1. Doubtless some of you are astonished that I, who heretofore have observed the customs of the state more faithfully, I dare say, than any other of my generation, have now so completely changed that I have come forward, in spite of my youth, to offer counsel regarding a subject which even our elders hesitate to discuss.
1. ἴσως τινὲς ὑμῶν θαυμάζουσιν ὅτι τὸν ἄλλον χρόνον ἐμμεμενηκὼς τοῖς τῆς πόλεως νομίμοις ὡς οὐκ οἶδʼ εἴ τις ἄλλος τῶν ἡλικιωτῶν, τοσαύτην πεποίημαι τὴν μεταβολὴν ὥστε περὶ ὧν ὀκνοῦσιν οἱ πρεσβύτεροι λέγειν, περὶ τούτων νεώτερος ὢν παρελήλυθα συμβουλεύσων.
2. The fact is that if any of those who are accustomed to address you had spoken in a manner worthy of the state, I should strictly have held my peace; but now, since I see that they are either seconding the demands of the enemy, or opposing them but feebly, or have kept silent altogether, I have risen to set forth my own views on this subject, feeling that it would be disgraceful if by keeping the place appropriate to my years I should allow the state to pass measures unworthy of itself.
2. ἐγὼ δʼ, εἰ μέν τις τῶν εἰθισμένων ἐν ὑμῖν ἀγορεύειν ἀξίως ἦν τῆς πόλεως εἰρηκώς, πολλὴν ἂν ἡσυχίαν ἦγον· νῦν δʼ ὁρῶν τοὺς μὲν συναγορεύοντας οἷς οἱ πολέμιοι προστάττουσι, τοὺς δʼ οὐκ ἐρρωμένως ἐναντιουμένους, τοὺς δὲ παντάπασιν ἀποσεσιωπηκότας, ἀνέστην ἀποφανούμενος ἃ γιγνώσκω περὶ τούτων, αἰσχρὸν νομίσας, εἰ τὴν ἰδίαν τοῦ βίου τάξιν διαφυλάττων περιόψομαι τὴν πόλιν ἀνάξια ψηφισαμένην ἑαυτῆς.
3. Moreover, I think that although on other matters it may be proper for men of my age to keep silent, yet on the question of war it is fitting that they most of all should give counsel who will also have the greatest part in the dangers, especially since the power to judge of what ought to be done is an endowment common to all of us.
3. ἡγοῦμαι δʼ, εἰ καὶ περὶ τῶν ἄλλων πρέπει τοὺς τηλικούτους σιωπᾶν, περί γε τοῦ πολεμεῖν ἢ μὴ προσήκειν τούτους μάλιστα συμβουλεύειν, οἵπερ καὶ τῶν κινδύνων πλεῖστον μέρος μεθέξουσιν, ἄλλως τε δὴ καὶ τοῦ γνῶναί τι τῶν δεόντων ἐν κοινῷ καθεστῶτος ἡμῖν.
4. For if it were established that older men always know what is best, while the younger are never correct in their views, it would be right to exclude us from giving counsel; but since it is not by the number of our years that we differ in wisdom from one another, but by our natural endowments and by our cultivation of them, why should you not make trial of both the young and the old, in order that you may be in a position to choose from all courses which are proposed that which is the most expedient?
4. εἰ μὲν γὰρ ἦν δεδειγμένον, ὥστε τοὺς μὲν πρεσβυτέρους περὶ ἁπάντων εἰδέναι τὸ βέλτιστον, τοὺς δὲ νεωτέρους μηδὲ περὶ ἑνὸς ὀρθῶς γιγνώσκειν, καλῶς ἂν εἶχεν ἀπείργειν ἡμᾶς τοῦ συμβουλεύειν· ἐπειδὴ δʼ οὐ τῷ πλήθει τῶν ἐτῶν πρὸς τὸ φρονεῖν εὖ διαφέρομεν ἀλλήλων, ἀλλὰ τῇ φύσει καὶ ταῖς ἐπιμελείαις, πῶς οὐκ ἀμφοτέρων χρὴ τῶν ἡλικιῶν πεῖραν λαμβάνειν, ἵνʼ ἐξ ἁπάντων ὑμῖν ἐξῇ τῶν ῥηθέντων ἑλέσθαι τὰ συμφορώτατα;
5. I am amazed at those who think that we are fit to command ships of war and to lead armies in the field, where bad judgement on our part would involve the state in many grave disasters, and yet do not think that we ought to express our views on matters which you are about to decide, wherein if we proved to be right we should benefit you all, while if, on the other hand, we failed of your assent we should ourselves perhaps suffer in reputation, but should not in any way impair the commonwealth.
5. θαυμάζω δʼ ὅσοι τριήρων μὲν ἡγεῖσθαι καὶ στρατοπέδων ἄρχειν ἀξιοῦσιν ἡμᾶς, ὑπὲρ ὧν μὴ καλῶς βουλευσάμενοι πολλαῖς ἂν συμφοραῖς καὶ μεγάλαις τὴν πόλιν περιβάλοιμεν, εἰπεῖν δʼ ἃ γιγνώσκομεν περὶ ὧν ὑμεῖς μέλλετε κρίνειν οὐκ οἴονται δεῖν ἡμᾶς, ἐν οἷς κατορθώσαντες μὲν ἅπαντας ὑμᾶς ὠφελήσομεν, διαμαρτόντες δὲ τῆς ὑμετέρας γνώμης αὐτοὶ μὲν ἴσως φαυλότεροι δόξομεν εἶναι, τὸ δὲ κοινὸν οὐδὲν ἂν ζημιώσαιμεν.
6. It is not, I assure you, because I am ambitious to be an orator, nor because I am prepared to change my former mode of life that I have spoken as I have about these things, but because I want to urge you not to reject any time of life, but to seek among all ages for the man who can offer good advice on the problems which now confront us;
6. οὐ μὴν ὡς ἐπιθυμῶν τοῦ λέγειν, οὐδʼ ὡς ἄλλως πως παρεσκευασμένος ζῆν ἢ τὸν παρελθόντα χρόνον, οὕτως εἴρηκα περὶ τούτων, ἀλλὰ βουλόμενος ὑμᾶς προτρέψαι μηδεμίαν ἀποδοκιμάζειν τῶν ἡλικιῶν, ἀλλʼ ἐν ἁπάσαις ζητεῖν εἴ τίς τι δύναται περὶ τῶν παρόντων πραγμάτων εἰπεῖν ἀγαθόν·
7. for never since we have dwelt in Sparta has any war or any peril come upon us in which so much has been at stake as in this question which we are now assembled to discuss. For while in times past we fought that we might have dominion over the other states, now we must fight that we ourselves may not be forced to do their bidding—which is proof of a free spirit, to preserve which no hardship on earth is too great to endure, not for us alone, but for all others as well who have not renounced every claim to manhood but still make even slight pretensions to courage.
7. ὡς ἐξ οὗ τὴν πόλιν οἰκοῦμεν, οὐδεὶς οὔτε κίνδυνος οὔτε πόλεμος περὶ τοσούτων τὸ μέγεθος ἡμῖν γέγονε, περὶ ὅσων νυνὶ βουλευσόμενοι συνεληλύθαμεν. πρότερον μὲν γὰρ ὑπὲρ τοῦ τῶν ἄλλων ἄρχειν ἠγωνιζόμεθα, νῦν δʼ ὑπὲρ τοῦ μὴ ποιεῖν αὐτοὶ τὸ προσταττόμενον· ὃ σημεῖον ἐλευθερίας ἐστίν, ὑπὲρ ἧς οὐδὲν ὅ τι τῶν δεινῶν οὐχ ὑπομενετέον, οὐ μόνον ἡμῖν, ἀλλὰ καὶ τοῖς ἄλλοις τοῖς μὴ λίαν ἀνάνδρως διακειμένοις ἀλλὰ καὶ κατὰ μικρὸν ἀρετῆς ἀντιποιουμένοις.
8. As for myself, at any rate, if I may speak my own mind, I had rather die this moment for not complying with the dictates of the foe than live many times my allotted span of life at the price of voting what the Thebans demand. For I should feel disgraced, I who am descended from Heracles, who am the son of the ruling king and likely myself to attain to this honor, if I did not strive with all the strength that is in me to prevent this territory, which our fathers left to us, from becoming the possession of our slaves.
8. ἐγὼ μὲν οὖν, εἰ δεῖ τοὐμὸν ἴδιον εἰπεῖν, ἑλοίμην ἂν ἀποθανεῖν ἤδη μὴ ποιήσας τὸ προσταττόμενον μᾶλλον ἢ πολλαπλάσιον χρόνον ζῆν τοῦ τεταγμένου ψηφισάμενος ἃ Θηβαῖοι κελεύουσιν· αἰσχυνοίμην γὰρ ἄν, εἰ γεγονὼς μὲν ἀφʼ Ἡρακλέους, τοῦ δὲ πατρὸς βασιλεύοντος, αὐτὸς δʼ ἐπίδοξος ὢν τυχεῖν τῆς τιμῆς ταύτης, περιίδοιμι, καθʼ ὅσον ἐστὶν ἐπʼ ἐμοί, τὴν χώραν ἣν ἡμῖν οἱ πατέρες κατέλιπον, ταύτην τοὺς οἰκέτας τοὺς ἡμετέρους ἔχοντας.
9. And I expect you also to share my feelings when you reflect that, while until the present day we seem to have been unfortunate in our contest with the Thebans, and to have been overcome in body because of the mistakes of our leader, yet up to this moment we possess our spirits unconquered;
9. ἀξιῶ δὲ καὶ ὑμᾶς τὴν αὐτὴν ἐμοὶ γνώμην ἔχειν, ἐνθυμηθέντας ὅτι μέχρι μὲν ταυτησὶ τῆς ἡμέρας δεδυστυχηκέναι δοκοῦμεν ἐν τῇ μάχῃ τῇ πρὸς Θηβαίους, καὶ τοῖς μὲν σώμασι κρατηθῆναι διὰ τὸν οὐκ ὀρθῶς ἡγησάμενον, τὰς δὲ ψυχὰς ἔτι καὶ νῦν ἀηττήτους ἔχειν, εἰ δὲ φοβηθέντες τοὺς ἐπιόντας κινδύνους προησόμεθά τι τῶν ἡμετέρων αὐτῶν, βεβαιώσομεν τὰς Θηβαίων ἀλαζονείας καὶ πολὺ σεμνότερον τρόπαιον τοῦ περὶ Λεῦκτρα καὶ φανερώτερον στήσομεν καθʼ ἡμῶν αὐτῶν·
10. but that if through fear of the dangers which now threaten us we relinquish anything that is ours, we shall justify the boasts of the Thebans, and erect against ourselves a trophy far more imposing and conspicuous than that which was raised at Leuctra; for the one will stand as a memorial of our ill-fortune; the other, of our abject spirit. Let no man, therefore, persuade you to fasten such a disgrace upon the state. And yet our allies have been only too zealous in advising you that you must give up Messene and make peace. Because of this they merit your indignation far more than those who revolted from you at the beginning. For the latter, when they had forsaken your friendship, destroyed their own cities, plunging them into civil strife and massacres and vicious forms of government. These men, on the other hand, come here to inflict injury upon us;
10. τὸ μὲν γὰρ ἀτυχίας, τὸ δὲ τῆς ἡμετέρας διανοίας ἔσται γεγενημένον. μηδεὶς οὖν ὑμᾶς πείσῃ τοιαύταις αἰσχύναις τὴν πόλιν περιβαλεῖν. καίτοι λίαν προθύμως οἱ σύμμαχοι συμβεβουλεύκασιν ὑμῖν ὡς χρὴ Μεσσήνην ἀφέντας ποιήσασθαι τὴν εἰρήνην. οἷς ὑμεῖς δικαίως ἂν ὀργίζοισθε πολὺ μᾶλλον ἢ τοῖς ἐξ ἀρχῆς ἀποστᾶσιν ἡμῶν. ἐκεῖνοι μὲν γὰρ ἀφέμενοι τῆς ἡμετέρας φιλίας τὰς αὑτῶν πόλεις ἀπώλεσαν, εἰς στάσεις καὶ σφαγὰς καὶ πολιτείας πονηρὰς ἐμβαλόντες, οὗτοι δʼ ἡμᾶς ἥκουσι κακῶς ποιήσοντες·
12. for they are trying to persuade us to throw away in one brief hour the glory which our forefathers amid manifold dangers during the course of seven hundred years acquired and bequeathed to us—a disaster more humiliating to Lacedaemon and more terrible than any other they could ever have devised.
12. τὴν γὰρ δόξαν, ἣν ἡμῖν οἱ πρόγονοι μετὰ πολλῶν κινδύνων ἐν ἑπτακοσίοις ἔτεσι κτησάμενοι κατέλιπον, ταύτην ἐν ὀλίγῳ χρόνῳ πείθουσιν ἡμᾶς ἀποβαλεῖν, ἧς οὔτʼ ἀπρεπεστέραν τῇ Λακεδαίμονι συμφορὰν οὔτε δεινοτέραν οὐδέποτʼ ἂν εὑρεῖν ἠδυνήθησαν.
13. So far do they go in their selfish greed, so great is the cowardice which they impute to us, that they, who have time and again called upon us to make war in defense of their own territory, think we ought not to risk battle for Messene, but, in order that they may themselves cultivate their lands in security, seek to convince us that we ought to yield to the enemy a portion of our own; and, besides all that, they threaten that if we do not comply with these terms, they will make a separate peace.
13. εἰς τοῦτο δʼ ἥκουσι πλεονεξίας καὶ τοσαύτην ἡμῶν κατεγνώκασιν ἀνανδρίαν, ὥστε πολλάκις ἡμᾶς ἀξιώσαντες ὑπὲρ τῆς αὑτῶν πολεμεῖν, ὑπὲρ Μεσσήνης οὐκ οἴονται δεῖν κινδυνεύειν, ἀλλʼ ἵνʼ αὐτοὶ τὴν σφετέραν αὐτῶν ἀσφαλῶς καρπῶνται, πειρῶνται διδάσκειν ἡμᾶς ὡς χρὴ τοῖς ἐχθροῖς τῆς ἡμετέρας παραχωρῆσαι, καὶ πρὸς τοῖς ἄλλοις ἐπαπειλοῦσιν ὡς εἰ μὴ ταῦτα συγχωρήσομεν ποιησόμενοι τὴν εἰρήνην κατὰ σφᾶς αὐτούς.
14. For my part, I do not think that our risk without their alliance will be as much more serious for us as it will be more glorious and splendid and notable in the eyes of all mankind; for to endeavor to preserve ourselves and to prevail over our enemies, not through the aid of others, but through our own powers, is in keeping with the past achievements of our state.
14. ἐγὼ δʼ οὐ τοσούτῳ χαλεπώτερον ἡγοῦμαι τὸν κίνδυνον ἡμῖν ἔσεσθαι τὸν ἄνευ τούτων, ὅσῳ καλλίω καὶ λαμπρότερον καὶ παρὰ πᾶσιν ἀνθρώποις ὀνομαστότερον· τὸ γὰρ μὴ διʼ ἑτέρων ἀλλὰ διʼ ἡμῶν αὐτῶν πειρᾶσθαι σώζεσθαι καὶ περιγενέσθαι τῶν ἐχθρῶν ὁμολογούμενον τοῖς ἄλλοις τοῖς τῆς πόλεως ἔργοις ἐστίν.
15. Although I have never been fond of oratory, having in fact always thought that those who cultivate the power of speech are somewhat lacking in capacity for action, yet at the moment there is nothing I should value more than the ability to speak as I desire about the question now before us; for in the present crisis I am confident that with this aid I could render a very great service to the state.
15. οὐδὲ πώποτε δὲ λόγους ἀγαπήσας, ἀλλʼ ἀεὶ νομίζων τοὺς περὶ τοῦτο διατρίβοντας ἀργοτέρους εἶναι πρὸς τὰς πράξεις, νῦν οὐδὲν ἂν περὶ πλείονος ποιησαίμην ἢ δυνηθῆναι περὶ τῶν προκειμένων ὡς βούλομαι διελθεῖν· ἐν γὰρ τῷ παρόντι διὰ τούτων ἐλπίζω μεγίστων ἀγαθῶν αἴτιος ἂν γενέσθαι τῇ πόλει.
16. First, I think that I ought to explain to you in what way we acquired Messene, and for what reasons you settled in the Peloponnesus—you who from of old are Dorians. And the reason why I shall go back to remote times is that you may understand why your enemies are trying to rob you of this country, which you acquired, no less than Lacedaemon itself, with a just title.
16. πρῶτον μὲν οὖν οἶμαι δεῖν διαλεχθῆναι πρὸς ὑμᾶς ὃν τρόπον ἐκτησάμεθα Μεσσήνην καὶ διʼ ἃς αἰτίας ἐν Πελοποννήσῳ κατῳκήσατε Δωριεῖς τὸ παλαιὸν ὄντες. διὰ τοῦτο δὲ προλήψομαι πορρωτέρωθεν, ἵνʼ ἐπίστησθε ὅτι ταύτην ὑμᾶς τὴν χώραν ἐπιχειροῦσιν ἀποστερεῖν, ἣν ὑμεῖς οὐδὲν ἧττον ἢ τὴν ἄλλην Λακεδαίμονα κέκτησθε δικαίως.
17. When Heracles had put off this life and from being mortal became a god, his sons at first went on divers wanderings and faced many perils because of the power of their enemies; but after the death of Eurystheus they fixed their habitation among the Dorians. In the third generation thereafter they came to Delphi, desiring to consult the oracle about certain matters. Apollo, however, made them no answer to the questions which they asked, but merely bade them seek the country of their fathers.
17. ἐπειδὴ γὰρ Ἡρακλῆς μετήλλαξε τὸν βίον θεὸς ἐκ θνητοῦ γενόμενος, κατὰ μὲν ἀρχὰς οἱ παῖδες αὐτοῦ διὰ τὴν τῶν ἐχθρῶν δύναμιν ἐν πολλοῖς πλάνοις καὶ κινδύνοις ἦσαν, τελευτήσαντος δʼ Εὐρυσθέως κατῴκησαν ἐν Δωριεῦσιν. ἐπὶ δὲ τρίτης γενεᾶς ἀφίκοντο εἰς Δελφούς, χρήσασθαι τῷ μαντείῳ περί τινων βουληθέντες. ὁ δὲ θεὸς περὶ μὲν ὧν ἐπηρώτησαν οὐκ ἀνεῖλεν, ἐκέλευσε δʼ αὐτοὺς ἐπὶ τὴν πατρῴαν ἰέναι χώραν.
18. Searching into the meaning of the oracle, they found, first, that Argos belonged to them by right of their being next of kin, for after the death of Eurystheus they were the sole survivors of Perseus’ line; next, that Lacedaemon was theirs by right of gift, for when Tyndareus, having been driven from his throne, was restored to it by Heracles, after Castor and Polydeuces had vanished from among men, he gave the land to Heracles because of this act of kindness and also because of the kinship of Heracles and his own sons; and lastly, they found that Messene was theirs as a prize taken in war, for Heracles, when he had been robbed of the cattle from Erytheia, by Neleus and all his sons except Nestor, had taken the country captive and slain the offenders, but had committed the city to Nestor’s charge, believing him to be prudent, because, although the youngest of his brethren, he had taken no part in their iniquity.
18. σκοπούμενοι δὲ τὴν μαντείαν, εὕρισκον Ἄργος μὲν κατʼ ἀγχιστείαν αὑτῶν γιγνόμενον (Εὐρυσθέως γὰρ ἀποθανόντος μόνοι Περσειδῶν ἦσαν καταλελειμμένοι), Λακεδαίμονα δὲ κατὰ δόσιν (ἐκβληθεὶς γὰρ Τυνδάρεως ἐκ τῆς ἀρχῆς, ἐπειδὴ Κάστωρ καὶ Πολυδεύκης ἐξ ἀνθρώπων ἠφανίσθησαν, καταγαγόντος αὐτὸν Ἡρακλέους δίδωσιν αὐτῷ τὴν χώραν διά τε τὴν εὐεργεσίαν ταύτην καὶ διὰ τὴν συγγένειαν τὴν πρὸς τοὺς παῖδας), Μεσσήνην δὲ δοριάλωτον ληφθεῖσαν (συληθεὶς γὰρ Ἡρακλῆς τὰς βοῦς τὰς ἐκ τῆς Ἐρυθείας ὑπὸ Νηλέως καὶ τῶν παίδων, πλὴν ὑπὸ Νέστορος, λαβὼν αὐτὴν αἰχμάλωτον τοὺς μὲν ἀδικήσαντας ἀπέκτεινεν, Νέστορι δὲ παρακατατίθεται τὴν πόλιν, νομίσας αὐτὸν εὖ φρονεῖν ὅτι νεώτατος ὢν οὐ συνεξήμαρτε τοῖς ἀδελφοῖς).
20. Assuming this to be the purport of the oracle, they joined forces with your forefathers and organized an army, sharing meantime their own country with their followers, but receiving from them the kingship as the prize reserved for themselves alone; then having confirmed these covenants by mutual pledges, they set out upon the expedition.
20. ὑπολαβόντες δʼ οὕτως ἔχειν τὴν μαντείαν, καὶ τοὺς προγόνους τοὺς ὑμετέρους παραλαβόντες καὶ στρατόπεδον συστησάμενοι, τὴν μὲν ἰδίαν χώραν εἰς τὸ κοινὸν τοῖς συνακολουθήσασιν ἔδοσαν, τὴν δὲ βασιλείαν ἐξαίρετον αὐτοὶ παρʼ ἐκείνων ἔλαβον, ἐπὶ δὲ τούτοις πίστεις ἀλλήλοις δόντες ἐποιοῦντο τὴν στρατείαν.
21. The perils which befell them on the march, and the other incidents which have no bearing on the present theme, I need not take the time to describe. Let it suffice that, having conquered in war those who dwelt in the regions which I have mentioned, they divided their kingdom into three parts. Now you men of Sparta have until this day remained faithful to the oaths and to the covenants which you made with my forefathers;
21. τοὺς μὲν οὖν κινδύνους τοὺς ἐν τῇ πορείᾳ γενομένους καὶ τὰς ἄλλας πράξεις τὰς οὐδὲν πρὸς τὸ παρὸν φερούσας τί δεῖ λέγοντα διατρίβειν; πολέμῳ δὲ κρατήσαντες τοὺς ἐν τοῖς τόποις τοῖς εἰρημένοις κατοικοῦντας τριχῇ διείλοντο τὰς βασιλείας. ὑμεῖς μὲν οὖν μέχρι ταυτησὶ τῆς ἡμέρας ἐμμένετε ταῖς συνθήκαις καὶ τοῖς ὅρκοις, οὓς ἐποιήσασθε πρὸς τοὺς προγόνους τοὺς ἡμετέρους·
22. therefore in time past you have fared better than the rest of the world, and in time to come you may reasonably hope, if you continue as you have been, to fare better than at present. But the Messenians went so far in their wickedness that they plotted against and slew Cresphontes, albeit he was the founder of their state, the sovereign of their land, a descendant of Heracles, and once the leader of their armies.
22. διὸ καὶ τὸν παρελθόντα χρόνον ἄμεινον τῶν ἄλλων ἐφέρεσθε, καὶ τὸν ἐπιόντα προσδοκᾶν χρὴ τοιούτους ὄντας βέλτιον ἢ νῦν πράξειν. Μεσσήνιοι δʼ εἰς τοῦτʼ ἀσεβείας ἦλθον, ὥστʼ ἐπιβουλεύσαντες ἀπέκτειναν Κρεσφόντην, τὸν οἰκιστὴν μὲν τῆς πόλεως, κύριον δὲ τῆς χώρας, ἔκγονον δʼ Ἡρακλέους, αὐτῶν δʼ ἡγεμόνα γεγενημένον.
23. His sons, however, escaped the perils which confronted them and threw themselves upon the mercy of Sparta, beseeching us to come to the aid of their dead father and offering us their land. And you, after inquiring of Apollo, and being directed by him to accept this gift and avenge the wronged, thereupon beleaguered the Messenians, forced them to surrender, and thus gained possession of their territory.
23. διαφυγόντες δʼ οἱ παῖδες αὐτοῦ τοὺς κινδύνους ἱκέται κατέστησαν ταυτησὶ τῆς πόλεως, ἀξιοῦντες βοηθεῖν τῷ τεθνεῶτι καὶ τὴν χώραν διδόντες ἡμῖν. ἐπερόμενοι δὲ τὸν θεόν, κἀκείνου προστάξαντος δέχεσθαι ταῦτα καὶ τιμωρεῖν τοῖς ἠδικημένοις, ἐκπολιορκήσαντες Μεσσηνίους οὕτως ἐκτήσασθε τὴν χώραν.
24. I have not, it is true, recounted in detail our original titles to this land (for the present occasion does not permit me to go into legendary history, and I have had to set them forth with too great brevity for clearness); yet I am sure that even this brief statement makes it evident to all that there is no difference whatever between the way in which we acquired the land which is acknowledged to be ours and the land to which our claim is disputed. For we inhabit Lacedaemon because the sons of Heracles gave it to us, because Apollo directed us to do so, and because we fought and conquered those who held it; and Messene we received from the same people, in the same way, and by taking the advice of the same oracle.
24. περὶ μὲν οὖν τῶν ἐξ ἀρχῆς ὑπαρξάντων ἡμῖν ἀκριβῶς μὲν οὐ διῆλθον (ὁ γὰρ παρὼν καιρὸς οὐκ ἐᾷ μυθολογεῖν, ἀλλʼ ἀναγκαῖον ἦν συντομώτερον ἢ σαφέστερον διαλεχθῆναι περὶ αὐτῶν), οὐ μὴν ἀλλὰ καὶ διὰ τούτων οἶμαι πᾶσι φανερὸν εἶναι διότι τὴν ὁμολογουμένην ἡμετέραν εἶναι χώραν οὐδὲν διαφερόντως κεκτημένοι τυγχάνομεν ἢ τὴν ἀμφισβητουμένην. ταύτην τε γὰρ οἰκοῦμεν δόντων μὲν Ἡρακλειδῶν, ἀνελόντος δὲ τοῦ θεοῦ, πολέμῳ δὲ κρατήσαντες τοὺς ἔχοντας· ἐκείνην τʼ ἐλάβομεν παρὰ τῶν αὐτῶν καὶ τὸν αὐτὸν τρόπον καὶ ταῖς μαντείαις χρησάμενοι ταῖς αὐταῖς.
25. To be sure, if we are in a mood not to defend our title to anything, not even if they demand that we abandon Sparta itself, it is idle to be concerned about Messene; but if not one of you would consent to live if torn from the fatherland, then you ought to be of the same mind about that country; for in both cases we can advance the same justifications and the same reasons for our claim.
25. εἰ μὲν οὖν οὕτως ἔχομεν ὥστε μηδὲ περὶ ἑνὸς ἀντιλέγειν, μηδʼ ἐὰν αὐτὴν τὴν Σπάρτην ἐκλιπεῖν προστάττωσιν ἡμῖν, περίεργόν ἐστιν ὑπὲρ Μεσσήνης σπουδάζειν· εἰ δὲ μηδεὶς ἂν ὑμῶν ἀξιώσειε ζῆν ἀποστερούμενος τῆς πατρίδος, προσήκει καὶ περὶ ἐκείνης τὴν αὐτὴν ὑμᾶς γνώμην ἔχειν. τὰ γὰρ αὐτὰ δικαιώματα καὶ τοὺς αὐτοὺς λόγους περὶ ἀμφοτέρων αὐτῶν ἔχομεν εἰπεῖν.
26. Then again you are doubtless well aware that possessions, whether private or public, when they have remained for a long time in the hands of their owner, are by all men acknowledged to be hereditary and incontestable. Now we took Messene before the Persians acquired their kingdom and became masters of the continent, in fact before a number of the Hellenic cities were even founded.
26. ἀλλὰ μὴν οὐδʼ ἐκεῖνʼ ὑμᾶς λέληθεν, ὅτι τὰς κτήσεις καὶ τὰς ἰδίας καὶ τὰς κοινάς, ἂν ἐπιγένηται πολὺς χρόνος, κυρίας καὶ πατρῴας ἅπαντες εἶναι νομίζουσιν. ἡμεῖς τοίνυν Μεσσήνην εἵλομεν πρὶν Πέρσας λαβεῖν τὴν βασιλείαν καὶ κρατῆσαι τῆς ἠπείρου, καὶ πρὶν οἰκισθῆναί τινας τῶν πόλεων τῶν Ἑλληνίδων.
27. And yet notwithstanding that we hold these titles, the Thebans would on the one hand restore Asia as his ancestral right to the barbarian, who has not yet held sway over it for two hundred years, while on the other hand they would rob us of Messene, which we have held for more than twice that length of time; and although it was only the other day that they razed both Thespiae and Plataea to the ground, yet now, after a lapse of four hundred years, they propose to settle their colonists in Messene acting in both cases contrary to the oaths and covenants.
27. καὶ τούτων ἡμῖν ὑπαρχόντων τῷ μὲν βαρβάρῳ τὴν Ἀσίαν ὡς πατρῴαν οὖσαν ἀποδιδόασιν, ὃς οὔπω διακόσιʼ ἔτη κατέσχηκε τὴν ἀρχήν, ἡμᾶς δὲ Μεσσήνην ἀποστεροῦσιν, οἳ πλέον διπλάσιον χρόνον ἢ τοσοῦτον τυγχάνομεν ἔχοντες αὐτήν· καὶ Θεσπιὰς μὲν καὶ Πλαταιὰς ἐχθὲς καὶ πρώην ἀναστάτους πεποιήκασι, ταύτην δὲ διὰ τετρακοσίων ἐτῶν μέλλουσι κατοικίζειν, ἀμφότερα παρὰ τοὺς ὅρκους καὶ τὰς συνθήκας πράττοντες.
28. Were they restoring those who are truly Messenians, they would still be acting unjustly, but at least they would have a more plausible pretext for wronging us; but as the case stands, it is the Helots whom they are trying to settle on our frontier, so that the worst fate which threatens us is not that we shall be robbed of our land contrary to justice, but that we shall see our slaves made masters of it.
28. καὶ εἰ μὲν τοὺς ὡς ἀληθῶς Μεσσηνίους κατῆγον, ἠδίκουν μὲν ἄν, ὅμως δʼ εὐλογωτέρως ἂν εἰς ἡμᾶς ἐξημάρτανον· νῦν δὲ τοὺς Εἵλωτας ὁμόρους ἡμῖν παρακατοικίζουσιν, ὥστε μὴ τοῦτʼ εἶναι χαλεπώτατον, εἰ τῆς χώρας στερησόμεθα παρὰ τὸ ἀλλʼ εἰ τοὺς δούλους τοὺς ἡμετέρους ἐποψόμεθα κυρίους αὐτῆς ὄντας.
29. You will perceive still more clearly from what follows both that we are now dealt with most unfairly and that in the past we held Messene justly. For in the many wars which have befallen us we have before this at times been forced to make peace when we were in much worse case than our foes. But, although our treaties were concluded under circumstances in which it was impossible for us to seek any advantage, yet, while there were other matters about which differences arose, neither the Great King nor the city of Athens ever charged us with having acquired Messene unjustly.
29. ἔτι τοίνυν ἐκ τῶν ἐχομένων γνώσεσθε σαφέστερον ὅτι καὶ νῦν δεινὰ πάσχομεν καὶ τότε Μεσσήνην εἴχομεν δικαίως. πολλῶν γὰρ κινδύνων ἡμῖν γεγενημένων ἤδη ποτὲ ποιήσασθαι τὴν εἰρήνην ἠναγκάσθημεν πολὺ χεῖρον πράττοντες τῶν πολεμίων· ἀλλʼ ὅμως ἐν τοιούτοις καιροῖς γιγνομένων τῶν συνθηκῶν, ἐν οἷς οὐχ οἷόν τʼ ἦν πλεονεκτεῖν, περὶ μὲν ἄλλων τινῶν ἀμφισβητήσεις ἐγίγνοντο, περὶ δὲ Μεσσήνης οὔτε βασιλεὺς οὔθʼ ἡ τῶν Ἀθηναίων πόλις οὐδὲ πώποθʼ ἡμῖν ἐνεκάλεσεν ὡς ἀδίκως κεκτημένοις αὐτήν.
30. And yet how could we find a more thoroughgoing judgement on the justice of our case than this, which was rendered by our enemies and made at a time when we were beset with misfortunes?
30. καίτοι πῶς ἂν περὶ τοῦ δικαίου κρίσιν ἀκριβεστέραν ταύτης εὕροιμεν τῆς ὑπὸ μὲν τῶν ἐχθρῶν ἐγνωσμένης, ἐν δὲ ταῖς ἡμετέραις δυσπραξίαις γεγενημένης;
31. That oracle, moreover, which all would acknowledge to be the most ancient and the most widely accepted and the most trustworthy in existence, recognized Messene as ours, not only at the time when it commanded us to receive the country as a gift from the sons of Cresphontes and to go to the aid of the wronged, but also later, when the war dragged on and both sides sent delegations to Delphi, the Messenians appealing for deliverance and we inquiring how we could most speedily make ourselves masters of their city, the god gave them no answer, thus showing that their appeal was unjust, while to us he revealed both what sacrifices we should perform and to whom we should send for aid.
31. τὸ τοίνυν μαντεῖον, ὃ πάντες ἂν ὁμολογήσειαν ἀρχαιότατον εἶναι καὶ κοινότατον καὶ πιστότατον, οὐ μόνον ἔγνω τόθʼ ἡμετέραν εἶναι Μεσσήνην, ὅτε διδόντων ἡμῖν αὐτὴν τῶν Κρεσφόντου παίδων προσέταξε δέχεσθαι τὴν δωρεὰν καὶ βοηθεῖν τοῖς ἀδικουμένοις, ἀλλὰ καὶ τοῦ πολέμου μακροῦ γιγνομένου πεμψάντων ἀμφοτέρων εἰς Δελφούς, κἀκείνων μὲν σωτηρίαν αἰτούντων, ἡμῶν δʼ ἐπερωτώντων ὅτῳ τρόπῳ τάχιστʼ ἂν κρατήσαιμεν τῆς πόλεως, τοῖς μὲν οὐδὲν ἀνεῖλεν ὡς οὐ δικαίαν ποιουμένοις τὴν αἴτησιν, ἡμῖν δʼ ἐδήλωσε καὶ τὰς θυσίας ἃς ἔδει ποιήσασθαι καὶ βοήθειαν παρʼ ὧν μεταπέμψασθαι.
32. And yet how could anyone furnish testimony more significant or clearer than this? For it has been shown, first of all (since nothing prevents our restating these points briefly), that we received the country from its rightful owners; secondly, that we took it by war, precisely as most of the cities in those days were founded; further, that we drove out those who had grievously sinned against the children of Heracles—men who by right should have been banished from the sight of all mankind; and, finally, it has been shown that the length of our tenure, the judgement of our enemies, and the oracles of Apollo all confirm our right to the possession of Messene.
32. καίτοι πῶς ἄν τις μαρτυρίαν μείζω καὶ σαφεστέραν τούτων παράσχοιτο; φαινόμεθα γὰρ πρῶτον μὲν παρὰ τῶν κυρίων τὴν χώραν λαβόντες (οὐδὲν γὰρ κωλύει πάλιν διὰ βραχέων περὶ αὐτῶν διελθεῖν), ἔπειτα κατὰ πόλεμον αὐτὴν ἑλόντες, ὅνπερ τρόπον αἱ πλεῖσται τῶν πόλεων περὶ ἐκείνους τοὺς χρόνους ᾠκίσθησαν, ἔτι δὲ τοὺς ἠσεβηκότας εἰς τοὺς παῖδας τοὺς Ἡρακλέους ἐκβεβληκότες, οἳ δικαίως ἂν ἐξ ἁπάσης τῆς οἰκουμένης ὑπερωρίσθησαν, πρὸς δὲ τούτοις καὶ τῷ πλήθει τοῦ χρόνου καὶ τῇ τῶν ἐχθρῶν κρίσει καὶ ταῖς τοῦ θεοῦ μαντείαις προσηκόντως ἔχοντες αὐτήν.
33. Anyone of these facts is enough to refute the assertions of those who presume to allege against us either that we now refuse to conclude peace because of a desire for aggrandizement, or that we then made war on the Messenians because we coveted what was not our own. I might perhaps say more than this about our acquisition of Messene, but I consider what I have already said to be sufficient Those who advise us to make peace declare that prudent men ought not to take the same view of things in fortunate as in unfortunate circumstances, but rather that they should always consult their immediate situation and accommodate themselves to their fortunes, and should never entertain ambitions beyond their power, but should at such times seek, not their just rights but their best interests.
33. ὧν ἓν ἕκαστον ἱκανόν ἐστι διαλῦσαι τοὺς λόγους τῶν τολμώντων κατηγορεῖν ὡς ἢ νῦν διὰ πλεονεξίαν οὐ ποιούμεθα τὴν εἰρήνην, ἢ τότε τῶν ἀλλοτρίων ἐπιθυμοῦντες ἐπολεμήσαμεν πρὸς Μεσσηνίους. περὶ μὲν οὖν τῆς κτήσεως ἔνεστι μὲν ἴσως πλείω τούτων εἰπεῖν, οὐ μήν ἀλλὰ καὶ ταῦθʼ ἱκανῶς εἰρῆσθαι νομίζω. λέγουσι δʼ οἱ συμβουλεύοντες ἡμῖν ποιεῖσθαι τὴν εἰρήνην, ὡς χρὴ τοὺς εὖ φρονοῦντας μὴ τὴν αὐτὴν γνώμην ἔχειν περὶ τῶν πραγμάτων εὐτυχοῦντας καὶ δυστυχοῦντας, ἀλλὰ πρὸς τὸ παρὸν ἀεὶ βουλεύεσθαι καὶ ταῖς τύχαις ἐπακολουθεῖν καὶ μὴ μεῖζον φρονεῖν τῆς δυνάμεως, μηδὲ τὸ δίκαιον ἐν τοῖς τοιούτοις καιροῖς ἀλλὰ τὸ συμφέρον ζητεῖν.
35. In all else I agree with them, but no man could ever persuade me that one should ever deem anything to be of greater consequence than justice; for I see that our laws have been made to secure it, that men of character and reputation pride themselves upon practicing it, and that it constitutes the chief concern of all well-regulated states;
35. ἐγὼ δὲ περὶ μὲν τῶν ἄλλων ὁμολογῶ τούτοις, ὅπως δὲ χρὴ τοῦ δικαίου ποιεῖσθαί τι προὐργιαίτερον οὐδεὶς ἄν με λέγων πείσειεν. ὁρῶ γὰρ καὶ τοὺς νόμους ἕνεκα τούτου κειμένους, καὶ τοὺς ἄνδρας τοὺς καλοὺς κἀγαθοὺς ἐπὶ τούτῳ φιλοτιμουμένους, καὶ τὰς εὖ πολιτευομένας πόλεις περὶ τούτου μάλιστα σπουδαζούσας, ἔτι δὲ τοὺς πολέμους τοὺς προγεγενημένους οὐ κατὰ τὰς δυνάμεις ἀλλὰ κατὰ τὸ δίκαιον τὸ τέλος ἅπαντας εἰληφότας, ὅλως δὲ τὸν βίον τὸν τῶν ἀνθρώπων διὰ μὲν κακίαν ἀπολλύμενον, διʼ ἀρετὴν δὲ σωζόμενον.
36. further, I observe that the wars of the past have in the end been decided, not in accordance with the strongest forces, but in accordance with justice; and that, in general, the life of man is destroyed by vice and preserved by virtue. Therefore those should not lack courage who are about to take up arms in a just cause, but far more those who are insolent and do not know how to bear their good fortune with moderation. Then, too, there is this point to consider: At present we are all agreed as to what is just, while we differ as to what is expedient. But now that two good things are set before us, the one evident, the other doubtful, how ridiculous you would make yourselves if you should reject that course which is acknowledged to be good and decide to take that which is debatable, especially when your choice is a matter of such importance!
36. ὥστʼ οὐκ ἀθυμεῖν δεῖ τοὺς ὑπὲρ τῶν δικαίων κινδυνεύειν μέλλοντας, ἀλλὰ πολὺ μᾶλλον τοὺς ὑβρίζοντας καὶ τοὺς τὰς εὐτυχίας μὴ μετρίως φέρειν ἐπισταμένους. ἔπειτα κἀκεῖνο χρὴ σκοπεῖν· νυνὶ γὰρ περὶ μὲν τοῦ δικαίου πάντες τὴν αὐτὴν γνώμην ἔχομεν, περὶ δὲ τοῦ συμφέροντος ἀντιλέγομεν. δυοῖν δὲ προτεινομένοιν ἀγαθοῖν, καὶ τοῦ μὲν ὄντος προδήλου τοῦ δὲ ἀγνοουμένου, πῶς οὐκ ἂν ποιήσαιτε καταγέλαστον, εἰ τὸ μὲν ὁμολογούμενον ἀποδοκιμάσαιτε, τὸ δʼ ἀμφισβητούμενον ἑλέσθαι δόξειεν ὑμῖν, ἄλλως τε καὶ τῆς αἱρέσεως τοσοῦτον διαφερούσης;
38. For according to my proposal you would not relinquish a single one of your possessions nor fasten any disgrace upon the state; nay, on the contrary, you would have good hope that taking up arms in a just cause you would fight better than your foes. According to their proposal, on the other hand, you would withdraw at once from Messene, and, having first committed this wrong against yourselves, you would perhaps fail to secure both what is expedient and what is just—and everything else which you expect to gain.
38. ἐν μὲν γὰρ τοῖς ἐμοῖς λόγοις ἔνεστι μηδὲν μὲν προέσθαι τῶν ὑμετέρων αὐτῶν μηδʼ αἰσχύνῃ μηδεμιᾷ τὴν πόλιν περιβαλεῖν, ὑπὲρ δὲ τῶν δικαίων κινδυνεύοντας ἐλπίζειν ἄμεινον ἀγωνιεῖσθαι τῶν ἐχθρῶν, ἐν δὲ τοῖς τούτων ἀφεστάναι μὲν ἤδη Μεσσήνης, προεξαμαρτόντας δὲ τοῦτʼ εἰς ὑμᾶς αὐτοὺς τυχὸν καὶ τοῦ συμφέροντος καὶ τοῦ δικαίου καὶ τῶν ἄλλων ἁπάντων ὧν προσδοκᾶτε διαμαρτεῖν.
39. For as yet it is by no means evident that if we do as we are bidden we shall henceforth enjoy lasting peace. For I think you are not unaware that all men are wont to discuss just terms with those who defend their rights, while in the case of those who are over-ready to do what they are commanded they keep adding more and more to the conditions which at first they intended to impose; and thus it happens that men of a warlike temper obtain a more satisfactory peace than those who too readily come to terms.
39. καὶ γὰρ οὐδὲ τοῦτό πω φανερόν ἐστιν, ὡς ἂν ποιήσωμεν τὰ κελευόμενα, βεβαίως ἤδη τὴν εἰρήνην ἄξομεν. οἶμαι γὰρ ὑμᾶς οὐκ ἀγνοεῖν ὅτι πάντες εἰώθασι πρὸς μὲν τοὺς ἀμυνομένους περὶ τῶν δικαίων διαλέγεσθαι, τοῖς δὲ λίαν ἑτοίμως ποιοῦσι τὸ προσταττόμενον ἀεὶ πλείω προσεπιβάλλειν οἷς ἂν ἐξ ἀρχῆς διανοηθῶσιν, ὥστε συμβαίνειν βελτίονος εἰρήνης τυγχάνειν τοὺς πολεμικῶς διακειμένους τῶν ῥᾳδίως τὰς ὁμολογίας ποιουμένων.
40. But lest I should seem to dwell too long on this point, I shall abandon all such considerations and turn at once to the simplest of my proofs. If no people, after meeting with misfortune, ever recovered themselves or mastered their enemies, then we cannot reasonably hope to win victory in battle; but if on many occasions it has happened that the stronger power has been vanquished by the weaker, and that the besiegers have been destroyed by those confined within the walls, what wonder if our own circumstances likewise should undergo a change?
40. ἵνα δὲ μὴ δοκῶ περὶ ταῦτα πολὺν χρόνον διατρίβειν, ἁπάντων τῶν τοιούτων ἀφέμενος ἐπὶ τὸν ἁπλούστατον ἤδη τρέψομαι τῶν λόγων. εἰ μὲν γὰρ μηδένες πώποτε τῶν δυστυχησάντων ἀνέλαβον αὑτοὺς μηδʼ ἐπεκράτησαν τῶν ἐχθρῶν, οὐδʼ ἡμᾶς εἰκὸς ἐλπίζειν περιγενήσεσθαι πολεμοῦντας· εἰ δὲ πολλάκις γέγονεν ὥστε καὶ τοὺς μείζω δύναμιν ἔχοντας ὑπὸ τῶν ἀσθενεστέρων κρατηθῆναι καὶ τοὺς πολιορκοῦντας ὑπὸ τῶν κατακεκλειμένων διαφθαρῆναι, τί θαυμαστὸν εἰ καὶ τὰ νῦν καθεστῶτα λήψεταί τινα μετάστασιν;
41. Now in the case of Sparta I can cite no instance of this kind, for in times past no nation stronger than ourselves ever invaded our territory; but in the case of other states there are many such examples which one might use, and especially is this true of the city of the Athenians.
41. ἐπὶ μὲν οὖν τῆς ἡμετέρας πόλεως οὐδὲν ἔχω τοιοῦτον εἰπεῖν· ἐν γὰρ τοῖς ἐπέκεινα χρόνοις οὐδένες πώποτε κρείττους ἡμῶν εἰς ταύτην τὴν χώραν εἰσέβαλον· ἐπὶ δὲ τῶν ἄλλων πολλοῖς ἄν τις παραδείγμασι χρήσαιτο, καὶ μάλιστʼ ἐπὶ τῆς πόλεως τῆς Ἀθηναίων.
42. For we shall find that as a result of dictating to others they lost repute with the Hellenes, while by defending themselves against insolent invaders they won fame among all mankind. Now if I were to recount the wars of old which they fought against the Amazons or the Thracians or the Peloponnesians who under the leadership of Eurystheus invaded Attica, no doubt I should be thought to speak on matters ancient and remote from the present situation; but in their war against the Persians, who does not know from what hardships they arose to great good-fortune?
42. τούτους γὰρ εὑρήσομεν, ἐξ ὧν μὲν τοῖς ἄλλοις προσέταττον, πρὸς τοὺς Ἕλληνας διαβληθέντας, ἐξ ὧν δὲ τοὺς ὑβρίζοντας ἠμύναντο, παρὰ πᾶσιν ἀνθρώποις εὐδοκιμήσαντας. τοὺς μὲν οὖν παλαιοὺς κινδύνους εἰ διεξιοίην, οὓς ἐποιήσαντο πρὸς Ἀμαζόνας ἢ Θρᾷκας ἢ Πελοποννησίους τοὺς μετʼ Εὐρυσθέως εἰς τὴν χώραν αὐτῶν εἰσβαλόντας, ἴσως ἀρχαῖα καὶ πόρρω τῶν νῦν παρόντων λέγειν ἂν δοκοίην· ἐν δὲ τῷ Περσικῷ πολέμῳ τίς οὐκ οἶδεν ἐξ οἵων συμφορῶν εἰς ὅσην εὐδαιμονίαν κατέστησαν;
43. For they alone of those who dwelt outside of the Peloponnesus, although they saw that the strength of the barbarians was irresistible, did not think it honorable to consider the terms imposed upon them, but straightway chose to see their city ravaged rather than enslaved. Leaving their own country, and adopting Freedom as their fatherland, they shared the dangers of war with us, and wrought such a change in their fortunes that, after being deprived of their own possessions for but a few days, they became for many years masters of the rest of the world.
43. μόνοι γὰρ τῶν ἔξω Πελοποννήσου κατοικούντων, ὁρῶντες τὴν τῶν βαρβάρων δύναμιν ἀνυπόστατον οὖσαν, οὐκ ἠξίωσαν βουλεύσασθαι περὶ τῶν προσταττομένων αὐτοῖς, ἀλλʼ εὐθὺς εἵλοντο περιιδεῖν ἀνάστατον τὴν πόλιν γεγενημένην μᾶλλον ἢ δουλεύουσαν. ἐκλιπόντες δὲ τὴν χώραν, καὶ πατρίδα μὲν τὴν ἐλευθερίαν νομίσαντες, κοινωνήσαντες δὲ τῶν κινδύνων ἡμῖν, τοσαύτης μεταβολῆς ἔτυχον, ὥστε ὀλίγας ἡμέρας στερηθέντες τῶν αὑτῶν πολὺν χρόνον τῶν ἄλλων δεσπόται κατέστησαν.
44. Athens, however, is not the only instance by which one might show how great are the advantages of daring to resist one’s enemies. There is also the case of the tyrant Dionysius, who, when he was besieged by the Carthaginians, seeing not a glimmer of hope for deliverance, but being hard pressed both by the war and by the disaffection of his citizens, was, for his part, on the point of sailing away, when one of his companions made bold to declare that “royalty is a glorious shroud.” Ashamed of what he had planned to do, and taking up the war afresh, he destroyed countless hosts of the Carthaginians, strengthened his authority over his subjects, acquired far greater dominion than he had possessed before, ruled with absolute power until his death, and left his son in possession of the same honors and powers as he himself had enjoyed.
44. οὐ μόνον δʼ ἐπὶ ταύτης ἄν τις τῆς πόλεως ἐπιδείξειε τὸ τολμᾶν ἀμύνεσθαι τοὺς ἐχθρούς, ὡς πολλῶν ἀγαθῶν αἴτιόν ἐστιν, ἀλλὰ καὶ Διονύσιος ὁ τύραννος καταστὰς εἰς πολιορκίαν ὑπὸ Καρχηδονίων, οὐδεμιᾶς αὐτῷ σωτηρίας ὑποφαινομένης, ἀλλὰ καὶ τῷ πολέμῳ κατεχόμενος καὶ τῶν πολιτῶν δυσκόλως πρὸς αὐτὸν διακειμένων, αὐτὸς μὲν ἐμέλλησεν ἐκπλεῖν, τῶν δὲ χρωμένων τινὸς τολμήσαντος εἰπεῖν ὡς καλόν ἐστιν ἐντάφιον ἡ τυραννίς, αἰσχυνθεὶς ἐφʼ οἷς διενοήθη καὶ πάλιν ἐπιχειρήσας πολεμεῖν, πολλὰς μὲν μυριάδας Καρχηδονίων διέφθειρεν, ἐγκρατεστέραν δὲ τὴν ἀρχὴν τὴν τῶν πολιτῶν κατεστήσατο, πολὺ δὲ μείζω τὴν δύναμιν τὴν αὑτοῦ τῆς πρότερον ὑπαρχούσης ἐκτήσατο, τυραννῶν δὲ τὸν βίον διετέλεσε, καὶ τὸν υἱὸν ἐν ταῖς αὐταῖς τιμαῖς καὶ δυναστείαις, ἐν αἷσπερ αὐτὸς ἦν, κατέλιπεν.
46. Similar to this was the career of Amyntas, king of the Macedonians. Worsted in battle by the neighboring barbarians, and robbed of all Macedonia, he at first proposed to quit the country and save his life, but hearing someone praise the remark made to Dionysius, and, like Dionysius, repenting of his decision, Amyntas seized a small fortified post, sent out thence for reinforcements, recovered the whole of Macedonia within three months, spent the remainder of his days on the throne, and finally died of old age.
46. παραπλήσια δὲ τούτοις Ἀμύντας ὁ Μακεδόνων βασιλεὺς ἔπραξεν. ἡττηθεὶς γὰρ ὑπὸ τῶν βαρβάρων τῶν προσοικούντων μάχῃ καὶ πάσης Μακεδονίας ἀποστερηθεὶς τὸ μὲν πρῶτον ἐκλιπεῖν τὴν χώραν διενοήθη καὶ τὸ σῶμα διασώζειν, ἀκούσας δέ τινος ἐπαινοῦντος τὸ πρὸς Διονύσιον ῥηθέν, καὶ μεταγνοὺς ὥσπερ ἐκεῖνος, χωρίον μικρὸν καταλαβὼν καὶ βοήθειαν ἐνθένδε μεταπεμψάμενος ἐντὸς μὲν τριῶν μηνῶν κατέσχεν ἅπασαν Μακεδονίαν, τὸν δʼ ἐπίλοιπον χρόνον βασιλεύων γήρᾳ τὸν βίον ἐτελεύτησεν.
47. But we should both grow weary, you with listening and I with speaking, if we were to examine every incident of this sort; nay, if we were to recall also our experience with Thebes, while we should be grieved over past events, we should gain better hopes for the future. For when they ventured to withstand our inroads and our threats, fortune so completely reversed their situation that they, who at all other times have been in our power, now assert their right to dictate to us.
47. ἀπείποιμεν δʼ ἂν ἀκούοντές τε καὶ λέγοντες, εἰ πάσας τὰς τοιαύτας πράξεις ἐξετάζοιμεν, ἐπεὶ καὶ τῶν περὶ Θήβας πραχθέντων εἰ μνησθείημεν, ἐπὶ μὲν τοῖς γεγενημένοις ἂν λυπηθεῖμεν, περὶ δὲ τῶν μελλόντων βελτίους ἐλπίδας ἂν λάβοιμεν. τολμησάντων γὰρ αὐτῶν ὑπομεῖναι τὰς εἰσβολὰς καὶ τὰς ἀπειλὰς τὰς ἡμετέρας, εἰς τοῦθʼ ἡ τύχη τὰ πράγματʼ αὐτῶν περιέστησεν, ὥστε τὸν ἄλλον χρόνον ὑφʼ ἡμῖν ὄντες νῦν ἡμῖν προστάττειν ἀξιοῦσιν.
48. Seeing, then, that such great reversals have taken place, he is a very foolish person who thinks that they will fail to occur in our case; nay, we must endure for the present and be of good courage with regard to the future, knowing that states repair such disasters by the aid of good government and experience in warfare; and on this point no one would dare contradict me when I say that we have greater experience in military matters than any other people, and that government as it ought to be exists among us alone. With these two advantages on our side, we cannot fail to prove more successful in our undertakings than those who have paid but slight attention to either government or war.
48. ὅστις οὖν ὁρῶν τοσαύτας μεταβολὰς γεγενημένας ἐφʼ ἡμῶν οἴεται παύσεσθαι, λίαν ἀνόητός ἐστιν· ἀλλὰ δεῖ καρτερεῖν ἐπὶ τοῖς παροῦσι καὶ θαρρεῖν περὶ τῶν μελλόντων, ἐπισταμένους ὅτι τὰς τοιαύτας συμφορὰς αἱ πόλεις ἐπανορθοῦνται πολιτείᾳ χρηστῇ καὶ ταῖς περὶ τὸν πόλεμον ἐμπειρίαις. περὶ ὧν οὐδεὶς ἂν τολμήσειεν ἀντειπεῖν, ὡς οὐ τὴν μὲν ἐμπειρίαν μᾶλλον τῶν ἄλλων ἔχομεν, πολιτείαν δʼ οἵαν εἶναι χρή, παρὰ μόνοις ἡμῖν ἐστιν. ὧν ὑπαρχόντων οὐκ ἔστιν ὅπως οὐκ ἄμεινον πράξομεν τῶν μηδετέρου τούτων πολλὴν ἐπιμέλειαν πεποιημένων.
49. There are those who condemn war and dwell on its precariousness, employing many other proofs, but particularly our own experiences, and express surprise that men should see fit to rely on an expedient so difficult and hazardous. But I know of many who through war have acquired great prosperity, and many who have been robbed of all they possessed through keeping the peace;
49. κατηγοροῦσι δέ τινες τοῦ πολέμου, καὶ διεξέρχονται τὴν ἀπιστίαν αὐτοῦ, τεκμηρίοις ἄλλοις τε πολλοῖς χρώμενοι καὶ μάλιστα τοῖς περὶ ἡμᾶς γεγενημένοις, καὶ θαυμάζουσιν εἴ τινες οὕτω χαλεπῷ καὶ παραβόλῳ πράγματι πιστεύειν ἀξιοῦσιν. ἐγὼ δὲ πολλοὺς μὲν οἶδα διὰ τὸν πόλεμον μεγάλην εὐδαιμονίαν κτησαμένους, πολλοὺς δὲ τῆς ὑπαρχούσης ἀποστερηθέντας διὰ τὴν εἰρήνην·
50. for nothing of this kind is in itself absolutely either good or bad, but rather it is the use we make of circumstances and opportunities which in either case must determine the result. Those who are prosperous should set their hearts on peace, for in a state of peace they can preserve their present condition for the greatest length of time; those, however, who are unfortunate should give their minds to war, for out of the confusion and innovation resulting from it they can more quickly secure a change in their fortunes. But we, I fear, will be seen to have pursued exactly the opposite course;
50. οὐδὲν γὰρ τῶν τοιούτων ἐστὶν ἀποτόμως οὔτε κακὸν οὔτʼ ἀγαθόν, ἀλλʼ ὡς ἂν χρήσηταί τις τοῖς πράγμασι καὶ τοῖς καιροῖς, οὕτως ἀνάγκη καὶ τὸ τέλος ἐκβαίνειν ἐξ αὐτῶν. χρὴ δὲ τοὺς μὲν εὖ πράττοντας τῆς εἰρήνης ἐπιθυμεῖν· ἐν ταύτῃ γὰρ τῇ καταστάσει πλεῖστον ἄν τις χρόνον τὰ παρόντα διαφυλάξειεν· τοὺς δὲ δυστυχοῦντας τῷ πολέμῳ προσέχειν τὸν νοῦν· ἐκ γὰρ τῆς ταραχῆς καὶ τῆς καινουργίας θᾶττον ἂν μεταβολῆς τύχοιεν. ὧν ἡμεῖς δέδοικα μὴ τἀναντία πράττοντες φανῶμεν·
51. for when we might have lived at ease, we made more wars than were necessary, but now, when we have no choice but to risk battle, we desire tranquility and deliberate about our own security. And yet those who wish to be free ought to shun a peace whose terms are dictated by the enemy as being not far removed from slavery, and should make treaties only when they have defeated their adversaries, or when they have made their forces equal to those of the enemy; for the kind of peace which each side will obtain will be decided by the manner in which they conclude the war.
51. ὅτε μὲν γὰρ ἐξῆν ἡμῖν τρυφᾶν, πλείους τοὺς πολέμους ἐποιούμεθα τοῦ δέοντος, ἐπειδὴ δʼ εἰς ἀνάγκην καθέσταμεν ὥστε κινδυνεύειν, ἡσυχίας ἐπιθυμοῦμεν καὶ περὶ ἀσφαλείας βουλευόμεθα. καίτοι χρὴ τοὺς βουλομένους ἐλευθέρους εἶναι τὰς μὲν ἐκ τῶν ἐπιταγμάτων συνθήκας φεύγειν ὡς ἐγγὺς δουλείας οὔσας, ποιεῖσθαι δὲ τὰς διαλλαγάς, ὅταν ἢ περιγένωνται τῶν ἐχθρῶν ἢ τὴν δύναμιν τὴν αὑτῶν ἐξισώσωσιν τῇ τῶν πολεμίων· ὡς τοιαύτην ἕκαστοι τὴν εἰρήνην ἕξουσιν, οἵαν περ ἂν τοῦ πολέμου ποιήσωνται τὴν κατάλυσιν.
52. Bearing these facts in mind, you must not rashly commit yourselves to shameful terms, nor let it appear that you are more remiss in your deliberations about your country than about the rest of the world. Let me recall to your minds that formerly, if a single Lacedaemonian gave aid to one of our allied cities when it was pressed by siege, all men would concede that its deliverance was due to him. Now the older among you could name the greater number of these men, but I, too, can recount the most illustrious of them:
52. ὧν ἐνθυμουμένους χρὴ μὴ προπετῶς ὑμᾶς αὐτοὺς ἐμβαλεῖν εἰς αἰσχρὰς ὁμολογίας, μηδὲ ῥᾳθυμότερον ὑπὲρ τῆς πατρίδος ἢ τῶν ἄλλων φανῆναι βουλευομένους. ἀναμνήσθητε δὲ πρὸς ὑμᾶς αὐτοὺς ὅτι τὸν παρελθόντα χρόνον, εἰ πολιορκουμένῃ τινὶ τῶν πόλεων τῶν συμμαχίδων εἷς μόνος Λακεδαιμονίων βοηθήσειεν, ὑπὸ πάντων ἂν ὡμολογεῖτο παρὰ τοῦτον γενέσθαι τὴν σωτηρίαν αὐτοῖς. καὶ τοὺς μὲν πλείστους τῶν τοιούτων ἀνδρῶν παρὰ τῶν πρεσβυτέρων ἄν τις ἀκούσειεν, τοὺς δʼ ὀνομαστοτάτους ἔχω κἀγὼ διελθεῖν.
53. Pedaritus, sailing to Chios, saved that city; Brasidas entered Amphipolis and, having rallied about him a few of those who were under siege, defeated the besiegers in battle in spite of their numbers; Gylippus, by bringing aid to the Syracusans, not only saved them from destruction, but also captured the entire armament of the enemy, which dominated them both by land and by sea.
53. Πεδάριτος μὲν γὰρ εἰς Χίον εἰσπλεύσας τὴν πόλιν αὐτῶν διέσωσε· Βρασίδας δʼ εἰς Ἀμφίπολιν εἰσελθών, ὀλίγους περὶ αὑτὸν τῶν πολιορκουμένων συνταξάμενος, πολλοὺς ὄντας τοὺς πολιορκοῦντας ἐνίκησε μαχόμενος· Γύλιππος δὲ Συρακοσίοις βοηθήσας οὐ μόνον ἐκείνους διέσωσεν, ἀλλὰ καὶ τὴν δύναμιν τὴν κρατοῦσαν αὐτῶν καὶ κατὰ γῆν καὶ κατὰ θάλατταν ἅπασαν αἰχμάλωτον ἔλαβεν.
54. And yet is it not shameful that in those days single men among us were strong enough to protect the cities of others, but now all of us together are not able, nor do we attempt, to save our own city? Is it not shameful that, when we fought for others, we filled Europe and Asia with trophies, but now, when our own country is so openly outraged, we cannot show that we have fought in her behalf a single battle worthy of note?
54. καίτοι πῶς οὐκ αἰσχρὸν τότε μὲν ἕκαστον ἡμῶν ἱκανὸν εἶναι τὰς ἀλλοτρίας πόλεις διαφυλάττειν, νυνὶ δὲ πάντας μηδὲ πειρᾶσθαι τὴν ἡμετέραν αὐτῶν διασώζειν; καὶ τὴν μὲν Εὐρώπην καὶ τὴν Ἀσίαν μεστὴν πεποιηκέναι τροπαίων ὑπὲρ τῶν ἄλλων πολεμοῦντας, ὑπὲρ δὲ τῆς πατρίδος οὕτω φανερῶς ὑβριζομένης μηδὲ μίαν μάχην ἀξίαν λόγου φαίνεσθαι μεμαχημένους;
55. Is it not shameful, finally, that other cities have endured the last extremities of siege to preserve our empire, while we ourselves see no reason why we should bear even slight hardships to prevent our being forced to do anything contrary to our just rights, but are to be seen even at this moment feeding teams of ravenous horses, although, like men reduced to the direst extremities and in want of their daily bread, we sue for peace in this fashion?
55. ἀλλʼ ἑτέρας μὲν πόλεις ὑπὲρ τῆς ἡμετέρας ἀρχῆς τὰς ἐσχάτας ὑπομεῖναι πολιορκίας, αὐτοὺς δʼ ἡμᾶς, ὑπὲρ τοῦ μηδὲν ἀναγκασθῆναι παρὰ τὸ δίκαιον ποιεῖν, μηδὲ μικρὰν οἴεσθαι δεῖν ὑπενεγκεῖν κακοπάθειαν, ἀλλὰ ζεύγη μὲν ἵππων ἀδηφαγούντων ἔτι καὶ νῦν ὁρᾶσθαι τρέφοντας, ὥσπερ δὲ τοὺς εἰς τὰς δεινοτάτας ἀνάγκας ἀφιγμένους καὶ τῶν καθʼ ἡμέραν ἐνδεεῖς ὄντας, οὕτω ποιεῖσθαι τὴν εἰρήνην;