὸν ᾖ, ἀλλὰ θερμόν τε λίην καὶ χολῶδες. τὴν γὰρ κοιλίην διαθερμαίνει καὶ τὴν κύστιν, ὥστε τὸ οὖρον συγκαιόμενον ταῦτα πάσχειν. καί φημι ἄμεινον εἶναι τοῖς παιδίοισι τὸν οἶνον ὡς ὑδαρέστατον διδόναι· ἧσσον γὰρ τὰς φλέβας συγκαίει καὶ συναυαίνει. τοῖσι δὲ θήλεσι λίθοι οὐ γίνονται ὁμοίως· ὁ γὰρ οὐρητὴρ βραχύς ἐστιν ὁ τῆς κύστιος καὶ εὐρύς, ὥστε βιάζεσθαι τὸ οὖρον ῥηϊδίως. οὔτε γὰρ τῇ χειρὶ τρίβει τὸ αἰδοῖον ὥσπερ τὸ ἄρσεν, οὔτε ἅπτεται τοῦ οὐρητῆρος· ἐς γὰρ τὰ αἰδοῖα ξυντέτρηνται, οἱ δὲ ἄνδρες οὐκ εὐθὺ τέτρηνται, καὶ διότι οἱ οὐρητῆρες οὐκ εὐρεῖς· καὶ πίνουσι πλεῖον ἢ οἱ παῖδες.
10. And respecting the seasons, one may judge whether the year will prove sickly or healthy from the following observations: —If the appearances connected with the rising and setting stars be as they should be; if there be rains in autumn; if the winter be mild, neither very tepid nor unseasonably cold, and if in spring the rains be seasonable, and so also in summer, the year is likely to prove healthy. But if the winter be dry and northerly, and the spring showery and southerly, the summer will necessarily be of a febrile character, and give rise to ophthalmies and dysenteries. For when suffocating heat sets in all of a sudden, while the earth is moistened by the vernal showers, and by the south wind, the heat is necessarily doubled from the earth, which is thus soaked by rain and heated by a burning sun, while, at the same time, men’s bellies are not in an orderly state, nor the brain properly dried; for it is impossible, after such a spring, but that the body and its flesh must be loaded with humors, so that very acute fevers will attack all, but especially those of a phlegmatic constitution. Dysenteries are also likely to occur to women and those of a very humid temperament. And if at the rising of the Dogstar rain and wintery storms supervene, and if the etesian winds blow, there is reason to hope that these diseases will cease, and that the autumn will be healthy; but if not, it is likely to be a fatal season to children and women, but least of all to old men; and that convalescents will pass into quartans, and from quartans into dropsies; but if the winter be southerly, showery and mild, but the spring northerly, dry, and of a wintry character, in the first place women who happen to be with child, and whose accouchement should take place in spring, are apt to miscarry; and such as bring forth, have feeble and sickly children, so that they either die presently or are tender, feeble, and sickly, if they live. Such is the case with the women. The others are subject to dysenteries and dry ophthalmies, and some have catarrhs beginning in the head and descending to the lungs. Men of a phlegmatic temperament are likely to have dysenteries; and women, also, from the humidity of their nature, the phlegm descending downwards from the brain; those who are bilious, too, have dry ophthalmies from the heat and dryness of their flesh; the aged, too, have catarrhs from their flabbiness and melting of the veins, so that some of them die suddenly and some become paralytic on the right side or the left. For when, the winter being southerly and the body hot, the blood and veins are not properly constringed; a spring that is northerly, dry, and cold, having come on, the brain when it should have been expanded and purged, by the coryza and hoarseness is then constringed and contracted, so that the summer and the heat occurring suddenly, and a change supervening, these diseases fall out. And such cities as lie well to the sun and winds, and use good waters, feel these changes less, but such as use marshy and pooly waters, and lie well both as regards the winds and the sun, these all feel it more. And if the summer be dry, those diseases soon cease, but if rainy, they are protracted; and there is danger of any sore that there is becoming phagedenic from any cause; and lienteries and dropsies supervene at the conclusion of diseases; for the bowels are not readily dried up. And if the summer be rainy and southerly, and next the autumn, the winter must, of necessity, be sickly, and ardent fevers are likely to attack those that are phlegmatic, and more elderly than forty years, and pleurisies and peripneumonies those that are bilious. But if the summer is parched and northerly, but the autumn rainy and southerly, headache and sphacelus of the brain are likely to occur; and in addition hoarseness, coryza, coughs, and in some cases, consumption. But if the season is northerly and without water, there being no rain, neither after the Dogstar nor Arcturus; this state agrees best with those who are naturally phlegmatic, with those who are of a humid temperament, and with women; but it is most inimical to the bilious; for they become much parched up, and ophthalmies of a dry nature supervene, fevers both acute and chronic, and in some cases melancholy; for the most humid and watery part of the bile being consumed, the thickest and most acrid portion is left, and of the blood likewise, when these diseases came upon them. But all these are beneficial to the phlegmatic, for they are thereby dried up, and reach winter not oppressed with humors, but with them dried up.
10. περὶ μὲν οὖν τούτων ὧδε ἔχει ἢ ὅτι τούτων ἐγγύτατα. περὶ δὲ τῶν ὡρέων ὧδε ἄν τις ἐνθυμεύμενος διαγινώσκοι, ὁκοῖόν τι μέλλει ἔσεσθαι τὸ ἔτος, εἴτε νοσερὸν εἴτε ὑγιηρόν· ἢν μὲν γὰρ κατὰ λόγον γένηται τὰ σημεῖα ἐπὶ τοῖς ἄστροισι δύνουσί τε καὶ ἐπιτέλλουσιν, ἔν τε τῷ μετοπώρῳ ὕδατα γένηται, καὶ ὁ χειμὼν μέτριος καὶ μήτε λίην εὔδιος μήτε ὑπερβάλλων τὸν καιρὸν τῷ ψύχει, ἔν τε τῷ ἦρι ὕδατα γένηται ὡραῖα καὶ ἐν τῷ θέρει, οὕτω τὸ ἔτος ὑγιεινότατον εἰκὸς εἶναι. ἢν δὲ ὁ μὲν χειμὼν αὐχμηρὸς καὶ βόρειος γένηται, τὸ δὲ ἦρ ἔπομβρον καὶ νότιον, ἀνάγκη τὸ θέρος πυρετῶδες γίνεσθαι καὶ ὀφθαλμίας καὶ δυσεντερίας ἐμποιεῖν. ὁκόταν γὰρ τὸ πνῖγος ἐπιγένηται ἐξαίφνης τῆς τε γῆς ὑγρῆς ἐούσης ὑπὸ τῶν ὄμβρων τῶν ἐαρινῶν καὶ ὑπὸ τοῦ νότου, ἀνάγκη διπλόον τὸ καῦμα εἶναι, ἀπό τε τῆς γῆς διαβρόχου ἐούσης καὶ θερμῆς καὶ ὑπὸ τοῦ ἡλίου καίοντος, τῶν τε κοιλιῶν μὴ συνεστηκυιῶν τοῖς ἀνθρώποις μήτε τοῦ ἐγκεφάλου ἀνεξηρασμένου — οὐ γὰρ οἷόν τε τοῦ ἦρος τοιούτου ἐόντος μὴ οὐ πλαδᾶν τὸ σῶμα καὶ τὴν σάρκα —· ὥστε τοὺς πυρετοὺς ἐπιπίπτειν ὀξυτάτους ἅπασιν, μάλιστα δὲ τοῖσι φλεγματίῃσι. καὶ δυσεντερίας εἰκός ἐστι γίνεσθαι καὶ τῇσι γυναιξὶ καὶ τοῖς εἴδεσι τοῖς ὑγροτάτοισι. καὶ ἢν μὲν ἐπὶ κυνὸς ἐπιτολῇ ὕδωρ ἐπιγένηται καὶ χειμὼν καὶ οἱ ἐτησίαι πνεύσωσιν, ἐλπὶς παύσασθαι καὶ τὸ μετόπωρον ὑγιηρὸν γενέσθαι· ἢν δὲ μή, κίνδυνος θανάτους τε γενέσθαι τοῖσι παιδίοισι καὶ τῇσι γυναιξίν, τοῖσι δὲ πρεσβύτῃσιν ἥκιστα, τούς τε περιγενομένους ἐς τεταρταίους ἀποτελευτᾶν καὶ ἐκ τῶν τεταρταίων ἐς ὕδρωπας. ἢν δʼ ὁ μὲν χειμὼν νότιος γένηται καὶ ἔπομβρος καὶ εὔδιος, τὸ δὲ ἦρ βόρειόν τε καὶ αὐχμηρὸν καὶ χειμέριον, πρῶτον μὲν τὰς γυναῖκας, ὁκόσαι ἂν τύχωσιν ἐν γαστρὶ ἔχουσαι καὶ ὁ τόκος αὐτῇσιν ᾖ πρὸς τὸ ἦρ, ἐκτιτρώσκεσθαι· ὁκόσαι δʼ ἂν καὶ τέκωσιν, ἀκρατέα τὰ παιδία τίκτειν καὶ νοσώδεα, ὥστε ἢ αὐτίκα ἀπόλλυσθαι, ἢ ζῶσι λεπτά τε ἐόντα καὶ ἀσθενέα καὶ νοσώδεα. ταῦτα μὲν τῇσι γυναιξί· τοῖσι δὲ λοιποῖσι δυσεντερίας καὶ ὀφθαλμίας ξηρὰς καὶ ἐνίοισι καταρρόους ἀπὸ τῆς κεφαλῆς ἐπὶ τὸν πνεύμονα. τοῖσι μὲν οὖν φλεγματίῃσι τὰς δυσεντερίας εἰκὸς γίνεσθαι καὶ τῇσι γυναιξὶ φλέγματος ἐπικαταρρυέντος ἀπὸ τοῦ ἐγκεφάλου διὰ τὴν ὑγρότητα τῆς φύσιος· τοῖσι δὲ χολώδεσιν ὀφθαλμίας ξηρὰς διὰ τὴν θερμότητα καὶ ξηρότητα τῆς σαρκός· τοῖσι δὲ πρεσβύτῃσι καταρρόους διὰ τὴν ἀραιότητα καὶ τὴν ἔκτηξιν τῶν φλεβῶν, ὥστε ἐξαίφνης τοὺς μὲν ἀπόλλυσθαι, τοὺς δὲ παραπλήκτους γίνεσθαι τὰ δεξιὰ ἢ τὰ ἀριστερά. ὁκόταν γὰρ τοῦ χειμῶνος ἐόντος νοτίου καὶ θερμοῦ τοῦ σώματος μὴ συνιστῆται ὁ ἐγκέφαλος μηδὲ αἱ φλέβες, τοῦ ἦρος ἐπιγενομένου βορείου καὶ αὐχμηροῦ καὶ ψυχροῦ ὁ ἐγκέφαλος, ὁπηνίκα αὐτὸν ἔδει ἅμα καὶ τῷ ἦρι διαλύεσθαι καὶ καθαίρεσθαι ὑπό τε κορύζης καὶ βράγχων, τηνικαῦτα πήγνυταί τε καὶ συνίσταται, ὥστε ἐξαίφνης τοῦ θέρεος ἐπιγενομένου καὶ τοῦ καύματος καὶ τῆς μεταβολῆς ἐπιγινομένης ταῦτα τὰ νοσεύματα ἐπιπίπτειν. καὶ ὁκόσαι μὲν τῶν πολίων κέονταί τε καλῶς τοῦ ἡλίου καὶ τῶν πνευμάτων ὕδασί τε χρέονται ἀγαθοῖσιν, αὗται μὲν ἧσσον αἰσθάνονται τῶν τοιούτων μεταβολέων· ὁκόσαι δὲ ὕδασί τε ἑλείοισι χρέονται καὶ λιμνώδεσι κέονταί τε μὴ καλῶς τῶν πνευμάτων καὶ τοῦ ἡλίου, αὗται δὲ μᾶλλον. κἢν μὲν τὸ θέρος αὐχμηρὸν γένηται, θᾶσσον παύονται αἱ νοῦσοι· ἢν δὲ ἔπομβρον, πολυχρόνιοι γίνονται· καὶ φαγεδαίνας κίνδυνος ἐγγίνεσθαι ἀπὸ πάσης προφάσιος, ἢν ἕλκος ἐγγένηται. καὶ λειεντερίαι καὶ ὕδρωπες τελευτῶσι τοῖσι νοσεύμασιν ἐπιγίνονται· οὐ γὰρ ἀποξηραίνονται αἱ κοιλίαι ῥηϊδίως. ἢν δὲ τὸ θέρος ἔπομβρον γένηται καὶ νότιον καὶ τὸ μετόπωρον, τὸν χειμῶνα ἀνάγκη νοσερὸν εἶναι καὶ τοῖς φλεγματίῃσι καὶ τοῖς γεραιτέροισι τεσσαράκοντα ἐτέων καύσους γίνεσθαι εἰκός, τοῖσι δὲ χολώδεσι πλευρίτιδας καὶ περιπνευμονίας. ἢν δὲ τὸ θέρος αὐχμηρὸν γένηται καὶ βόρειον, τὸ δὲ μετόπωρον ἔπομβρον καὶ νότιον, κεφαλαλγίας ἐς τὸν χειμῶνα καὶ σφακέλους τοῦ ἐγκεφάλου εἰκὸς γίνεσθαι, καὶ προσέτι βράγχους καὶ κορύζας καὶ βῆχας, ἐνίοισι δὲ καὶ φθίσιας. ἢν δὲ βόρειόν τε ᾖ καὶ ἄνυδρον καὶ μήτε ὑπὸ κύνα ἔπομβρον μήτε ἐπὶ τῷ ἀρκτούρῳ, τοῖσι μὲν φλεγματίῃσι φύσει συμφέρει μάλιστα καὶ τοῖς ὑγροῖς τὰς φύσιας καὶ τῇσι γυναιξί· τοῖσι δὲ χολώδεσι τοῦτο πολεμιώτατον γίνεται. λίην γὰρ ἀναξηραίνονται καὶ ὀφθαλμίαι αὐτοῖσιν ἐπιγίνονται ξηραί, καὶ πυρετοὶ ὀξέες καὶ πολυχρόνιοι, ἐνίοισι δὲ καὶ μελαγχολίαι. τῆς γὰρ χολῆς τὸ μὲν ὑγρότατον καὶ ὑδαρέστατον ἀναξηραίνεται καὶ ἀναλίσκεται, τὸ δὲ παχύτατον καὶ δριμύτατον λείπεται καὶ τοῦ αἵματος κατὰ τὸν αὐτὸν λόγον· ἀφʼ ὧν ταῦτα τὰ νοσεύματα αὐτοῖσι γίνεται. τοῖσι δὲ φλεγματίῃσι πάντα ταῦτα ἀρωγά ἐστιν. ἀποξηραίνονται γὰρ καὶ ἐς τὸν χειμῶνα ἀφικνέονται οὐ πλαδῶντες, ἀλλὰ ἀναξηραινόμενοι.