1. When I was younger, I elected not to write the kind of discourse which deals with myths nor that which abounds in marvels and fictions, although the majority of people are more delighted with this literature than with that which is devoted to their welfare and safety; nor did I choose the kind which recounts the ancient deeds and wars of the Hellenes, although I am aware that this is deservedly praised, nor, again, that which gives the impression of having been composed in a plain and simple manner and is lacking in all the refinements of style, which those who are clever at conducting law-suits urge our young men tocultivate, especially if they wish to have the advantage over their adversaries. No, I left all these to others and devoted my own efforts to giving advice on the true interests of Athens and of the rest of the Hellenes, writing in a style rich in many telling points, in contrasted and balanced phrases not a few, and in the other figures of speech which give brilliance to oratory and compel the approbation and applause of the audience.
1. νεώτερος μὲν ὢν προῃρούμην γράφειν τῶν λόγων οὐ τοὺς μυθώδεις οὐδὲ τοὺς τερατείας καὶ ψευδολογίας μεστούς, οἷς οἱ πολλοὶ μᾶλλον χαίρουσιν ἢ τοῖς περὶ τῆς αὑτῶν σωτηρίας λεγομένοις, οὐδὲ τοὺς τὰς παλαιὰς πράξεις καὶ τοὺς πολέμους τοὺς Ἑλληνικοὺς ἐξηγουμένους, καίπερ εἰδὼς δικαίως αὐτοὺς ἐπαινουμένους, οὐδʼ αὖ τοὺς ἁπλῶς δοκοῦντας εἰρῆσθαι καὶ μηδεμιᾶς κομψότητος μετέχοντας, οὓς οἱ δεινοὶ περὶ τοὺς ἀγῶνας παραινοῦσι τοῖς νεωτέροις μελετᾶν, εἴπερ βούλονται πλέον ἔχειν τῶν ἀντιδίκων, ἀλλὰ πάντας τούτους ἐάσας περὶ ἐκείνους ἐπραγματευόμην, τοὺς περὶ τῶν συμφερόντων τῇ τε πόλει καὶ τοῖς ἄλλοις Ἕλλησι συμβουλεύοντας, καὶ πολλῶν μὲν ἐνθυμημάτων γέμοντας, οὐκ ὀλίγων δʼ ἀντιθέσεων καὶ παρισώσεων καὶ τῶν ἄλλων ἰδεῶν τῶν ἐν ταῖς ῥητορείαις διαλαμπουσῶν καὶ τοὺς ἀκούοντας ἐπισημαίνεσθαι καὶ θορυβεῖν ἀναγκαζουσῶν.
3. Now, however, I have completely given up these devices of rhetoric. For I do not think it is becoming to the ninety-four years which I have lived nor, in general, to men whose hair has at length turned to grey to continue to speak in this fashion, but rather in the manner which every man, should he so desire, would hope to command, although no man can easily attain it without hard work and close application.
3. νῦν δʼ οὐδʼ ὁπωσοῦν τοὺς τοιούτους. ἡγοῦμαι γὰρ οὐχ ἁρμόττειν οὔτε τοῖς ἔτεσι τοῖς ἐνενήκοντα καὶ τέτταρσιν, ἁγὼ τυγχάνω γεγονώς, οὔθʼ ὅλως τοῖς ἤδη πολιὰς ἔχουσιν, ἐκεῖνον τὸν τρόπον ἔτι λέγειν, ἀλλʼ ὡς ἅπαντες μὲν ἂν ἐλπίσειαν εἰ βουληθεῖεν, οὐδεὶς δʼ ἂν δυνηθείη ῥᾳδίως πλὴν τῶν πονεῖν ἐθελόντων καὶ σφόδρα προσεχόντων τὸν νοῦν.
4. I have said this at the beginning in order that if the discourse which is now about to be presented to the public should appear to some to be more feeble than those which have been published in former years, they may not compare it in the matter of rhetorical variety and finish to my former compositions but may judge it in relation to the subject matter which I have deemed appropriate to the present occasion.
4. τούτου δʼ ἕνεκεν ταῦτα προεῖπον, ἵνʼ ἤν τισιν ὁ μέλλων δειχθήσεσθαι λόγος μαλακώτερος ὢν φαίνηται τῶν πρότερον διαδεδομένων, μὴ παραβάλλωσι πρὸς τὴν ἐκείνων ποικιλίαν, ἀλλὰ πρὸς τὴν ὑπόθεσιν αὐτὸν κρίνωσι τὴν ἐν τῷ παρόντι δεδοκιμασμένην.
5. I intend to discuss the achievements of Athens and the virtues of our ancestors, although I shall not begin with them but with a statement of my personal experience, since it is more urgent, I think, to begin with this. For notwithstanding that I strive to live in a manner above reproach and without offence to others, I am continually being misrepresented by obscure and worthless sophists and being judged by the general public, not by what I really am, but by what they hear from others.
5. διαλέξομαι δὲ περί τε τῶν τῇ πόλει πεπραγμένων καὶ περὶ τῆς τῶν προγόνων ἀρετῆς, οὐκ ἀπὸ τούτων ἀρξάμενος, ἀλλʼ ἀπὸ τῶν ἐμοὶ συμβεβηκότων· ἐντεῦθεν γὰρ οἶμαι μᾶλλον κατεπείγειν. πειρώμενος γὰρ ἀναμαρτήτως ζῆν καὶ τοῖς ἄλλοις ἀλύπως, οὐδένα διαλέλοιπα χρόνον ὑπὸ μὲν τῶν σοφιστῶν τῶν ἀδοκίμων καὶ πονηρῶν διαβαλλόμενος, ὑπʼ ἄλλων δέ τινων οὐχ οἷός εἰμι γιγνωσκόμενος, ἀλλὰ τοιοῦτος ὑπολαμβανόμενος οἷον ἂν παρʼ ἑτέρων ἀκούσωσιν.
6. I wish, therefore, to preface my discussion with a word about myself and about those who have this attitude towards me, in order that, if only it lies within my power to do so, I may put an end to the abuse of my calumniators and give to the public a clear understanding of the work to which I am devoted. For if I succeed in setting forth a true picture of this in my discourse, I hope not only that I myself may pass the rest of my days free from annoyance but that my present audience will give better attention to the discourse which is about to be delivered.
6. βούλομαι οὖν προδιαλεχθῆναι περί τʼ ἐμαυτοῦ καὶ περὶ τῶν οὕτω πρός με διακειμένων, ἵνʼ ἤν πως οἷός τε γένωμαι, τοὺς μὲν παύσω βλασφημοῦντας, τοὺς δʼ εἰδέναι ποιήσω περὶ ἃ τυγχάνω διατρίβων· ἢν γὰρ ταῦτα τῷ λόγῳ δυνηθῶ διοικῆσαι κατὰ τρόπον, ἐλπίζω τὸν ἐπίλοιπον χρόνον αὐτός τε ἀλύπως διάξειν, καὶ τῷ λόγῳ τῷ μέλλοντι ῥηθήσεσθαι τοὺς παρόντας μᾶλλον προσέξειν τὸν νοῦν.
7. I am not going to hesitate to tell you frankly of the confusion which now comes into my thoughts, of the strangeness of my feelings on the present occasion, and of my perplexity as to whether I am doing anything to the purpose. For I have had my share of the greatest goods of life—the things which all men would pray the gods to have as their portion: first of all, I have enjoyed health both of body and of soul, not in common degree, but in equal measure with those who have been most blessed in these respects; secondly, I have been in comfortable circumstances, so that I have not lacked for any of the moderate satisfactions nor for those that a sensible man would desire; and, lastly, I have been ranked, not among those who are despised or ignored, but among those whom the most cultivated of the Hellenes will recall and talk about as men of consequence and worth. And yet, although I have been blessed with all these gifts, some in surpassing, others in sufficient measure, I am not content to live on these terms; on the contrary, my old age is so morose and captious and discontented that I have oftentimes before this found fault with my nature, which no other man has contemned, and have deplored my fortune, although I have had no complaint against it other than that the philosophy which I have chosen to pursue has been the object of unfortunate and unscrupulous attacks.
7. οὐκ ὀκνήσω δὲ κατειπεῖν οὔτε τὴν νῦν ἐγγιγνομένην ἐν τῇ διανοίᾳ μοι ταραχήν, οὔτε τὴν ἀτοπίαν ὧν ἐν τῷ παρόντι τυγχάνω γιγνώσκων, οὔτʼ εἴ τι πράττω τῶν δεόντων. ἐγὼ γὰρ μετεσχηκὼς τῶν μεγίστων ἀγαθῶν, ὧν ἅπαντες ἂν εὔξαιντο μεταλαβεῖν, πρῶτον μὲν τῆς περὶ τὸ σῶμα καὶ τὴν ψυχὴν ὑγιείας οὐχ ὡς ἔτυχον, ἀλλʼ ἐναμίλλως τοῖς μάλιστα περὶ ἑκάτερον τούτων εὐτυχηκόσιν, ἔπειτα τῆς περὶ τὸν βίον εὐπορίας, ὥστε μηδενὸς πώποτʼ ἀπορῆσαι τῶν μετρίων μηδʼ ὧν ἄνθρωπος ἂν νοῦν ἔχων ἐπιθυμήσειεν, ἔτι τοῦ μὴ τῶν καταβεβλημένων εἷς εἶναι μηδὲ τῶν κατημελημένων, ἀλλʼ ἐκείνων περὶ ὧν οἱ χαριέστατοι τῶν Ἑλλήνων καὶ μνησθεῖεν ἂν καὶ διαλεχθεῖεν ὡς σπουδαίων ὄντων,—τούτων ἁπάντων μοι συμβεβηκότων τῶν μὲν ὑπερβαλλόντως τῶν δʼ ἐξαρκούντως οὐκ ἀγαπῶ ζῶν ἐπὶ τούτοις, ἀλλʼ οὕτω τὸ γῆράς ἐστι δυσάρεστον καὶ μικρολόγον καὶ μεμψίμοιρον, ὥστε πολλάκις ἤδη τήν τε φύσιν τὴν ἐμαυτοῦ κατεμεμψάμην,
9. As to my nature, however, I realized that it was not robust and vigorous enough for public affairs and that it was not adequate nor altogether suited to public discourse, and that, furthermore, although it was better able to form a correct judgement of the truth of any matter than are those who claim to have exact knowledge, yet for expounding the truth before an assemblage of many people it was, if I may say so, the least competent in all the world.
9. ἧς οὐδεὶς ἄλλος καταπεφρόνηκε, καὶ τὴν τύχην ὠδυράμην, ταύτῃ μὲν οὐδὲν ἔχων ἐπικαλεῖν ἄλλο πλὴν ὅτι περὶ τὴν φιλοσοφίαν ἣν προειλόμην ἀτυχίαι τινὲς καὶ συκοφαντίαι γεγόνασι, τὴν δὲ φύσιν εἰδὼς πρὸς μὲν τὰς πράξεις ἀρρωστοτέραν καὶ μαλακωτέραν οὖσαν τοῦ δέοντος, πρὸς δὲ τοὺς λόγους οὔτε τελείαν οὔτε πανταχῇ χρησίμην, ἀλλὰ δοξάσαι μὲν περὶ ἑκάστου τὴν ἀλήθειαν μᾶλλον δυναμένην τῶν εἰδέναι φασκόντων, εἰπεῖν δὲ περὶ τῶν αὐτῶν τούτων ἐν συλλόγῳ πολλῶν ἀνθρώπων ἁπασῶν ὡς ἔπος εἰπεῖν ἀπολελειμμένην.
10. For I was born more lacking in the two things which have the greatest power in Athens—a strong voice and ready assurance —than, I dare say, any of my fellow-citizens. And those who are not endowed with these are condemned to go about in greater obscurity so far as public recognition is concerned than those who owe money to the state; for the latter have still the hope of paying off the fine assessed against them, whereas the former can never change their nature.
10. οὕτω γὰρ ἐνδεὴς ἀμφοτέρων ἐγενόμην τῶν μεγίστην δύναμιν ἐχόντων παρʼ ἡμῖν, φωνῆς ἱκανῆς καὶ τόλμης, ὡς οὐκ οἶδʼ εἴ τις ἄλλος τῶν πολιτῶν· ὧν οἱ μὴ τυχόντες ἀτιμότεροι περιέρχονται πρὸς τὸ δοκεῖν ἄξιοί τινος εἶναι τῶν ὀφειλόντων τῷ δημοσίῳ· τοῖς μὲν γὰρ ἐκτίσειν τὸ καταγνωσθὲν ἐλπίδες ὕπεισιν, οἱ δʼ οὐδέποτʼ ἂν τὴν φύσιν μεταβάλοιεν.
11. And yet I did not permit these disabilities to dishearten me nor did I allow myself to sink into obscurity or utter oblivion, but since I was barred from public life I took refuge in study and work and writing down my thoughts, choosing as my field, not petty matters nor private contracts, nor the things about which the other orators prate, but the affairs of Hellas and of kings and of states. Wherefore I thought that I was entitled to more honor than the speakers who come before you on the platform in proportion as my discourses were on greater and nobler themes than theirs. But nothing of the sort has come to pass.
11. οὐ μὴν ἐπὶ τούτοις ἀθυμήσας περιεῖδον ἐμαυτὸν ἄδοξον οὐδʼ ἀφανῆ παντάπασι γενόμενον, ἀλλʼ ἐπειδὴ τοῦ πολιτεύεσθαι διήμαρτον, ἐπὶ τὸ φιλοσοφεῖν καὶ πονεῖν καὶ γράφειν ἃ διανοηθείην κατέφυγον, οὐ περὶ μικρῶν τὴν προαίρεσιν ποιούμενος οὐδὲ περὶ τῶν ἰδίων συμβολαίων οὐδὲ περὶ ὧν ἄλλοι τινὲς ληροῦσιν, ἀλλὰ περὶ τῶν Ἐλληνικῶν καὶ βασιλικῶν καὶ πολιτικῶν πραγμάτων, διʼ ἃ προσήκειν ᾠόμην μοι τοσούτῳ μᾶλλον τιμᾶσθαι τῶν ἐπὶ τὸ βῆμα παριόντων, ὅσῳ περ περὶ μειζόνων καὶ καλλιόνων ἢ κεῖνοι τοὺς λόγους ἐποιούμην. ὧν οὐδὲν ἡμῖν ἀποβέβηκεν.
12. And yet all men know that the majority of the orators have the audacity to harangue the people, not for the good of the state, but for what they themselves expect to gain, while I and mine not only abstain more than all others from the public funds but expend more than we can afford from our private means on the needs of the commonwealth; and they know, furthermore, that these orators are either wrangling among themselves in the assemblies over deposits of money or insulting our allies or blackmailing whosoever of the rest of the world chances to be the object of their attacks, while I, for my part, have led the way in discourses which exhort the Hellenes to concord among themselves and war against the barbarians
12. καίτοι πάντες ἴσασι τῶν μὲν ῥητόρων τοὺς πολλοὺς οὐχ ὑπὲρ τῶν τῇ πόλει συμφερόντων, ἀλλʼ ὑπὲρ ὧν αὐτοὶ λήψεσθαι προσδοκῶσι, δημηγορεῖν τολμῶντας, ἐμὲ δὲ καὶ τοὺς ἐμοὺς οὐ μόνον τῶν κοινῶν ἀπεχομένους μᾶλλον τῶν ἄλλων, ἀλλὰ καὶ τῶν ἰδίων εἰς τὰς τῆς πόλεως χρείας ὑπὲρ τὴν δύναμιν τὴν ἡμετέραν αὐτῶν δαπανωμένους, ἔτι δὲ τοὺς μὲν ἢ λοιδορουμένους ἐν ταῖς ἐκκλησίαις περὶ μεσεγγυήματος σφίσιν αὐτοῖς ἢ λυμαινομένους τοὺς συμμάχους ἢ τῶν ἄλλων ὃν ἂν τύχωσι συκοφαντοῦντας, ἐμὲ δὲ τῶν λόγων ἡγεμόνα τούτων γεγενημένον, τῶν παρακαλούντων τοὺς Ἕλληνας ἐπί τε τὴν ὁμόνοιαν τὴν πρὸς ἀλλήλους καὶ τὴν στρατείαν τὴν ἐπὶ τοὺς βαρβάρους,
14. and which urge that we all unite in colonizing a country so vast and so vulnerable that those who have heard the truth about it assert with one accord that if we are sensible and cease from our frenzy against each other we can quickly gain possession of it without effort and without risk and that this territory will easily accommodate all the people among us who are in want of the necessities of life. And these are enterprises than which, should all the world unite in the search, none could be found more honorable or more important or more advantageous to us all.
14. καὶ τῶν συμβουλευόντων ἀποικίαν ἐκπέμπειν κοινῇ πάντας ἡμᾶς ἐπὶ τοσαύτην χώραν καὶ τοιαύτην, περὶ ἧς ὅσοι περ ἀκηκόασιν ὁμολογοῦσιν ἡμᾶς τε, εἰ σωφρονήσαιμεν καὶ παυσαίμεθα τῆς πρὸς ἀλλήλους μανίας, ταχέως ἂν ἄνευ πόνων καὶ κινδύνων κατασχεῖν αὐτήν, ἐκείνην τε ῥᾳδίως ἂν ἅπαντας δέξασθαι τοὺς ἐνδεεῖς ἡμῶν ὄντας τῶν ἐπιτηδείων· ὧν πράξεις, εἰ πάντες συνελθόντες ζητοῖεν, οὐδέποτʼ ἂν εὕροιεν καλλίους οὐδὲ μείζους οὐδὲ μᾶλλον ἅπασιν ἡμῖν συμφερούσας.
15. But in spite of the fact that myself and these orators are so far apart in our ways of thinking and that I have chosen a field so much more worthy, the majority of people estimate us, not in accordance with our merits, but in a confused and altogether irrational manner. For they find fault with the character of the popular orators and yet put them at the head of affairs and invest them with power over the whole state; and, again, they praise my discourses and yet are envious of me personally for no other reason than because of these very discourses which they receive with favor. So unfortunately do I fare at their hands.
15. ἀλλʼ ὅμως οὕτω πολὺ τῇ διανοία διεστώτων ἡμῶν, καὶ τοσούτῳ σπουδαιοτέραν ἐμοῦ πεποιημένου τὴν αἵρεσιν, οὐ δικαίως οἱ πολλοὶ περὶ ἡμῶν ὑπειλήφασιν, ἀλλὰ ταραχωδῶς καὶ παντάπασιν ἀλογίστως. τῶν μὲν γὰρ ῥητόρων τὸν τρόπον ψέγοντες προστάτας αὐτοὺς τῆς πόλεως ποιοῦνται καὶ κυρίους ἁπάντων καθιστᾶσιν, ἐμοῦ δὲ τοὺς λόγους ἐπαινοῦντες αὐτῷ μοι φθονοῦσι, διʼ οὐδὲν ἕτερον ἢ διὰ τούτους οὓς ἀποδεχόμενοι τυγχάνουσιν· οὕτως ἀτυχῶς φέρομαι παρʼ αὐτοῖς.
16. But why wonder at those who are by nature envious of all superior excellence, when certain even of those who regard themselves as superior and who seek to emulate me and imitate my work are more hostile to me than is the general public? And yet where in the world could you find men more reprehensible—for I shall speak my mind even at the risk of appearing to some to discourse with more vehemence and rancor than is becoming to my age—where, I say, could you find men more reprehensible than these, who are not able to put before their students even a fraction of what I have set forth in my teaching but use my discourses as models and make their living from so doing, and yet are so far from being grateful to me on this account that they are not even willing to let me alone but are always saying disparaging things about me?
16. καὶ τί δεῖ θαυμάζειν τῶν πρὸς ἁπάσας τὰς ὑπεροχὰς οὕτω διακεῖσθαι πεφυκότων, ὅπου καὶ τῶν οἰομένων διαφέρειν καὶ ζηλούντων ἐμὲ καὶ μιμεῖσθαι γλιχομένων τινὲς ἔτι δυσμενέστερον ἔχουσί μοι τῶν ἰδιωτῶν· ὧν τίνας ἄν τις εὕροι πονηροτέρους, εἰρήσεται γάρ, εἰ καί τισι δόξω νεώτερα καὶ βαρύτερα λέγειν τῆς ἡλικίας, οἵτινες οὔτε φράζειν οὐδὲν μέρος ἔχοντες τοῖς μαθηταῖς τῶν εἰρημένων ὑπʼ ἐμοῦ, τοῖς τε λόγοις παραδείγμασι χρώμενοι τοῖς ἐμοῖς καὶ ζῶντες ἐντεῦθεν τοσούτου δέουσι χάριν ἔχειν τούτων, ὥστʼ οὐδʼ ἀμελεῖν ἡμῶν ἐθέλουσιν, ἀλλʼ ἀεί τι φλαῦρον περὶ ἐμοῦ λέγουσιν;
17. Nevertheless, as long as they confined themselves to abusing my discourses, reading them in the worst possible manner side by side with their own, dividing them at the wrong places, mutilating them, and in every way spoiling their effect, I paid no heed to the reports which were brought to me, but possessed myself in patience. However, a short time before the Great Panathenaia, they stirred me to great indignation.
17. ἕως μὲν οὗν τοὺς λόγους μου ἐλυμαίνοντο, παραναγιγνώσκοντες ὡς δυνατὸν κάκιστα τοῖς ἑαυτῶν καὶ διαιροῦντες οὐκ ὀρθῶς καὶ κατακνίζοντες καὶ πάντα τρόπον διαφθείροντες, οὐδὲν ἐφρόντιζον τῶν ἀπαγγελλομένων, ἀλλὰ ῥᾳθύμως εἶχον· μικρὸν δὲ πρὸ τῶν Παναθηναίων τῶν μεγάλων ἠχθέσθην διʼ αὐτούς.
18. For some of my friends met me and related to me how, as they were sitting together in the Lyceum, three or four of the sophists of no repute— men who claim to know everything and are prompt to show their presence everywhere—were discussing the poets, especially the poetry of Hesiod and Homer, saying nothing original about them, but merely chanting their verses and repeating from memory the cleverest things which certain others had said about them in the past.
18. ἀπαντήσαντες γάρ τινές μοι τῶν ἐπιτηδείων ἔλεγον ὡς ἐν τῷ Λυκείω συγκαθεζόμενοι τρεῖς ἢ τέτταρες τῶν ἀγελαίων σοφιστῶν καὶ πάντα φασκόντων εἰδέναι καὶ ταχέως πανταχοῦ γιγνομένων διαλέγοιντο περί τε τῶν ἄλλων ποιητῶν καὶ τῆς Ἡσιόδου καὶ τῆς Ὁμήρου ποιήσεως, οὐδὲν μὲν παρʼ αὑτῶν λέγοντες, τὰ δʼ ἐκείνων ῥαψῳδοῦντες καὶ τῶν πρότερον ἄλλοις τισὶν εἰρημένων τὰ χαριέστατα μνημονεύοντες·
19. It seems that the bystanders applauded their performance, whereupon one of these sophists, the boldest among them, attempted to stir up prejudice against me, saying that I hold all such things in contempt and that I would do away with all the learning and the teaching of others, and that I assert that all men talk mere drivel except those who partake of my instruction. And these aspersions, according to my friends, were effective in turning a number of those present against me.
19. ἀποδεξαμένων δὲ τῶν περιεστώτων τὴν διατριβὴν αὐτῶν ἕνα τὸν τολμηρότατον ἐπιχειρῆσαί με διαβάλλειν, λέγονθʼ ὡς ἐγὼ πάντων καταφρονῶ τῶν τοιούτων, καὶ τάς τε φιλοσοφίας τὰς τῶν ἄλλων καὶ τὰς παιδεὶας ἁπάσας ἀναιρῶ, καί φημι πάντας ληρεῖν πλὴν τοὺς μετεσχηκότας τῆς ἐμῆς διατριβῆς· τούτων δὲ ῥηθέντων ἀηδῶς τινας τῶν παρόντων διατεθῆναι πρὸς ἡμᾶς.
20. Now I could not possibly convey to you how troubled and disturbed I was on hearing that some accepted these statements as true. For I thought that it was so well known that I was waging war against the false pretenders to wisdom and that I had spoken so moderately, nay so modestly, about my own powers that no one could be credited for a moment who asserted that I myself resorted to such pretensions.
20. ὡς μὲν οὖν ἐλυπήθην καὶ συνεταράχθην ἀκούσας ἀποδέξασθαί τινας τοὺς λόγους τούτους, οὐκ ἂν δυναίμην εἰπεῖν· ᾤμην γὰρ οὕτως ἐπιφανὴς εἶναι τοῖς ἀλαζονευομένοις πολεμῶν καὶ περὶ ἐμαυτοῦ μετρίως διειλεγμένος, μᾶλλον δὲ ταπεινῶς, ὥστε μηδένʼ ἄν ποτε γενέσθαι πιστὸν τῶν λεγόντων ὡς ἐγὼ τοιαύταις ἀλαζονείαις ἐχρησάμην.
21. But in truth it was with good reason that I deplored at the beginning of my speech the misfortune which has attended me all my life in this respect. For this is the cause of the false reports which are spread about me, of the calumny and prejudice which I suffer, and of my failure to attain the reputation which I deserve—either that which should be mine by common consent or that in which I am held by certain of my disciples who have known me through and through.
21. ἀλλὰ γὰρ οὐκ ἀλόγως ὠδυράμην ἐν ἀρχῇ τὴν ἀτυχίαν τὴν παρακολουθοῦσάν μοι πάντα τὸν χρόνον ἐν τοῖς τοιούτοις· αὕτη γάρ ἐστιν αἰτία καὶ τῆς ψευδολογίας τῆς περί με γιγνομένης καὶ τῶν διαβολῶν καὶ τοῦ φθόνου καὶ τοῦ μὴ δύνασθαί με τυχεῖν τῆς δόξης ἧς ἄξιός εἰμι, μηδὲ τῆς ὁμολογουμένης, μηδʼ ἣν ἔχουσί τινες τῶν πεπλησιακότων μοι καὶ πανταχῇ τεθεωρηκότων ἡμᾶς.
22. However, this cannot now be changed and I must needs put up with what has already come to pass. Many things come to my mind, but I am at a loss just what to do. Should I turn upon my enemies and denounce those who are accustomed always to speak falsely of me and do not scruple to say things which are repugnant to my nature? But if I showed that I took them seriously and wasted many words on men whom no one conceives to be worthy of notice I should justly be regarded as a simpleton.
22. ταῦτα μὲν οὖν οὐχ οἷόν τʼ ἄλλως ἔχειν, ἀλλʼ ἀνάγκη στέργειν τοῖς ἤδη συμβεβηκόσι. πολλῶν δέ μοι λόγων ἐφεστώτων, ἀπορῶ πότερον ἀντικατηγορῶ τῶν εἰθισμένων ἀεί τι ψεύδεσθαι περί μου καὶ λέγειν ἀνεπιτήδειον τολμώντων· ἀλλʼ εἰ φανείην σπουδάζων καὶ πολλοὺς λόγους ποιούμενος περὶ ἀνθρώπων οὓς οὐδεὶς ὑπείληφεν ἀξίους εἶναι λόγου, δικαίως ἂν μωρὸς εἶναι δοκοίην.
23. Should I, then, ignore these sophists and defend myself against those of the lay public who are prejudiced against me, attempting to convince them that it is neither just nor fitting for them to feel towards me as they do? But who would not impute great folly to me, if, in dealing with men who are hostile to me for no other reason than that I appear to have discoursed cleverly on certain subjects, I thought that by speaking just as I have spoken in the past I should stop them from taking offence at what I say and should not instead add to their annoyance, especially if it should appear that even now at this advanced age I have not ceased from “speaking rubbish”?
23. ἀλλὰ τούτους ὑπεριδὼν ἀπολογῶμαι πρὸς τοὺς ἀδίκως μοι τῶν ἰδιωτῶν φθονοῦντας, καὶ πειρῶμαι διδάσκειν αὐτοὺς ὡς οὐ δικαίως οὐδὲ προσηκόντως περί μου ταύτην ἔχουσι τὴν γνώμην; καὶ τίς οὐκ ἂν καταγνοίη μου πολλὴν ἄνοιαν, εἰ τοὺς μηδὲν διʼ ἕτερον δυσκόλως πρός με διακειμένους ἢ διὰ τὸ δοκεῖν χαριέντως εἰρηκέναι περὶ τινων, τούτους οἰηθείην ὁμοίως διαλεχθεὶς ὥσπερ πρότερον παύσειν ἐπὶ τοῖς λεγομένοις λυπουμένους, ἀλλʼ οὐ μᾶλλον ἀλγήσειν, ἄλλως τε κἂν φανῶ μηδὲ νῦν πω τηλικοῦτος ὢν πεπαυμένος παραληρῶν;
24. But neither would anyone, I am sure, advise me to neglect this subject and, breaking off in the midst of it, to go on and finish the discourse which I elected to write in my desire to prove that our city had been the cause of more blessings to the Hellenes than the city of the Lacedaemonians. For if I should now proceed to do this without bringing what I have written to any conclusion and without joining the beginning of what is to be said to the end of what has been spoken, I should be thought to be no better than those who speak in a random, slovenly, and scattering manner whatever comes into their heads to say. And this I must guard against.
24. ἀλλὰ μὴν οὐδʼ ἐκεῖνο ποιεῖν οὐδεὶς ἄν μοι συμβουλεύσειεν, ἀμελήσαντι τούτων καὶ μεταξὺ καταβαλόντι περαίνειν τὸν λόγον, ὃν προῄρημαι βουλόμενος ἐπιδεῖξαι τὴν πόλιν ἡμῶν πλειόνων ἀγαθῶν αἰτίαν γεγενημένην τοῖς Ἕλλησιν ἢ τὴν Λακεδαιμονίων· εἰ γὰρ τοῦτʼ ἤδη ποιοίην μήτε τέλος ἐπιθεὶς τοῖς γεγραμμένοις μήτε συγκλείσας τὴν ἀρχὴν τῶν ῥηθήσεσθαι μελλόντων τῇ τελευτῇ τῶν ἤδη προειρημένων, ὅμοιος ἂν εἶναι δόξαιμι τοῖς εἰκῇ καὶ φορτικῶς καὶ χύδην ὅ τι ἂν ἐπέλθῃ λέγουσιν· ἃ φυλακτέον ἡμῖν ἐστιν.
25. The best course, therefore, that I can take under all these conditions is to set before you what I think about the last attempts to arouse prejudice against me and then proceed to speak on the subject which I had in mind from the first. For I think that if I succeed by my writing in bringing out and making clear what my views are about education and about the poets, I shall stop my enemies from fabricating false charges and speaking utterly at random.
25. κράτιστον οὖν ἐξ ἁπάντων τούτων, περὶ ὧν τὸ τελευταῖόν με διέβαλλον ἀποφηνάμενον ἃ δοκεῖ μοι, τότʼ ἤδη λέγειν περὶ ὦν ἐξ ἀρχῆς διενοήθην· οἶμαι γάρ, ἢν ἐξενέγκω γράψας καὶ ποιήσω φανερὰν ἣν ἔχω γνώμην περὶ τε τῆς παιδείας καὶ τῶν ποιητῶν, παύσειν αὐτοὺς ψευδεῖς πλάττοντας αἰτίας καὶ λέγοντας ὅ τι ἂν τύχωσιν.
26. Now in fact, so far from scorning the education which was handed down by our ancestors, I even commend that which has been set up in our own day—I mean geometry, astronomy, and the so-called eristic dialogues, which our young men delight in more than they should, although among the older men not one would not declare them insufferable.
26. τῆς μὲν οὖν παιδείας τῆς ὑπὸ τῶν προγόνων καταλειφθείσης τοσούτου δέω καταφρονεῖν, ὥστε καὶ τὴν ἐφʼ ἡμῶν κατασταθεῖσαν ἐπαινῶ, λέγω δὲ τήν τε γεωμετρίαν καὶ τὴν ἀστρολογίαν καὶ τοὺς διαλόγους τοὺς ἐριστικοὺς καλουμένους, οἷς οἱ μὲν νεώτεροι μᾶλλον χαίρουσι τοῦ δέοντος, τῶν δὲ πρεσβυτέρων οὐδεὶς ἔστιν ὅστις ἂν ἀνεκτοὺς αὐτοὺς εἶναι φήσειεν.
27. Nevertheless, I urge those who are inclined towards these disciplines to work hard and apply themselves to all of them, saying that even if this learning can accomplish no other good, at any rate it keeps the young out of many other things which are harmful. Nay, I hold that for those who are at this age no more helpful or fitting occupation can be found than the pursuit of these studies;
27. ἀλλʼ ὅμως ἐγὼ τοῖς ὡρμημένοις ἐπὶ ταῦτα παρακελεύομαι πονεῖν καὶ προσέχειν τὸν νοῦν ἅπασι τούτοις, λέγων ὡς εἰ καὶ μηδὲν ἄλλο δύναται τὰ μαθήματα ταῦτα ποιεῖν ἀγαθόν, ἀλλʼ οὖν ἀποτρέπει γε τοὺς νεωτέρους πολλῶν ἄλλων ἁμαρτημάτων. τοῖς μὲν οὖν τηλικούτοις οὐδέποτʼ ἂν εὑρεθῆναι νομίζω διατριβὰς ὠφελιμωτέρας τούτων οὐδὲ μᾶλλον πρεπούσας·
28. but for those who are older and for those who have been admitted to man’s estate I assert that these disciplines are no longer suitable. For I observe that some of those who have become so thoroughly versed in these studies as to instruct others in them fail to use opportunely the knowledge which they possess, while in the other activities of life they are less cultivated than their students—I hesitate to say less cultivated than their servants.
28. τοῖς δὲ πρεσβυτέροις καὶ τοῖς εἰς ἄνδρας δεδοκιμασμένοις οὐκέτι φημὶ τὰς μελέτας ταύτας ἁρμόττειν. ὁρῶ γὰρ ἐνίους τῶν ἐπὶ τοῖς μαθήμασι τούτοις οὕτως ἀπηκριβωμένων ὥστε καὶ τοὺς ἄλλους διδάσκειν, οὔτʼ εὐκαίρως ταῖς ἐπιστήμαις αἷς ἔχουσι χρωμένους, ἔν τε ταῖς ἄλλαις πραγματείαις ταῖς περὶ τὸν βίον ἀφρονεστέρους ὄντας τῶν μαθητῶν· ὀκνῶ γὰρ εἰπεῖν τῶν οἰκετῶν.
29. I have the same fault to find also with those who are skilled in oratory and those who are distinguished for their writings and in general with all who have superior attainments in the arts, in the sciences, and in specialized skill. For I know that the majority even of these men have not set their own house in order, that they are insupportable in their private intercourse, that they belittle the opinions of their fellow citizens, and that they are given over to many other grave offences. So that I do not think that even these may be said to partake of the state of culture of which I am speaking.
29. τὴν αὐτὴν δὲ γνώμην ἔχω καὶ περὶ τῶν δημηγορεῖν δυναμένων καὶ τῶν περὶ τὴν γραφὴν τὴν τῶν λόγων εὐδοκιμούντων, ὅλως δὲ περὶ ἁπάντων τῶν περὶ τὰς τέχνας καὶ τὰς ἐπιστήμας καὶ τὰς δυνάμεις διαφερόντων. οἶδα γὰρ καὶ τούτων τοὺς πολλοὺς οὔτε τὰ περὶ σφᾶς αὐτοὺς καλῶς διῳκηκότας οὔτʼ ἐν ταῖς ἰδίαις συνουσίαις ἀνεκτοὺς ὄντας, τῆς τε δόξης τῆς τῶν συμπολιτευομένων ὀλιγωροῦντας, ἄλλων τε πολλῶν καὶ μεγάλων ἁμαρτημάτων γέμοντας· ὥστʼ οὐδὲ τούτους ἡγοῦμαι μετέχειν τῆς ἕξεως περὶ ἧς ἐγὼ τυγχάνω διαλεγόμενος.
30. Whom, then, do I call educated, since I exclude the arts and sciences and specialties? First, those who manage well the circumstances which they encounter day by day, and who possess a judgement which is accurate in meeting occasions as they arise and rarely misses the expedient course of action;
30. τίνας οὖν καλῶ πεπαιδευμένους, ἐπειδὴ τὰς τέχνας καὶ τὰς ἐπιστήμας καὶ τὰς δυνάμεις ἀποδοκιμάζω; πρῶτον μὲν τοὺς καλῶς χρωμένους τοῖς πράγμασι τοῖς κατὰ τὴν ἡμέραν ἑκάστην προσπίπτουσι, καὶ τὴν δόξαν ἐπιτυχῆ τῶν καιρῶν ἔχοντας καὶ δυναμένην ὡς ἐπὶ τὸ πολὺ στοχάζεσθαι τοῦ συμφέροντος·
31. next, those who are decent and honorable in their intercourse with all with whom they associate, tolerating easily and good-naturedly what is unpleasant or offensive in others and being themselves as agreeable and reasonable to their associates as it is possible to be; furthermore, those who hold their pleasures always under control and are not unduly overcome by their misfortunes, bearing up under them bravely and in a manner worthy of our common nature;
31. ἔπειτα τοὺς πρεπόντως καὶ δικαίως ὁμιλοῦντας τοῖς ἀεὶ πλησιάζουσι, καὶ τὰς μὲν τῶν ἄλλων ἀηδίας καὶ βαρύτητας εὐκόλως καὶ ῥᾳδίως φέροντας, σφᾶς δʼ αὐτοὺς ὡς δυνατὸν ἐλαφροτάτους καὶ μετριωτάτους τοῖς συνοῦσι παρέχοντας· ἔτι τοὺς τῶν μὲν ἡδονῶν ἀεὶ κρατοῦντας, τῶν δὲ συμφορῶν μὴ λίαν ἡττωμένους, ἀλλʼ ἀνδρωδῶς ἐν αὐταῖς διακειμένους καὶ τῆς φύσεως ἀξίως ἧς μετέχοντες τυγχάνομεν· τέταρτον, ὅπερ μέγιστον, τοὺς μὴ διαφθειρομένους ὑπὸ τῶν εὐπραγιῶν μηδʼ ἐξισταμένους αὑτῶν μηδʼ ὑπερηφάνους γιγνομένους, ἀλλʼ ἐμμένοντας τῇ τάξει τῇ τῶν εὖ φρονούντων, καὶ μὴ μᾶλλον χαίροντας τοῖς διὰ τύχην ὑπάρξασιν ἀγαθοῖς ἢ τοῖς διὰ τὴν αὑτῶν φύσιν καὶ φρόνησιν ἐξ ἀρχῆς γιγνομένοις.
32. finally, and most important of all, those who are not spoiled by successes and do not desert their true selves and become arrogant, but hold their ground steadfastly as intelligent men, not rejoicing in the good things which have come to them through chance rather than in those which through their own nature and intelligence are theirs from their birth. Those who have a character which is in accord, not with one of these things, but with all of them—these, I contend, are wise and complete men, possessed of all the virtues. These then are the views which I hold regarding educated men. As to the poetry of Homer and Hesiod and the rest, I would fain speak—for I think that I could silence those who chant their verses and prate about these poets in the Lyceum—but I perceive that I am being carried beyond the due limits which have been assigned to an introduction;
32. τοὺς δὲ μὴ μόνον πρὸς ἓν τούτων ἀλλʼ καὶ πρὸς ἅπαντα ταῦτα τὴν ἕξιν τῆς ψυχῆς εὐάρμοστον ἔχοντας, τούτους φημὶ καὶ φρονίμους εἶναι καὶ τελέους ἄνδρας καὶ πάσας ἔχειν τὰς ἀρετάς. περὶ μὲν οὖν τῶν πεπαιδευμένων τυγχάνω ταῦτα γιγνώσκων. περὶ δὲ τῆς Ὁμήρου καὶ τῆς Ἡσιόδου καὶ τῆς τῶν ἄλλων ποιήσεως ἐπιθυμῶ μὲν εἰπεῖν, οἶμαι γὰρ ἂν παῦσαι τοὺς ἐν τῷ Λυκείῳ ῥαψῳδοῦντας τἀκείνων καὶ ληροῦντας περὶ αὐτῶν, αἰσθάνομαι δʼ ἐμαυτὸν ἔξω φερόμενον τῆς συμμετρίας τῆς συντεταγμένης τοῖς προοιμίοις.
34. and it behoves a man of taste not to indulge his resourcefulness, when he has more to say on a given subject than the other speakers, but to preserve always the element of timeliness no matter on what subject he may have occasion to speak—a principle which I must observe. Therefore I shall speak on the poets at another time provided that my age does not first carry me off and that I do not have something to say on subjects more important than this.
34. ἔστι δʼ ἀνδρὸς νοῦν ἔχοντος μὴ τὴν εὐπορίαν ἀγαπᾶν, ἢν ἔχῃ τις περὶ τῶν αὐτῶν πλείω τῶν ἄλλων εἰπεῖν, ἀλλὰ τὴν εὐκαιρίαν διαφυλάττειν ὑπὲρ ὦν ἂν ἀεὶ τυγχάνῃ διαλεγόμενος· ὅπερ ἐμοὶ ποιητέον ἐστίν. περὶ μὲν οὖν τῶν ποιητῶν αὖθις ἐροῦμεν, ἢ μή με προανέλῃ τὸ γῆρας, ἢ περὶ σπουδαιοτέρων πραγμάτων ἔχω τι λέγειν ἢ τούτων.
35. I shall now proceed to discourse upon the benefactions of Athens to the Hellenes, not that I have not sung the praises of our city more than all others put together who have written in poetry or prose. I shall not speak, however, as on former occasions; for then I celebrated Athens incidentally to other matters, whereas now Athens herself shall be my theme.
35. περὶ δὲ τῶν τῆς πόλεως εὐεργεσιῶν τῶν εἰς τοὺς Ἕλληνας ἤδη ποιήσομαι τοὺς λόγους, οὐχ ὡς οὐ πλείους ἐπαίνους πεποιημένος περὶ αὐτῆς ἢ σύμπαντες οἱ περὶ τὴν ποίησιν καὶ τοὺς λόγους ὄντες· οὐ μὴν ὁμοίως καὶ νῦν. τότε μὲν γὰρ ἐν λόγοις περὶ ἑτέρων πραγμάτων ἐμεμνήμην αὐτῆς, νῦν δὲ περὶ ταύτης τὴν ὑπόθεσιν ποιησάμενος.
36. But I do not fail to appreciate how great an undertaking this is for me at my time of life; on the contrary, I know full well, and have often said, that while it is easy to magnify little things by means of discourse, it is difficult to find terms of praise to match deeds of surpassing magnitude and excellence.
36. οὐκ ἀγνοῶ δʼ ἡλίκος ὢν ὅσον ἔργον ἐνίσταμαι τὸ μέγεθος, ἀλλʼ ἀκριβῶς εἰδὼς καὶ πολλάκις εἰρηκὼς ὅτι τὰ μὲν μικρὰ τῶν πραγμάτων ῥᾴδιον τοῖς λόγοις αὐξῆσαι, τοῖς δʼ ὑπερβάλλουσι τῶν ἔργων καὶ τῷ μεγέθει καὶ τῷ κάλλει χαλεπὸν ἐξισῶσαι τοὺς ἐπαίνους.
37. Nevertheless, I may not desist on that account from my task, but must carry it through to the end, if indeed I am enabled to live to do so, especially since many considerations impel me to write upon this theme myself: first, is the fact that some are in the habit of recklessly denouncing our city; second, that while some have praised her gracefully, they have lacked appreciation of their theme and treated it inadequately;
37. ἀλλʼ ὅμως οὐδὲν μᾶλλον ἀποστατέον αὐτῶν ἐστιν, ἀλλʼ ἐπιτελεστέον, ἤν περ ἔτι ζῆν δυνηθῶμεν, ἄλλως τε καὶ πολλῶν με παροξυνόντων γράφειν αὐτόν, πρῶτον μὲν τῶν εἰθισμένων ἀσελγῶς κατηγορεῖν τῆς πόλεως ἡμῶν, ἔπειτα τῶν χαριέντως μὲν ἀπειροτέρως δὲ καὶ καταδεεστέρως ἐπαινούντων αὐτήν, ἔτι δὲ τῶν ἑτέρων μᾶλλον εὐλογεῖν τολμώντων οὐκ ἀνθρωπίνως ἀλλʼ οὕτως ὥστε πολλοὺς ἀντιτάττεσθαι πρὸς αὐτούς, πάντων δὲ μάλιστα τῆς ἡλικίας τῆς παρούσης, ἣ τοὺς ἄλλους πέφυκεν ἀποτρέπειν·
38. furthermore, that others have not scrupled rather to glorify her, not in human terms, but so extravagantly as to arouse the hostility of many against them; and, lastly, there is the fact of my present age, which is such as to deter others from such an undertaking. For I am hopeful that if I succeed I shall obtain a greater reputation than that which I now have, whereas if it turns out that I speak indifferently well, my hearers will make generous allowance for my years. I have now finished what I wished to say by way of prelude about myself and others, like a chorus, as it were, before the contest. But I think that those who wish to be exact and just in praising any given state ought not to confine themselves alone to the state which they single out, but even as we examine purple and gold and test them by placing them side by side with articles of similar appearance and of the same estimated value, so also in the case of states one should compare, not those which are small with those which are great, nor those which are always subject to others with those which are wont to dominate others, nor those which stand in need of succor with those which are able to give it, but rather those which have similar powers, and have engaged in the same deeds and enjoyed a like freedom of action.
38. ἐλπίξω γὰρ, ἢν μὲν κατορθώσω, μείζω λήψεσθαι δόξαν τῆς ὑπαρχούσης, ἢν δʼ ἐνδεέστερον τύχω διαλεχθείς, πολλῆς συγγνώμης τεύξεσθαι παρὰ τῶν ἀκουόντων. ἃ μὲν οὖ ἐβουλήθην καὶ περὶ ἐμαυτοῦ καὶ περὶ τῶν ἄλλων ὥπερ χορὸς πρὸ τοῦ ἀγῶνος προαναβαλέσθαι ταῦτʼ ἐστίν. ἡγοῦμαι δὲ χρῆναι τοὺς βουλομένους ἐγκωμιάσαι τινὰ τῶν πόλεων ἀκριβῶς καὶ δικαίως μὴ μόνον περὶ αὐτῆς ποιεῖσθαι τοὺς λόγους ἧς προῃρημένοι τυγχάνουσιν, ἀλλʼ ὥσπερ τὴν πορφύραν καὶ τὸν χρυσὸν θεωροῦμεν καὶ δοκιμάζομεν ἕτερα παραδεικνύοντες τῶν καὶ τὴν ὄψιν ὁμοίαν ἐχόντων καὶ τῆς τιμῆς τῆς αὐτῆς ἀξιουμένων, οὕτω καὶ ταῖς πόλεσι παριστάναι μὴ τὰς μικρὰς ταῖς μεγάλαις, μηδὲ τὰς πάντα τὸν χρόνον ὑφʼ ἑτέραις οὔσας ταῖς ἄρχειν εἰθισμέναις, μηδὲ τὰς σώζεσθαι δεομένας πρὸς τὰς σώζειν δυναμένας, ἀλλὰ τὰς παραπλησίαν καὶ τὴν δύναμιν ἐχούσας καὶ περὶ τὰς αὐτὰς πράξεις γεγενημένας καὶ ταῖς ἐξουσίαις ὁμοίαις κεχρημένας·
40. For thus one may best arrive at the truth.
40. οὕτω γὰρ ἂν μάλιστα τῆς ἀληθείας τύχοιεν.
41. If, then, one views Athens in this light and compares her, not with any city chosen at random, but with the city of the Spartans, which most people praise moderately while some extol her as though the demigods had there governed the state, then Athens, in her power, in her deeds and in her benefactions to the Hellenes, will be seen to have outdistanced Sparta more than Sparta the rest of the world.
41. ἢν δή τις ἡμᾶς τὸν τρόπον τοῦτον σκοπῆται καὶ παραβάλλῃ μὴ πρὸς τὴν τυχοῦσαν πόλιν ἀλλὰ πρὸς τὴν Σπαρτιατῶν, ἣν οἱ μὲν πολλοὶ μετρίως ἐπαινοῦσιν, ἔνιοι δέ τινες ὥσπερ τῶν ἡμιθέων ἐκεῖ πεπολιτευμένων μέμνηνται περὶ αὐτῶν, φανησόμεθα καὶ τῇ δυνάμει καὶ ταῖς πράξεσι καὶ ταῖς εὐεργεσίαις ταῖς περὶ τοὺς Ἕλληνας πλέον ἀπολελοιπότες αὐτοὺς ἢ ʼκεῖνοι τοὺς ἄλλους.
42. Of the ancient struggles which they have undergone in behalf of the Hellenes, I shall speak hereafter. Now, however, I shall begin with the time when the Lacedaemonians conquered the cities of Achaea and divided their territory with the Argives and the Messenians; for it is fitting to begin discussing them at this point. Now our ancestors will be seen to have preserved without ceasing the spirit of concord towards the Hellenes and of hatred towards the barbarians which they inherited from the Trojan War and to have remained steadfast in this policy.
42. τοὺς μὲν οὖν παλαιοὺς ἀγῶνας τοὺς ὑπὲρ τῶν Ἑλλήνων γεγενημένους ὕστερον ἐροῦμεν, νῦν δὲ ποιήσομαι περὶ ἐκείνων τοὺς λόγους ἀρξάμενος, ἐπειδὴ κατέσχον τὰς πόλεις τὰς Ἀχαιίδας καὶ πρὸς Ἀργείους καὶ Μεσσηνίους διείλοντο τὴν χώραν· ἐντεῦθεν γὰρ προσήκει διαλέγεσθαι περὶ αὐτῶν. οἱ μὲν τοίνυν ἡμέτεροι πρόγονοι φανήσονται τήν τε πρὸς τοὺς Ἕλληνας ὁμόνοιαν καὶ τὴν πρὸς τοὺς βαρβάρους ἔχθραν, ἣν παρέλαβον ἐκ τῶν Τρωικῶν, διαφυλάττοντες καὶ μένοντες ἐν τοῖς αὐτοῖς.
43. First they took the islands of the Cyclades, about which there had been much contention during the overlordship of Minos of Crete and which finally were occupied by the Carians, and, having driven out the latter, refrained from appropriating the lands of these islands for themselves, but instead settled upon them those of the Hellenes who were most lacking in means of subsistence.
43. καὶ πρῶτον μὲν τὰς Κυκλάδας νήσους, περὶ ἃς ἐγένοντο πολλαὶ πραγματεῖαι κατὰ τὴν Μίνω τοῦ Κρητὸς δυναστείαν, ταύτας τὸ τελευταῖον ὑπὸ Καρῶν κατεχομένας, ἐκβαλόντες ἐκείνους οὐκ ἐξιδιώσασθαι τὰς χώρας ἐτόλμησαν, ἀλλὰ τοὺς μάλιστα βίου τῶν Ἑλλήνων δεομένους κατῴκισαν εἰς αὐτάς·
44. And after this, they founded many great cities on both continents, swept the barbarians back from the sea, and taught the Hellenes in what way they should manage their own countries and against whom they should wage war in order to make Hellas great.
44. καὶ μετὰ ταῦτα πολλὰς πόλεις ἐφʼ ἑκατέρας τῶν ἠπείρων καὶ μεγάλας ἔκτισαν, καὶ τοὺς μὲν βαρβάρους ἀνέστειλαν ἀπὸ τῆς θαλάττης, τοὺς δʼ Ἕλληνας ἐδίδαξαν ὃν τρόπον διοικοῦντες τὰς αὑτῶν πατρίδας καὶ πρὸς οὓς πολεμοῦντες μεγάλην ἂν τὴν Ἑλλάδα ποιήσειαν.
45. The Lacedaemonians, on the other hand, about the same time were so far from carrying out the same policy as our ancestors—from waging war on the barbarians and benefiting the Hellenes—that they were not even willing to refrain from aggression, but although they held an alien city and a territory not only adequate but greater than any other city of Hellas possessed, they were not satisfied with what they had; on the contrary, having learned from the actual course of events that while according to law states and territories are deemed to belong to those who have duly and lawfully acquired them, in fact, however, they fall into the hands of those who are most practised in the art of warfare and are able to conquer their enemies in battle—thinking upon these things, they neglected agriculture and the arts and everything else and did not cease laying siege to the cities in the Peloponnesus one by one and doing violence to them until they overthrew them all with the exception of Argos.
45. Λακεδαιμόνιοι δὲ περὶ τὸν αὐτὸν χρόνον τοσοῦτον ἀπέσχον τοῦ πράττειν τι τῶν αὐτῶν τοῖς ἡμετέροις καὶ τοῦ τοῖς μὲν βαρβάροις πολεμεῖν τοὺς δʼ Ἕλληνας εὐεργετεῖν, ὥστʼ οὐδʼ ἡσυχίαν ἄγειν ἠθέλησαν, ἀλλʼ ἔχοντες πόλιν ἀλλοτρίαν καὶ χώραν οὐ μόνον ἱκανήν, ἀλλʼ ὅσην οὐδεμία πόλις τῶν Ἑλληνίδων, οὐκ ἔστερξαν ἐπὶ τούτοις, ἀλλὰ μαθόντες ἐξ αὐτῶν τῶν συμβεβηκότων κατὰ μὲν τοὺς νόμους τάς τε πόλεις καὶ τὰς χώρας τούτων εἶναι δοκούσας, τῶν ὀρθῶς καὶ νομίμως κτησαμένων, κατὰ δὲ τὴν ἀλήθειαν τούτων γιγνομένας, τῶν τὰ περὶ τὸν πόλεμον μάλιστʼ ἀσκούντων καὶ νικᾶν ἐν ταῖς μάχαις τοὺς πολεμίους δυναμένων, ταῦτα διανοηθέντες, ἀμελήσαντες γεωργιῶν καὶ τεχνῶν καὶ τῶν ἄλλων ἁπάντων, οὐδὲν ἐπαύοντο κατὰ μίαν ἑκάστην τῶν πόλεων τῶν ἐν Πελοποννήσῳ πολιορκοῦντες καὶ κακῶς ποιοῦντες, ἕως ἁπάσας κατεστρέψαντο πλὴν τῆς Ἀργείων.
47. And so it resulted from the policy which we pursued that Hellas waxed great, Europe became stronger than Asia, and, furthermore, the Hellenes who were in straitened circumstances received cities and lands, while the barbarians who were wont to be insolent were expelled from their own territory and humbled in their pride; whereas the results of the Spartan policy were that their city alone became strong, dominated all the cities in the Peloponnesus, inspired fear in the other states, and was courted by them for her favor.
47. συνέβαινεν οὖν ἐξ ὧν μὲν ἡμεῖς ἐπράττομεν, αὐξάνεσθαί τε τὴν Ἑλλάδα καὶ τὴν Εὐρώπην κρείττω γίγνεσθαι τῆς Ἀσίας, καὶ πρὸς τούτοις τῶν μὲν Ἑλλήνων τοὺς ἀποροῦντας πόλεις λαμβάνειν καὶ χώρας, τῶν δὲ βαρβάρων τοὺς εἰθισμένους ὑβρίζειν ἐκπίπτειν ἐκ τῆς αὑτῶν καὶ φρονεῖν ἔλαττον ἢ πρότερον· ἐξ ὧν δὲ Σπαρτιᾶται, τὴν ἐκείνων μόνην μεγάλην γίγνεσθαι, καὶ πασῶν μὲν τῶν ἐν Πελοποννήσῳ πόλεων ἄρχειν, ταῖς δʼ ἄλλαις φοβερὰν εἶναι καὶ πολλῆς θεραπείας τυγχάνειν παρʼ αὐτῶν.
48. In justice, however, we should praise the city which has been the author of many blessings to the rest of the world but should reprehend the state which is ever striving to effect its own advantage; and we should cultivate the friendship of those who do by others just as they do by themselves, but should abhor and shun those who feel the utmost degree of self-love, while governing their state in a spirit inimical and hostile to the world at large. Such was the beginning made by each of these two states.
48. ἐπαινεῖν μὲν οὖν δίκαιόν ἐστι τὴν τοῖς ἄλλοις πολλῶν ἀγαθῶν αἰτίαν γεγενημένην, δεινὴν δὲ νομίζειν τὴν αὑτῇ τὰ συμφέροντα διαπραττομένην, καὶ φίλους μὲν ποιεῖσθαι τοὺς ὁμοίως αὑτοῖς τε καὶ τοῖς ἄλλοις χρωμένους, φοβεῖσθαι δὲ καὶ δεδιέναι τοὺς πρὸς σφᾶς μὲν αὐτοὺς ὡς δυνατὸν οἰκειότατα διακειμένους, πρὸς δὲ τοὺς ἄλλους ἀλλοτρίως καὶ πολεμικῶς τὴν αὑτῶν διοικοῦντας. τὴν μὲν οὖν ἀρχὴν ἑκατέρα τοῖν πολέοιν τοιαύτην ἐποιήσατο.
49. But at a later time, when the Persian War took place (Xerxes, who was then king, having gathered together a fleet of thirteen hundred triremes and a land force numbering five millions in all, including seven hundred thousand fighting men, and led this vast force against the Hellenes), the Spartans, although they were masters of the Peloponnesus, contributed to the sea-fight which determined the issue of the whole war only ten triremes, whereas our ancestors, although they were homeless, having abandoned Athens because the city had not been fortified with walls at that time, furnished not only a greater number of ships, but ships with a greater fighting force, than all the rest combined who fought together in that battle. Again, the Lacedaemonians contributed to this battle the leadership of Eurybiades, who, had he carried into effect what he intended to do, could have been prevented by nothing in the world from bringing destruction upon the Hellenes, whereas the Athenians furnished Themistocles, who, by the common assent of all, was credited with being responsible for the victorious outcome of that battle as well as for all the other successes which were achieved during that time.
49. χρόνῳ δʼ ὕστερον γενομένου τοῦ Περσικοῦ πολέμου, καὶ Ξέρξου τοῦ τότε βασιλεύοντος τριήρεις μὲν συναγαγόντος τριακοσίας καὶ χιλίας, τῆς δὲ πεζῆς στρατιᾶς πεντακοσίας μὲν μυριάδας τῶν ἁπάντων, ἑβδομήκοντα δὲ τῶν μαχίμων, τηλικαύτῃ δὲ δυνάμει στρατεύσαντος ἐπὶ τοὺς Ἕλληνας, Σπαρτιᾶται μὲν ἄρχοντες Πελοποννησίων εἰς τὴν ναυμαχίαν τὴν ποιήσασαν ῥοπὴν ἅπαντος τοῦ πολέμου δέκα μόνον συνεβάλοντο τριήρεις, οἱ δὲ πατέρες ἡμῶν ἀνάστατοι γενόμενοι καὶ τὴν πόλιν ἐκλελοιπότες διὰ τὸ μὴ τετειχίσθαι κατʼ ἐκεῖνον τὸν χρόνον πλείους ναῦς παρέσχοντο καὶ μείζω δύναμιν ἐχούσας ἢ σύμπαντες οἱ συγκινδυνεύσαντες· καὶ στρατηγὸν οἱ μὲν Εὐρυβιάδην, ὃς εἰ τέλος ἐπέθηκεν οἷς διενοήθη πράττειν, οὐδὲν ἂν ἐκώλυεν ἀπολωλέναι τοὺς Ἕλληνας, οἱ δʼ ἡμέτεροι Θεμιστοκλέα τὸν ὁμολογουμένως ἅπασιν αἴτιον εἶναι δόξαντα καὶ τοῦ τὴν ναυμαχίαν γενέσθαι κατὰ τρόπον καὶ τῶν ἄλλων ἁπάντων τῶν ἐν ἐκείνῳ τῷ χρόνῳ κατορθωθέντων.
52. And the greatest proof of this is that those who then fought together took the hegemony away from the Lacedaemonians and conferred it upon our ancestors. And yet what more competent or trustworthy judges could one find of what then took place than those who had a part in those very struggles? And what benefaction could one mention greater than that which was able to save all Hellas?
52. τεκμήριον δὲ μέγιστον· ἀφελόμενοι γὰρ Λακεδαιμονίους τὴν ἡγεμονίαν οἱ συγκινδυνεύσαντες τοῖς ἡμετέροις παρέδοσαν. καίτοι τίνας ἄν τις κριτὰς ἱκανωτέρους ποιήσαιτο καὶ πιστοτέρους τῶν τότε πραχθέντων ἢ τοὺς ἐν αὐτοῖς τοῖς ἀγῶσι παραγενομένους; τίνα δʼ ἄν τις εὐεργεσίαν εἰπεῖν ἔχοι ταύτης μείζω, τῆς ἅπασαν τὴν Ἑλλάδα σῶσαι δυνηθείσης;
53. Now after these events it came about that each of these cities in turn gained the empire of the sea —a power such that whichever state possesses it holds in subjection most of the states of Hellas. As to their use of this power in general, I commend neither Athens nor Sparta; for one might find many faults with both. Nevertheless, in this supervision the Athenians surpassed the Lacedaemonians no less than in the deeds which I have just mentioned.
53. μετὰ ταῦτα τοίνυν συνέβη κυρίαν ἑκατέραν γενέσθαι τῆς ἀρχῆς τῆς κατὰ θάλατταν, ἣν ὁπότεροι ἂν κατάσχωσιν, ὑπηκόους ἔχουσι τὰς πλείστας τῶν πόλεων. ὅλως μὲν οὖν οὐδετέραν ἐπαινῶ· πολλὰ γὰρ ἄν τις αὐταῖς ἐπιτιμήσειεν· οὐ μὴν ἀλλὰ καὶ περὶ τὴν ἐπιμέλειαν ταύτην οὐκ ἔλαττον αὐτῶν διηνέγκαμεν ἢ περὶ τὰς πράξεις τὰς ὀλίγῳ πρότερον εἰρημένας.
54. For our fathers tried to persuade their allies to establish the very same polity in their cities as they themselves had continually cherished; and it is a sign of good will and friendship when any people urge it upon others to use those institutions which they conceive to be beneficial to themselves. The Lacedaemonians, on the other hand, set up in their subject states a polity which resembled neither that which obtained among themselves nor those which have existed anywhere else in the world; nay, they vested in ten men alone the government of each of the states—men of such a character that were one to attempt to denounce them for three or four days without pause he would appear to have covered not a fraction of the wrongs which have been perpetrated by them.
54. οἱ μὲν γὰρ ἡμέτεροι πατέρες ἔπειθον τοὺς συμμάχους ποιεῖσθαι πολιτείαν ταύτην, ἥνπερ αὐτοὶ διετέλουν ἀγαπῶντες· ὃ σημεῖόν ἐστιν εὐνοίας καὶ φιλίας, ὅταν τινὲς παραινῶσι τοῖς ἄλλοις χρῆσθαι τούτοις, ἅπερ ἂν σφίσιν αὐτοῖς συμφέρειν ὑπολάβωσιν· Λακεδαιμόνιοι δὲ κατέστησαν οὔθʼ ὁμοίαν τῇ παρʼ αὑτοῖς οὔτε ταῖς ἄλλοθί που γεγενημέναις, ἀλλὰ δέκα μόνους ἄνδρας κυρίους ἑκάστης τῆς πόλεως ἐποίησαν, ὧν ἐπιχειρήσας ἄν τις κατηγορεῖν τρεῖς ἢ τέτταρας ἡμέρας συνεχῶς οὐδὲν ἂν μέρος εἰρηκέναι δόξειε τῶν ἐκείνοις ἡμαρτημένων.
55. To attempt to review these wrongs in detail were foolish; they are so many and so grave. Were I a younger man, I might perhaps have found means to characterize all of their crimes in a few words which would have stirred in my hearers an indignation commensurate with the gravity of the things which these men have done; but as it is, no such words occur to me other than those which are on the lips of all men, namely, that they so far outdid all those who lived before their time in lawlessness and greed that they not only ruined themselves and their friends and their own countries but also brought the Lacedaemonians into evil repute with their allies and plunged them into misfortunes so many and so grave as no one could have dreamed would ever be visited upon them.
55. καθʼ ἕκαστον μὲν οὖν διεξιέναι περὶ τῶν τοιούτων καὶ τοσούτων τὸ πλῆθος ἀνόητόν ἐστιν· ὀλίγα δὲ καθʼ ἁπάντων εἰπεῖν, ἃ τοῖς ἀκούσασιν ὀργὴν ἀξίαν ἐμποιήσειεν ἂν τῶν πεπραγμένων, νεώτερος μὲν ὢν ἴσως ἂν ἐξεῦρον, νῦν δʼ οὐδὲν ἐπέρχεταί μοι τοιοῦτον, ἀλλʼ ἅπερ ἅπασιν, ὅτι τοσοῦτον ἐκεῖνοι διήνεγκαν ἀνομίᾳ καὶ πλεονεξίᾳ τῶν προγεγενημένων, ὥστʼ οὐ μόνον αὑτοὺς ἀπώλεσαν καὶ τοὺς φίλους καὶ τὰς πατρίδας τὰς αὑτῶν, ἀλλὰ καὶ Λακεδαιμονίους πρὸς τοὺς συμμάχους διαβαλόντες εἰς τοιαύτας καὶ τοσαύτας συμφορὰς ἐνέβαλον, ὅσας οὐδεὶς πώποτʼ αὐτοῖς γενήσεσθαι προσεδόκησεν.
56. You can see at once from this instance best of all how much milder and more moderate we were in our supervision over the affairs of the Hellenes, but you can see it also from what I shall now say. The Spartans remained at the head of Hellas hardly ten years, while we held the hegemony without interruption for sixty-five years. And yet it is known to all that states which come under the supremacy of others remain loyal for the longest time to those under which they suffer the least degree of oppression.
56. μάλιστα μὲν οὖν ἐντεῦθεν ἄν τις δυνηθείη κατιδεῖν ὅσῳ μετριώτερον καὶ πραότερον ἡμεῖς τῶν πραγμάτων ἐπεμελήθημεν, δεύτερον δʼ ἐκ τοῦ ῥηθήσεσθαι μέλλοντος· Σπαρτιᾶται μὲν γὰρ ἔτη δέκα μόλις ἐπεστάτησαν αὐτῶν, ἡμεῖς δὲ πέντε καὶ ἑξήκοντα συνεχῶς κατέσχομεν τὴν ἀρχήν. καίτοι πάντες ἴσασι τὰς πόλεις τὰς ὑφʼ ἑτέροις γιγνομένας, ὅτι πλεῖστον χρόνον τούτοις παραμένουσιν ὑφʼ ὧν ἂν ἐλάχιστα κακὰ πάσχουσαι τυγχάνωσιν.