57. Now both Athens and Lacedaemon incurred the hatred of their subjects and were plunged into war and confusion, but in these circumstances it will be found that our city, although attacked by all the Hellenes and by the barbarians as well, was able to hold out against them for ten years, while the Lacedaemonians, though still the leading power by land, after waging war against the Thebans alone and being defeated in a single battle, were stripped of all the possessions which they had held and involved in misfortunes and calamities which were very similar to these which overtook ourselves. More than that, our city recovered her power in less years than it took to overthrow it, while the Spartans after their defeat at Leuctra have not been able even in a period many times as long to regain the position from which they fell, but are even now no better off than they were then.
57. ἐκ τούτων τοίνυν ἀμφότεραι μισηθεῖσαι κατέστησαν εἰς πόλεμον καὶ ταραχήν, ἐν ᾗ τὴν μὲν ἡμετέραν εὕροι τις ἄν, ἁπάντων αὐτῇ καὶ τῶν Ἑλλήνων καὶ τῶν βαρβάρων ἐπιθεμένων, ἔτη δέκα τούτοις ἀντισχεῖν δυνηθεῖσαν, Λακεδαιμονίους δὲ κρατοῦντας ἔτι κατὰ γῆν, πρὸς Θηβαίους μόνους πολεμήσαντας καὶ μίαν μάχην ἡττηθέντας, ἁπάντων ἀποστερηθέντας ὧν εἶχον, καὶ παραπλησίαις ἀτυχίαις χρησαμένους καὶ συμφοραῖς αἷσπερ ἡμεῖς, καὶ πρὸς τούτοις τὴν μὲν ἡμετέραν πόλιν ἐν ἐλάττοσιν ἔτεσιν ἀναλαβοῦσαν αὑτὴν ἢ κατεπολεμήθη, Σπαρτιάτας δὲ μετὰ τὴν ἧτταν μηδʼ ἐν πολλαπλασίῳ χρόνῳ δυνηθέντας καταστῆσαι σφᾶς αὐτοὺς εἰς τὴν αὐτὴν ἕξιν ἐξ ἧς περ ἐξέπεσον, ἀλλʼ ὁμοίως ἔτι καὶ νῦν ἔχοντας.
59. Again, I must set forth how these two cities demeaned themselves toward the barbarians; for this still remains to be done. In the time of our supremacy, the barbarians were prevented from marching with an army beyond the Halys river and from sailing with their ships of war this side of Phaselis, but under the hegemony of the Lacedaemonians not only did they gain the freedom to march and sail wherever they pleased, but they even became masters over many Hellenic states.
59. τὰ τοίνυν πρὸς τοὺς βαρβάρους ὡς ἑκάτεροι προσηνέχθημεν, δηλωτέον· ἔτι γὰρ τοῦτο λοιπόν ἐστιν. ἐπὶ μὲν γὰρ τῆς ἡμετέρας δυναστείας οὐκ ἐξῆν αὐτοῖς οὔτʼ ἐντὸς Ἅλυος πεζῷ στρατοπέδῳ καταβαίνειν οὔτε μακροῖς πλοίοις ἐπὶ τάδε πλεῖν Φασήλιδος· ἐπὶ δὲ τῆς Λακεδαιμονίων οὐ μόνον τοῦ πορεύεσθαι καὶ πλεῖν ὅποι βουληθεῖεν ἐξουσίαν ἔλαβον, ἀλλὰ καὶ δεσπόται πολλῶν Ἑλληνίδων πόλεων κατέστησαν.
60. Well then, does not the city which made the nobler and prouder covenants with the Persian king, which brought to pass the most and the greatest injuries to the barbarians and benefits to the Hellenes, which, furthermore, seized from her foes the sea-coast of Asia and much other territory besides and appropriated it to her allies, which put an end to the insolence of the barbarians and the poverty of the Hellenes, and which, besides, waged war in her own cause more capably than that city which is famed for her skill in warfare, and extricated herself from her misfortunes more quickly than these same Lacedaemonians—does not this city, I say, deserve to be praised and honored more than the state which has been outdistanced by her in all these respects?
60. τὴν δὴ καὶ τὰς συνθήκας τὰς πρὸς βασιλέα γενναιοτέρας καὶ μεγαλοφρονεστέρας ποιησαμένην, καὶ τῶν πλείστων καὶ μεγίστων τοῖς μὲν βαρβάροις κακῶν τοῖς δʼ Ἕλλησιν ἀγαθῶν αἰτίαν γεγενημένην, ἔτι δὲ τῆς Ἀσίας τὴν παραλίαν καὶ πολλὴν ἄλλην χώραν τοὺς μὲν πολεμίους ἀφελομένην τοῖς δὲ συμμάχοις κτησαμένην, καὶ τοὺς μὲν ὑβρίζοντας τοὺς δʼ ἀποροῦντας παύσασαν, πρὸς δὲ τούτοις ὑπὲρ αὑτῆς τε πολεμήσασαν ἄμεινον τῆς εὐδοκιμούσης περὶ τὰ τοιαῦτα καὶ τὰς συμφορὰς θᾶττον διαλυσαμένην τῶν αὐτῶν τούτων, πῶς οὐ δίκαιον ἐπαινεῖν καὶ τιμᾶν μᾶλλον ἢ τὴν ἐν ἅπασι τούτοις ἀπολελειμμένην;
61. This, then, is what I had in mind to say on this occasion in comparing the achievements of Athens and Lacedaemon and the wars which they fought at the same time and against the same adversaries.
61. περὶ μὲν οὖν τῶν πραχθέντων παρʼ ἄλληλα καὶ τῶν κινδύνων τῶν ἅμα καὶ πρὸς τοὺς αὐτοὺς γενομένων ἐν τῷ παρόντι ταῦτʼ εἶχον εἰπεῖν.
62. But I think that, while those who find these words distasteful to listen to will not deny that what I have said is the truth nor, again, will they be able to cite other activities of the Lacedaemonians through which they brought to pass many blessings to the Hellenes, yet they will attempt— as is ever their habit—to denounce our city, to recount the most offensive acts which transpired while she held the empire of the sea, to present in a false light the adjudication of lawsuits in Athens for the allies and her collection of tribute from them, and above all to dwell on the cruelties suffered at her hands by the Melians and the Scionians and the Toronians, thinking by these reproaches to sully the benefactions of Athens which I have just described.
62. οἶμαι δὲ τοὺς ἀηδῶς ἀκούοντας τῶν λόγων τούτων τοῖς μὲν εἰρημένοις οὐδὲν ἀντερεῖν ὡς οὐκ ἀληθέσιν οὖσιν, οὐδʼ αὖ πράξεις ἑτέρας ἕξειν εἰπεῖν περὶ ἃς Λακεδαιμόνιοι γενόμενοι πολλῶν ἀγαθῶν αἴτιοι τοῖς Ἕλλησι κατέστησαν, κατηγορεῖν δὲ τῆς πόλεως ἡμῶν ἐπιχειρήσειν, ὅπερ ἀεὶ ποιεῖν εἰώθασι, καὶ διεξιέναι τὰς δυσχερεστάτας τῶν πράξεων τῶν ἐπὶ τῆς ἀρχῆς τῆς κατὰ θάλατταν γεγενημένων, καὶ τάς τε δίκας καὶ τὰς κρίσεις τὰς ἐνθάδε γιγνομένας τοῖς συμμάχοις καὶ τὴν τῶν φόρων εἴσπραξιν διαβαλεῖν, καὶ μάλιστα διατρίψειν περὶ τὰ Μηλίων πάθη καὶ Σκιωναίων καὶ Τορωναίων, οἰομένους ταῖς κατηγορίαις ταύταις καταρρυπανεῖν τὰς τῆς πόλεως εὐεργεσίας τὰς ὀλίγῳ πρότερον εἰρημένας.
64. Now I, for my part, could not gainsay all the things which might justly be said against our city, nor would I attempt to do so; for I should be ashamed, as I have already said in another place, when all other men are of the opinion that not even the gods are free from guilt, were I to strain my conscience and attempt to persuade you that our commonwealth has never erred in any instance whatsoever.
64. ἐγὼ δὲ πρὸς ἅπαντα μὲν τὰ δικαίως ἂν ῥηθέντα κατὰ τῆς πόλεως οὔτʼ ἂν δυναίμην ἀντειπεῖν οὔτʼ ἂν ἐπιχειρήσαιμι τοῦτο ποιεῖν· καὶ γὰρ ἂν αἰσχυνοίμην, ὅπερ εἶπον ἤδη καὶ πρότερον, εἰ τῶν ἄλλων μηδὲ τοὺς θεοὺς ἀναμαρτήτους εἶναι νομιζόντων ἐγὼ γλιχοίμην καὶ πειρῴμην πείθειν ὡς περὶ οὐδὲν πώποτε τὸ κοινὸν ἡμῶν πεπλημμέληκεν·
65. Nevertheless, I think I shall do one thing, namely, show that the city of the Spartans, in handling situations such as I have mentioned, has been much more harsh and severe than Athens, and that those who seek to promote the reputation of the Spartans by calumniating us are short-sighted in the extreme and are themselves to blame for the bad repute which their own friends incur at our hands.
65. οὐ μὴν ἀλλʼ ἐκεῖνό γʼ οἴομαι ποιήσειν, τήν τε πόλιν τὴν Σπαρτιατῶν ἐπιδείξειν περὶ τὰς πράξεις τὰς προειρημένας πολὺ πικροτέραν καὶ χαλεπωτέραν τῆς ἡμετέρας γεγενημένην, τούς θʼ ὑπὲρ ἐκείνων βλασφημοῦντας καθʼ ἡμῶν ὡς δυνατὸν ἀφρονέστατα διακειμένους καὶ τοῦ κακῶς ἀκούειν ὑφʼ ἡμῶν τοὺς φίλους αὐτῶν αἰτίους ὄντας·
66. For whenever they make such charges against us, to which the Lacedaemonians are more open than ourselves, we do not find it difficult to cite against Sparta a graver offence in each case than that which has been charged against Athens. For example, in the present instance, if they bring up the fact that the law-suits of the allies were tried in Athens, is there anyone so slow of wit as not to find the ready retort that the Lacedaemonians have put to death without trial more of the Hellenes than have ever been brought to trial and judgement here since the founding of our city?
66. ἐπειδὰν γὰρ τὰ τοιαῦτα κατηγορῶσιν, οἷς ἔνοχοι Λακεδαιμόνιοι μᾶλλον τυγχάνουσιν ὄντες, οὐκ ἀποροῦμεν τοῦ περὶ ἡμῶν ῥηθέντος μεῖζον ἁμάρτημα κατʼ ἐκείνων εἰπεῖν. οἷον καὶ νῦν, ἢν μνησθῶσι τῶν ἀγώνων τῶν τοῖς συμμάχοις ἐνθάδε γιγνομένων, τίς ἐστιν οὕτως ἀφυής, ὅστις οὐχ εὑρήσει πρὸς τοῦτʼ ἀντειπεῖν ὅτι πλείους Λακεδαιμόνιοι τῶν Ἑλλήνων ἀκρίτους ἀπεκτόνασι τῶν παρʼ ἡμῖν, ἐξ οὗ τὴν πόλιν οἰκοῦμεν, εἰς ἀγῶνα καὶ κρίσιν καταστάντων;
67. And if they make any complaint about our collection of the tribute, we shall be ready with a like rejoinder. For we shall show that our ancestors far more than the Lacedaemonians acted for the advantage of the states which paid them tribute. For, in the first place, these states did this, not because we had so commanded, but because they themselves had so resolved at the very time when they conferred upon us the supremacy by sea.
67. τοιαῦτα δὲ καὶ περὶ τῆς εἰσπράξεως τῶν φόρων ἤν τι λέγωσιν, ἕξομεν εἰπεῖν· πολὺ γὰρ ἐπιδείξομεν συμφορώτερα πράξαντας τοὺς ἡμετέρους ἢ Λακεδαιμονίους ταῖς πόλεσι ταῖς τὸν φόρον ἐνεγκούσαις. πρῶτον μὲν γὰρ οὐ προσταχθὲν ὑφʼ ἡμῶν τοῦτʼ ἐποίουν, ἀλλʼ αὐτοὶ γνόντες, ὅτε περ τὴν ἡγεμονίαν ἡμῖν τὴν κατὰ θάλατταν ἔδοσαν·
68. In the next place, they paid their quotas, not to preserve Athens, but to preserve their own democratic polity and their own freedom and to escape falling into such great misfortunes, through the setting up of oligarchies, as were suffered under the decarchies and the domination of the Lacedaemonians. And, more than that, they paid these contributions, not from funds which they had treasured up through their own efforts, but from resources which they possessed through our aid.
68. ἔπειτʼ οὐχ ὑπὲρ τῆς σωτηρίας τῆς ἡμετέρας ἔφερον, ἀλλʼ ὑπὲρ τῆς δημοκρατίας καὶ τῆς ἐλευθερίας τῆς αὑτῶν καὶ τοῦ μὴ περιπεσεῖν ὀλιγαρχίας γενομένης τηλικούτοις κακοῖς τὸ μέγεθος, ἡλίκοις ἐπὶ τῶν δεκαδαρχιῶν καὶ τῆς δυναστείας τῆς Λακεδαιμονίῶν. ἔτι δʼ οὐκ ἐκ τούτων ἔφερον ἐξ ὧν αὐτοὶ διέσωσαν, ἀλλʼ ἀφʼ ὧν διʼ ἡμᾶς εἶχον· ὑπὲρ ὧν, εἰ καὶ μικρὸς λογισμὸς ἐνῆν αὐτοῖς, δικαίως ἂν χάριν εἶχον ἡμῖν.
69. In return for these resources, had they reflected in the slightest degree, they should in all fairness have been grateful to us; for we took over their cities in some instances when they had been utterly destroyed, in others when they had been sacked and plundered by the barbarians, and advanced them to such a state of prosperity that although they contributed to us a slight proportion of the wealth which flowed in upon them, their estates were no less prosperous than those of the Peloponnesians who paid no tribute whatsoever.
69. παραλαβόντες γὰρ τὰς πόλεις αὐτῶν τὰς μὲν παντάπασιν ἀναστάτους γεγενημένας ὑπὸ τῶν βαρβάρων, τὰς δὲ πεπορθημένας, εἰς τοῦτο προηγάγομεν, ὥστε μικρὸν μέρος τῶν γιγνομένων ἡμῖν διδόντας μηδὲν ἐλάττους ἔχειν τοὺς οἴκους Πελοποννησίων τῶν οὐδένα φόρον ὑποτελούντων.
70. Furthermore, as to the cities which were laid waste under the rule of each of these states—a matter for which certain men reproach the Athenians alone—we shall show that things much more reprehensible were done by those whom these men are never weary of extolling. For it happened that we offended against islets so small and insignificant that many of the Hellenes do not even know of their existence, whereas the Lacedaemonians laid waste the greatest cities of the Peloponnesus—states which in every way were eminent above the others— and now hold for themselves the wealth of those states which, even supposing that in former times they possessed no merit, deserved the greatest possible rewards from the Hellenes because of the expedition against Troy in which they took the foremost place and furnished as its leaders men possessed not only of the virtues in which many of the common run of mankind have a part, but also of those in which no ignoble man may share.
70. περὶ τοίνυν τῶν ἀναστάτων γεγενημένων ὑφʼ ἑκατέρας τῶν πόλεων, ὃ μόνοις τινὲς ἡμῖν ὀνειδίζουσιν, ἐπιδείξομεν πολὺ δεινότερα πεποιηκότας οὓς ἐπαινοῦντες διατελοῦσιν. ἡμῖν μὲν γὰρ συνέπεσε περὶ νησύδρια τοιαῦτα καὶ τηλικαῦτα τὸ μέγεθος ἐξαμαρτεῖν, ἃ πολλοὶ τῶν Ἑλλήνων οὐδʼ ἴσασιν, ἐκεῖνοι δὲ τὰς μεγίστας πόλεις τῶν ἐν Πελοποννήσῳ καὶ τὰς πανταχῇ προεχούσας τῶν ἄλλων ἀναστάτους ποιήσαντες αὐτοὶ τἀκείνων ἔχουσιν, ἃς ἄξιον ἦν, εἰ καὶ μηδὲν αὐταῖς πρότερον ὑπῆρχεν ἀγαθόν, τῆς μεγίστης δωρεᾶς παρὰ τῶν Ἑλλήνων τυχεῖν διὰ τὴν στρατείαν τὴν ἐπὶ Τροίαν, ἐν ᾗ σφᾶς τε αὐτὰς παρέσχον πρωτευούσας καὶ τοὺς ἡγεμόνας ἀρετὰς ἔχοντας οὐ μόνον τὰς τοιαύτας ὧν πολλοὶ καὶ τῶν φαύλων κοινωνοῦσιν, ἀλλὰ κἀκείνας ὧν οὐδεὶς ἂν πονηρὸς ὢν δυνηθείη μετασχεῖν.
72. For Messene furnished Nestor, the wisest of all who lived in those times; Lacedaemon, Menelaus, who because of his moderation and his justice was the one man to be deemed worthy to become the son-in-law of Zeus; and Argos, Agamemnon, who was possessed, not of one or two of the virtues merely, but of all which anyone can name— and these, not in moderate, but in surpassing degree.
72. Μεσσήνη μὲν γὰρ Νέστορα παρέσχε τὸν φρονιμώτατον ἁπάντων τῶν κατʼ ἐκεῖνον τὸν χρόνον γενομένων, Λακεδαίμων δὲ Μενέλαον τὸν διὰ σωφροσύνην καὶ δικαιοσύνην μόνον ἀξιωθέντα Διὸς γενέσθαι κηδεστήν, ἡ δʼ Ἀργείων πόλις Ἀγαμέμνονα τὸν οὐ μίαν οὐδὲ δύο σχόντα μόνον ἀρετάς, ἀλλὰ πάσας ὅσας ἂν ἔχοι τις εἰπεῖν, καὶ ταύτας οὐ μετρίως ἀλλʼ ὑπερβαλλόντως·
73. For we shall find that no one in all the world has ever undertaken deeds more distinctive, more noble, more important, more advantageous to the Hellenes, or deserving of higher praise. These are facts which, when thus barely enumerated, some may not unreasonably question, but when they have been supported in each instance by a few words, all men will acknowledge that I speak the truth.
73. οὐδένα γὰρ εὑρήσομεν τῶν ἁπάντων οὔτʼ ἰδιωτέρας πράξεις μεταχειρισάμενον οὔτε καλλίους οὔτε μείζους οὔτε τοῖς Ἕλλησιν ὠφελιμωτέρας οὔτε πλειόνων ἐπαίνων ἀξίας. καὶ τούτοις οὕτω μὲν ἀπηριθμημένοις εἰκότως ἄν τινες ἀπιστήσειαν, μικρῶν δὲ περὶ ἑκάστου ῥηθέντων ἅπαντες ἂν ἀληθῆ με λέγειν ὁμολογήσειαν.
74. However, I am not able to see clearly, but am in doubt, with what words I may proceed without making an error of judgement. For, on the one hand, I am ashamed, after having said so much about the virtue of Agamemnon, to make no mention of the things which he accomplished and so to seem to my hearers no different from men who make empty boasts and say whatever comes into their heads. But I observe, on the other hand, that the discussion of things which lie outside the scope of the subject is not approved but is thought rather to be confusing, and that while many misuse these digressions there are many more who condemn them.
74. οὐ δύναμαι δὲ κατιδεῖν, ἀλλʼ ἀπορῶ ποίοις ἂν λόγοις μετὰ ταῦτα χρησάμενος ὀρθῶς εἴην βεβουλευμένος. αἰσχύνομαι μὲν γάρ, εἰ τοσαῦτα περὶ τῆς Ἀγαμέμνονος ἀρετῆς προειρηκὼς μηδενὸς μνησθήσομαι τῶν ὑπʼ ἐκείνου πεπραγμένων, ἀλλὰ δόξω τοῖς ἀκούουσιν ὅμοιος εἶναι τοῖς ἀλαζονευομένοις καὶ λέγουσιν ὅ τι ἂν τύχωσιν· ὁρῶ δὲ τὰς πράξεις τὰς ἔξω λεγομένας τῶν ὑποθέσεων οὐκ ἐπαινουμένας ἀλλὰ ταραχώδεις εἶναι δοκούσας, καὶ πολλοὺς μὲν ὄντας τοὺς κακῶς χρωμένους αὐταῖς, πολὺ δὲ πλείους τοὺς ἐπιτιμῶντας.
75. Therefore I fear that I too may subject myself to some such criticism. Nevertheless, I elect to lend support to the man who has experienced the same misadventure as myself and many others and failed of the reputation he deserved, and who has been the author of the greatest services to the world of his time, albeit he is less praised than those who have done nothing worthy of mention.
75. διὸ δέδοικα μὴ καὶ περὶ ἐμὲ συμβῇ τι τοιοῦτον. οὐ μὴν ἀλλʼ αἱροῦμαι βοηθῆσαι τῷ ταὐτὸν ἐμοί τε καὶ πολλοῖς πεπονθότι, καὶ διημαρτηκότι τῆς δόξης ἧς προσῆκε τυχεῖν αὐτόν, καὶ μεγίστων μὲν ἀγαθῶν αἰτίῳ γεγενημένῳ περὶ ἐκεῖνον τὸν χρόνον, ἧττον δʼ ἐπαινουμένῳ τῶν οὐδὲν ἄξιον λόγου διαπεπραγμένων.
76. For what element of glory did he lack who won a position of such exalted honor that, were all the world to unite on the search for a greater, no greater could be found? For he is the only man who was ever deemed worthy to be the leader of the armies of all Hellas. Whether he was elected by all or obtained this honor by himself, I am not able to say. But however this came about, he left no room for the rest of mankind who have in any wise won distinction since his time to surpass the glory which attaches to his name.
76. τί γὰρ ἐκεῖνος ἐνέλιπεν, ὃς τηλικαύτην μὲν ἔσχε τιμήν, ἧς εἰ πάντες συνελθόντες μείζω ζητοῖεν, οὐδέποτʼ ἂν εὑρεῖν δυνηθεῖεν; μόνος γὰρ ἁπάσης τῆς Ἑλλάδος ἠξιώθη γενέσθαι στρατηγός. ὁπότερον δέ, εἴθʼ ὑπὸ πάντων αἱρεθεὶς εἴτʼ αὐτὸς κτησάμενος, οὐκ ἔχω λέγειν. ὁποτέρως δʼ οὖν συμβέβηκεν, οὐδεμίαν ὑπερβολὴν λέλοιπε τῆς περὶ αὑτὸν δόξης τοῖς ἄλλως πως τιμηθεῖσιν.
77. And when he obtained this power, he harmed no city of Hellas; nay, so far was he from injuring any one of them that, although he took command of the Hellenes when they were in a state of mutual warfare and confusion and great misfortune, he delivered them from this condition, and, having established concord among them, indifferent to all exploits which are extravagant and spectacular and of no benefit to others, he collected the Hellenes into an army and led them forth against the barbarians.
77. ταύτην δὲ λαβὼν τὴν δύναμιν οὐκ ἔστιν ἥν τινα τῶν Ἑλληνίδων πόλεων ἐλύπησεν, ἀλλʼ οὕτως ἦν πόρρω τοῦ περί τινας ἐξαμαρτεῖν, ὥστε παραλαβὼν τοὺς Ἕλληνας ἐν πολέμῳ καὶ ταραχαῖς καὶ πολλοῖς κακοῖς ὄντας τούτων μὲν αὐτοὺς ἀπήλλαξεν, εἰς ὁμόνοιαν δὲ καταστήσας τὰ μὲν περιττὰ τῶν ἔργων καὶ τερατώδη καὶ μηδὲν ὠφελοῦντα τοὺς ἄλλους ὑπερεῖδε, στρατόπεδον δὲ συστήσας ἐπὶ τοὺς βαρβάρους ἤγαγεν.
78. And no one will be found, among those who rose to fame in his time or in later generations, to have accomplished an expedition more honorable than this or more advantageous to the Hellenes. But although he achieved all this and set this example to the rest of the world, he did not receive the fame which was his due, because of those who delight more in stage-play than in services and in fiction than in truth; nay, albeit he proved himself so great, he has a reputation which is less than that of men who have not ventured even to imitate his example.
78. τούτου δὲ κάλλιον στρατήγημα καὶ τοῖς Ἕλλησιν ὠφελιμώτερον οὐδεὶς φανήσεται πράξας οὔτε τῶν κατʼ ἐκεῖνον τὸν χρόνον εὐδοκιμησάντων οὔτε τῶν ὕστερον ἐπιγενομένων. ἃ ʼκεῖνος πράξας καὶ τοῖς ἄλλοις ὑποδείξας οὐχ οὕτως εὐδοκίμησεν, ὡς προσῆκεν αὐτόν, διὰ τοὺς μᾶλλον ἀγαπῶντας τὰς θαυματοποιίας τῶν εὐεργεσιῶν καὶ τὰς ψευδολογίας τῆς ἀληθείας, ἀλλὰ τοιοῦτος γενόμενος ἐλάττω δόξαν ἔχει τῶν οὐδὲ μιμήσασθαι τολμησάντων αὐτόν.
79. But not for these things alone might one extol him, but also for the things he did at the same time. For he conceived of his mission in terms so lofty that he was not satisfied with making up his army from all the men in private station whom he desired to have from each of the cities of Hellas, but even persuaded men of the rank of kings, who were accustomed to do in their own states whatsoever they pleased and to give orders to the world at large, to place themselves under his command, to follow him against whomsoever he might lead them, to obey his orders, to abandon their royal manner of living and to share the life of soldiers in the field, and, furthermore, to imperil themselves and wage war, not for their own countries and kingdoms, but ostensibly for Helen, wife of Menelaus, though in reality for Hellas, that she might not again suffer such an outrage at the hands of the barbarians nor such as befell her before that time in the seizure of the entire Peloponnesus by Pelops or of Argos by Danaus or of Thebes by Cadmus.
79. οὐ μόνον δʼ ἐπὶ τούτοις ἄν τις ἐπαινέσειεν αὐτόν, ἀλλὰ καὶ ἐφʼ οἷς περὶ τὸν αὐτὸν χρόνον ἔπραξεν. εἰς τοῦτο γὰρ μεγαλοφροσύνης ἦλθεν, ὥστʼ οὐκ ἀπέχρησεν αὐτῷ λαβεῖν στρατιώτας τῶν ἰδιωτῶν ὁπόσους ἐξ ἑκάστης ἐβουλήθη τῆς πόλεως, ἀλλὰ τοὺς βασιλεῖς τοὺς ποιοῦντας ἐν ταῖς αὑτῶν ὅ τι βουληθεῖεν καὶ τοῖς ἄλλοις προστάττοντας, τούτους ἔπεισεν ὑφʼ αὑτῷ γενέσθαι, καὶ συνακολουθεῖν ἐφʼ οὓς ἂν ἡγῆται, καὶ ποιεῖν τὸ προσταττόμενον, καὶ βασιλικὸν βίον ἀφέντας στρατιωτικῶς ζῆν, ἔτι δὲ κινδυνεύειν καὶ πολεμεῖν οὐχ ὑπὲρ τῆς σφετέρας αὐτῶν πατρίδος καὶ βασιλείας, ἀλλὰ λόγῳ μὲν ὑπὲρ Ἑλένης τῆς Μενελάου γυναικός, ἔργῳ δʼ ὑπὲρ τοῦ μὴ τὴν Ἑλλάδα πάσχειν ὑπὸ τῶν βαρβάρων μήτε τοιαῦτα μήθʼ οἷα πρότερον αὐτῇ συνέπεσε περὶ τὴν Πέλοπος μὲν ἁπάσης Πελοποννήσου κατάληψιν, Δαναοῦ δὲ τῆς πόλεως τῆς Ἀργείων, Κάδμου δὲ Θηβῶν·
80. For what other man in the world will be found to have had forethought in these matters or to have taken measures to prevent any such misfortune in the future except one of Agamemnon’s character and power?
80. ὧν τίς ἄλλος φανήσεται προνοηθείς, ἢ τίς ἐμποδὼν καταστὰς τοῦ μηδὲν ἔτι γενέσθαι τοιοῦτον, πλὴν τῆς ἐκείνου φύσεως καὶ δυνάμεως;
81. There is, moreover, connected with the above achievement one which, though less significant than those which I have mentioned, is more important and more deserving of mention than those which have been extolled again and again. For he commanded an army which had come together from all the cities of Hellas, a host whose size may be imagined since it contained many of the descendants of the gods and of the direct sons of the gods —men who were not of the same temper as the majority of mankind nor on the same plane of thinking, but full of pride and passion and envy and ambition—, and yet he held that army together for ten years, not by great bribes nor by outlays of money, by which means all rulers nowadays maintain their power, but by the supremacy of his genius, by his ability to provide from the enemy subsistence for his soldiers, and most of all by his reputation of being better advised in the interest of others than others in their own interest.
81. τὸ τοίνυν ἐχόμενον, ὃ τῶν μὲν προειρημένων ἔλαττόν ἐστι, τῶν δὲ πολλάκις ἐγκεκωμιασμένων μεῖζον καὶ λόγου μᾶλλον ἄξιον· στρατόπεδον γὰρ συνεληλυθὸς ἐξ ἁπασῶν τῶν πόλεων, τοσοῦτον τὸ πλῆθος ὅσον εἰκός, ὃ πολλοὺς εἶχεν ἐν αὑτῷ τοὺς μὲν ἀπὸ θεῶν τοὺς δʼ ἐξ αὐτῶν τῶν θεῶν γεγονότας, οὐκ ὁμοίως διακειμένους τοῖς πολλοῖς οὐδʼ ἴσον φρονοῦντας τοῖς ἄλλοις, ἀλλʼ ὀργῆς καὶ θυμοῦ καὶ φθόνου καὶ φιλοτιμίας μεστούς, ἀλλʼ ὅμως τὸ τοιοῦτον ἔτη δέκα κατέσχεν οὐ μισθοφοραῖς μεγάλαις οὐδὲ χρημάτων δαπάναις, αἷς νῦν ἅπαντες δυναστεύουσιν, ἀλλὰ τῷ καὶ τῇ φρονήσει διαφέρειν καὶ δύνασθαι τροφὴν ἐκ τῶν πολεμίων τοῖς στρατιώταις πορίζειν, καὶ μάλιστα τῷ δοκεῖν ἐκεῖνον ἄμεινον ὑπὲρ τῆς τῶν ἄλλων βουλεύεσθαι σωτηρίας ἢ τοὺς ἄλλους περὶ σφῶν αὐτῶν.
83. But the final achievement by which he crowned all these is no less worthy of admiration. For he will be found to have done nothing unseemly or unworthy of these exploits which I have already described; on the contrary, although he waged war, ostensibly against a single city, but in reality not only against all the peoples who dwelt in Asia but also against many other races of the barbarians, he did not give up fighting nor depart for home before reducing to slavery the city of him who had offended against Hellas and putting an end to the insolence of the barbarians.
83. τὸ τοίνυν τέλος, ὃ πᾶσι τούτοις ἐπέθηκεν, οὐδενὸς ἧττον προσήκει θαυμάζειν· οὐ γὰρ ἀπρεπὲς οὐδʼ ἀνάξιον τῶν προειρημένων φανήσεται ποιησάμενος, ἀλλὰ λόγῳ μὲν πρὸς μίαν πόλιν πολεμήσας, ἔργῳ δʼ οὐ μόνον πρὸς ἅπαντας τοὺς τὴν Ἀσίαν κατοικοῦντας ἀλλὰ καὶ πρὸς ἄλλα γένη πολλὰ τῶν βαρβάρων κινδυνεύων οὐκ ἀπεῖπεν οὐδʼ ἀπῆλθε, πρὶν τήν τε πόλιν τοῦ τολμήσαντος ἐξαμαρτεῖν ἐξηνδραποδίσατο καὶ τοὺς βαρβάρους ἔπαυσεν ὑβρίζοντας.
84. I am well aware of the space which I have given to the praises of Agamemnon’s virtue; I am well aware also that if any of you should go over these one by one, many as they are, to see what might be rejected, no one would venture to subtract a single word, and yet I know that when they are read one after the other, all will criticize me for having said much more than I should.
84. οὐκ ἀγνοῶ δὲ τὸ πλῆθος τῶν εἰρημένων περὶ τῆς Ἀγαμέμνονος ἀρετῆς, οὐδʼ ὅτι τούτων καθʼ ἓν μὲν ἕκαστον εἴ τινες σκοποῖντο τί ἂν ἀποδοκιμάσαιεν, οὐδεὶς ἂν οὐδὲν αὐτῶν ἀφελεῖν τολμήσειεν, ἐφεξῆς δὲ ἀναγιγνωσκομένων ἅπαντες ἂν ἐπιτιμήσαιεν ὡς πολὺ πλείοσιν εἰρημένοις τοῦ δέοντος. ἐγὼ δʼ εἰ μὲν ἔλαθον ἐμαυτὸν πλεονάζων, ᾐσχυνόμην ἄν, εἰ γράφειν ἐπιχειρῶν περὶ ὧν μηδεὶς ἂν ἄλλος ἐτόλμησεν, οὕτως ἀναισθήτως διεκείμην·
85. For my part, if I inadvertently prolonged this topic I should be ashamed of being so lacking in perception when discoursing on a subject which no one has even ventured to discuss. But in fact I knew much better than those who will dare to take me to task that many will criticize this excess. I considered, however, that it would be less objectionable to be thought by some to disregard due measure in this part of my discourse than to leave out, in speaking of such a man, any of the merits which belong to him and which it behoves me to mention.
85. νῦν δʼ ἀκριβέστερον ᾔδειν τῶν ἐπιπλήττειν μοι τολμησόντων, ὅτι πολλοὶ τούτοις ἐπιτιμήσουσιν· ἀλλὰ γὰρ ἡγησάμην οὐχ οὕτως ἔσεσθαι δεινόν, ἢν ἐπὶ τοῦ μέρους τούτου δόξω τισὶ τῶν καιρῶν ἀμελεῖν, ὡς ἢν περὶ ἀνδρὸς τοιούτου διαλεγόμενος παραλίπω τι τῶν ἐκείνῳ τε προσόντων ἀγαθῶν κἀμοὶ προσηκόντων εἰπεῖν.
86. I thought also that I should be applauded by the most cultivated of my hearers if I could show that I was more concerned when discoursing on the subject of virtue about doing justice to the theme than about the symmetry of my speech and that too, knowing well that the lack of due proportion in my speech would detract from my own reputation, while just appreciation of their deeds would enhance the fame of those whose praises I sing. Nevertheless I bade farewell to expediency and chose justice instead.
86. ᾤμην δὲ καὶ παρὰ τοῖς χαριεστάτοις τῶν ἀκροατῶν εὐδοκιμήσειν, ἢν φαίνωμαι περὶ ἀρετῆς μὲν τοὺς λόγους ποιούμενος, ὅπως δὲ ταύτης ἀξίως ἐρῶ μᾶλλον σπουδάζων ἢ περὶ τὴν τοῦ λόγου συμμετρίαν, καὶ ταῦτα σαφῶς εἰδὼς τὴν μὲν περὶ τὸν λόγον ἀκαιρίαν ἀδοξότερον ἐμὲ ποιήσουσαν, τὴν δὲ περὶ τὰς πράξεις εὐβουλίαν αὐτοὺς τοὺς ἐπαινουμένους ὠφελήσουσαν· ἀλλʼ ὅμως ἐγὼ τὸ λυσιτελὲς ἐάσας τὸ δίκαιον εἱλόμην.
87. And you will find that I am of this mind not only in what I am now saying but likewise upon all occasions, since it will be seen that I take more pleasure in those of my disciples who are distinguished for the character of their lives and deeds than in those who are reputed to be able speakers. And yet when they speak well, all men will assign the credit to me, even though I contribute nothing to what they say, whereas when they act right no man will fail to commend the doer of the deed even though all the world may know that it was I who advised him what to do.
87. οὐ μόνον δʼ ἂν εὑρεθείην ἐπὶ τοῖς νῦν λεγομένοις ταύτην ἔχων τὴν διάνοιαν, ἀλλʼ ὁμοίως ἐπὶ πάντων, ἐπεὶ καὶ τῶν πεπλησιακότων μοι φανείην ἂν μᾶλλον χαίρων τοῖς ἐπὶ τῷ βίω καὶ ταῖς πράξεσιν εὐδοκιμοῦσιν ἢ τοῖς περὶ τοὺς λόγους δεινοῖς εἶναι δοκοῦσιν. καίτοι τῶν μὲν εὖ ῥηθέντων, εἰ καὶ μηδὲν συμβαλοίμην, ἅπαντες ἂν ἐμοὶ τὴν αἰτίαν ἀναθεῖεν, τῶν δʼ ὀρθῶς πραττομένων εἰ καὶ πάντες εἰδεῖέν με σύμβουλον γεγενημένον, οὐδεὶς ὅστις οὐκ ἂν αὐτὸν τὸν μεταχειριζόμενον τὰς πράξεις ἐπαινέσειεν.
88. But I do not know whither I am drifting. For, because I think all the time that I must add the point which logically follows what I have said before, I have wandered entirely from my subject. There is, therefore, nothing left for me to do but to crave indulgence to old age for my forgetfulness and prolixity—faults which are wont to be found in men of my years—and go back to the place from which I fell into this garrulous strain.
88. ἀλλὰ γὰρ οὐκ οἶδʼ ὅποι τυγχάνω φερόμενος· ἀεὶ γὰρ οἰόμενος δεῖν προστιθέναι τὸ τῶν προειρημένων ἐχόμενον, παντάπασι πόρρω γέγονα τῆς ὑποθέσεως. λοιπὸν οὖν ἐστιν οὐδὲν ἄλλο, πλὴν αἰτησάμενον τῷ γήρᾳ συγγνώμην ὑπὲρ τῆς λήθης καὶ τῆς μακρολογίας, τῶν εἰθισμένων παραγίγνεσθαι τοῖς τηλικούτοις, ἐπανελθεῖν εἰς τὸν τόπον ἐκεῖνον ἐξ οὗπερ εἰσέπεσον εἰς τὴν περιττολογίαν ταύτην.
89. For I think that I now see the point from which I strayed. I was speaking in reply to those who reproach us with the misfortunes of the Melians and of villages with like populations, not meaning that we had done no wrong in these instances, but trying to show that those who are the idols of these speakers have laid waste more and greater cities than the Athenians have done, in which connection I discussed the virtues of Agamemnon and Menelaus and Nestor, saying nothing that was not true, though passing, mayhap, the bounds of moderation.
89. οἶμαι δʼ ἤδη καθορᾶν ὅθεν ἐπλανήθην· τοῖς γὰρ ὀνειδίζουσιν ἡμῶν τῇ πόλει τὰς Μηλίων καὶ τὰς τῶν τοιούτων πολιχνίων συμφορὰς ἀντέλεγον, οὐχ ὡς οὐχ ἡμαρτημένων τούτων, ἀλλʼ ἐπιδεικνύων τοὺς ἀγαπωμένους ὑπʼ αὐτῶν πολὺ πλείους πόλεις καὶ μείζους ἡμῶν ἀναστάτους πεποιηκότας, ἐν οἷς καὶ περὶ τῆς ἀρετῆς τῆς Ἀγαμέμνονος καὶ Μενελάου καὶ Νέστορος διελέχθην, ψεῦδος μὲν οὐδὲν λέγων, πλείω δʼ ἴσως τῶν μετρίων.
90. But I did this, supposing that it would be apparent that there could be no greater crime than that of those who dared lay waste the cities which bred and reared such great men, about whom even now one might say many noble things. But it is perhaps foolish to linger upon a single point, as if there were any lack, as if there were not, on the contrary, a superabundance of things to say about the cruelty and the harshness of the Lacedaemonians.
90. τοῦτο δʼ ἐποίουν ὑπολαβὼν οὐδενὸς ἔλαττον ἁμάρτημα τοῦτο δόξειν εἶναι τῶν τολμησάντων ἀναστάτους ποιῆσαι τὰς πόλεις τὰς γεννησάσας καὶ θρεψάσας τοιούτους ἄνδρας, περὶ ὧν καὶ νῦν ἔχοι τις ἂν πολλοῖς καὶ καλοῖς χρήσασθαι λόγοις. ἀλλὰ γὰρ ἴσως ἀνόητόν ἐστι περὶ μίαν πρᾶξιν διατρίβειν, ὥσπερ ἀπορίας οὔσης τί ἂν ἔχοι τις εἰπεῖν περὶ τῆς ὠμότητος καὶ χαλεπότητος τῆς Λακεδαιμονίων, ἀλλʼ οὐ πολλῆς ἀφθονίας ὑπαρχούσης.
91. For the Lacedaemonians were not satisfied with wronging these cities and men of this character, but treated in the same way those who had set out with them from the same country, joined with them in the same expedition, and shared with them the same perils —I mean the Argives and the Messenians. For they determined to plunge these also into the very same misfortunes which had been visited upon their former victims. They did not cease laying siege to the Messenians until they had driven them from their territory, and with the same object they are even now making war upon the Argives.
91. οἷς οὐκ ἐξήρκεσε περὶ τὰς πόλεις ταύτας καὶ τοὺς ἄνδρας τοὺς τοιούτους ἐξαμαρτεῖν, ἀλλὰ καὶ περὶ τοὺς ἐκ τῶν αὐτῶν ὁρμηθέντας καὶ κοινὴν τὴν στρατείαν ποιησαμένους καὶ τῶν αὐτῶν κινδύνων μετασχόντας, λέγω δὲ περὶ Ἀργείων καὶ Μεσσηνίων. καὶ γὰρ τούτους ἐπεθύμησαν ταῖς αὐταῖς συμφοραῖς περιβαλεῖν αἷσπερ ἐκείνους· καὶ Μεσσηνίους μὲν πολιορκοῦντες οὐ πρότερον ἐπαύσαντο, πρὶν ἐξέβαλον ἐκ τῆς χώρας, Ἀργείοις δʼ ὑπὲρ τῶν αὐτῶν τούτων ἔτι καὶ νῦν πολεμοῦσιν. ἃ τοίνυν περὶ Πλαταιᾶς ἔπραξαν, ἄτοπος ἂν εἴην, εἰ ταῦτʼ εἰρηκὼς ἐκείνων μὴ μνησθείην·
92. Furthermore, it would be strange if, having spoken of these wrongs, I failed to mention their treatment of the Plataeans. It was on the soil of Plataea that the Lacedaemonians had encamped with us and with the other allies, drawn up for battle against our enemies; there they had offered sacrifices to the deities worshipped by the Plataeans;
92. ὧν ἐν τῇ χώρᾳ στρατοπεδευσάμενοι μεθʼ ἡμῶν καὶ τῶν ἄλλων συμμάχων, καὶ παραταξάμενοι τοῖς πολεμίοις, καὶ θυσάμενοι τοῖς θεοῖς τοῖς ὑπʼ ἐκείνων ἱδρυμένοις, οὐ μόνον ἠλευθερώσαμεν τῶν Ἑλλήνων τοὺς μεθʼ ἡμῶν ὄντας ἀλλὰ καὶ τοὺς ἀναγκασθέντας γενέσθαι μετʼ ἐκείνων, καὶ ταῦτʼ ἐπράξαμεν Πλαταιέας λαβόντες μόνους Βοιωτῶν συναγωνιστάς·
93. and there we had won freedom, not only for the Hellenes who fought with us, but also for those who were compelled to be on the side of the Persians, and we accomplished this with the help of the Plataeans, who alone of the Boeotians fought with us in that war. And yet, after no great interval of time, the Lacedaemonians, to gratify Thebes, reduced the Plataeans by siege and put them all to the sword with the exception of those who had been able to escape through their lines. Little did Athens resemble Sparta in the treatment of these peoples; for, while the Lacedaemonians did not scruple to commit such wrongs both against the benefactors of Hellas and against their own kinsmen, our ancestors, on the other hand, gave the surviving Messenians a home in Naupactus and adopted the Plataeans who had escaped with their lives as Athenian citizens and shared with them all the privileges which they themselves enjoyed. So that if we had nothing else to say about these two cities, it is easy to judge from these instances what was the character of each and which of the two laid waste more and greater cities.
93. οὓς οὐ πολὺν χρόνον διαλιπόντες Λακεδαιμόνιοι, χαριζόμενοι Θηβαίοις, ἐκπολιορκήσαντες ἅπαντας ἀπέκτειναν πλὴν τῶν ἀποδρᾶναι δυνηθέντων. περὶ οὓς ἡ πόλις ἡμῶν οὐδὲν ὁμοία γέγονεν ἐκείνοις· οἱ μὲν γὰρ περὶ τε τοὺς εὐεργέτας τῆς Ἑλλάδος καὶ τοὺς συγγενεῖς τοὺς αὑτῶν τὰ τοιαῦτʼ ἐξαμαρτάνειν ἐτόλμησαν, οἱ δʼ ἡμέτεροι Μεσσηνίων μὲν τοὺς διασωθέντας εἰς Ναύπακτον κατῴκισαν, Πλαταιέων δὲ τοὺς περιγενομένους πολίτας ἐποιήσαντο καὶ τῶν ὑπαρχόντων αὐτοῖς ἁπάντων μετέδοσαν. ὥστʼ εἰ μηδὲν εἴχομεν ἄλλο περὶ τοῖν πολέοιν εἰπεῖν, ἐκ τούτων ῥᾴδιον εἶναι καταμαθεῖν τὸν τρόπον ἑκατέρας αὐτῶν, καὶ ποτέρα πλείους πόλεις καὶ μείζους ἀναστάτους πεποίηκεν.
95. I perceive that my feelings are changing to the opposite of those which I described a little while ago. For then I fell into a state of doubt and perplexity and forgetfulness, but now I realize clearly that I am not keeping the mildness of speech which I had when I began to write my discourse; on the contrary, I am venturing to discuss matters about which I did not think that I should speak, I am more aggressive in temper than is my wont, and I am losing control over some of the things which I utter because of the multitude of things which rush into my mind to say.
95. αἰσθάνομαι δὲ πάθος μοι συμβαῖνον ἐναντίον τοῖς ὀλίγῳ πρότερον εἰρημένοις· τότε μὲν γὰρ εἰς ἄγνοιαν καὶ πλάνον καὶ λήθην ἐνέπεσον, νῦν δʼ οἶδα σαφῶς ἐμαυτὸν οὐκ ἐμμένοντα τῇ πραότητι τῇ περὶ τὸν λόγον, ἣν εἶχον ὅτʼ ἠρχόμην γράφειν αὐτόν, ἀλλὰ λέγειν τʼ ἐπιχειροῦντα περὶ ὧν οὐκ ᾤμην ἐρεῖν, θρασύτερόν τε διακείμενον ἢ κατʼ ἐμαυτόν, ἀκρατῆ τε γιγνόμενον ἐνίων ὧν λέγω διὰ τὸ πλῆθος τῶν εἰπεῖν ἐπιρρεόντων.
96. Since, however, the impulse has come to me to speak frankly and I have removed the curb from my tongue, and since I took a subject which is of such a character that it is neither honorable nor possible to leave out the kind of facts from which it can be proved that our city has been of greater service to the Hellenes than Lacedaemon, I must not be silent either about the other wrongs which have not yet been told, albeit they have been done among the Hellenes, but must show that our ancestors have been slow pupils in wrong-doing, whereas the Lacedaemonians have in some respects been the first to point the way and in others have been the sole offenders.
96. ἐπειδή περ οὖν ἐπελήλυθέ μοι τὸ παρρησιάζεσθαι, καὶ λέλυκα τὸ στόμα, καὶ τοιαύτην τὴν ὑπόθεσιν ἐποιησάμην ὥστε μήτε καλὸν εἶναί μοι μήτε δυνατὸν παραλιπεῖν τὰς τοιαύτας πράξεις, ἐξ ὧν οἷόν τʼ ἐστὶν ἐπιδεικνύναι πλέονος ἀξίαν τὴν πόλιν ἡμῶν γεγενημένην περὶ τοὺς Ἕλληνας τῆς Λακεδαιμονίων, οὐ κατασιωπητέον οὐδὲ περὶ τῶν ἄλλων κακῶν τῶν οὔπω μὲν εἰρημένων ἐν δὲ τοῖς Ἕλλησι γεγενημένων, ἀλλʼ ἐπιδεικτέον τοὺς μὲν ἡμετέρους ὀψιμαθεῖς αὐτῶν γεγενημένους, Λακεδαιμονίους δὲ τὰ μὲν πρώτους τὰ δὲ μόνους ἐξαμαρτόντας.
97. Now most people upbraid both cities because, while pretending that they risked the perils of war against the barbarians for the sake of the Hellenes, they did not in fact allow the various states to be independent and manage their own affairs in whatever way was expedient for each of them, but, on the contrary, divided them up, as if they had taken them captive in war, and reduced them all to slavery, acting no differently than those who rob others of their slaves, on the pretext of liberating them, only to compel them to slave for their new masters.
97. πλεῖστοι μὲν οὖν κατηγοροῦσιν ἀμφοῖν τοῖν πολέοιν, ὅτι προσποιούμεναι κινδυνεῦσαι πρὸς τοὺς βαρβάρους ὑπὲρ τῶν Ἑλλήνων οὐκ εἴασαν τὰς πόλεις αὐτονόμους εἶναι καὶ διοικῆσαι τὰ σφέτερʼ αὐτῶν ὅπως ἑκάστῃ συνέφερεν, ἀλλʼ ὥσπερ αἰχμαλώτους εἰληφυῖαι διελόμεναι κατεδουλώσαντο πάσας αὐτάς, καὶ παραπλήσιον ἐποίησαν τοῖς παρὰ μὲν τῶν ἄλλων τοὺς οἰκέτας εἰς ἐλευθερίαν ἀφαιρουμένοις, σφίσι δʼ αὐτοῖς δουλεύειν ἀναγκάζουσιν.
98. But it is not the fault of the Athenians that these complaints are made and many others more bitter than these, but rather of those who now in what is being said, as in times past in all that has been done, have been in the opposite camp from us. For no man can show that our ancestors during the countless years of our early history ever attempted to impose our rule over any city great or small, whereas all men know that the Lacedaemonians, from the time when they entered the Peloponnesus, have had no other object in their deeds or in their designs than to impose their rule if possible over all men but, failing that, over the peoples of the Peloponnesus.
98. τοῦ δὲ λέγεσθαι ταῦτα καὶ πολὺ πλείω καὶ πικρότερα τούτων οὐχ ἡμεῖς αἴτιοι γεγόναμεν, ἀλλʼ οἱ νῦν μὲν ἐν τοῖς λεγομένοις ἡμῖν ἀντιτεταγμένοι, τὸν δʼ ἄλλον χρόνον ἐν τοῖς πραττομένοις ἅπασιν. τοὺς μὲν γὰρ ἡμετέρους προγόνους οὐδεὶς ἂν ἐπιδείξειεν ἐν τοῖς ἐπέκεινα χρόνοις τοῖς ἀναριθμήτοις οὐδεμιᾶς πόλεως οὔτε μείζονος οὔτʼ ἐλάττονος ἄρχειν ἐπιχειρήσαντας· Λακεδαιμονίους δὲ πάντες ἴσασιν, ἀφʼ οὗ περ εἰς Πελοπόννησον εἰσῆλθον, οὐδὲν ἄλλο πράττοντας οὐδὲ βουλευομένους πλὴν ὅπως μάλιστα μὲν ἁπάντων ἄρξουσιν, εἰ δὲ μή, Πελοποννησίων.
99. And as to the stirring up of faction and slaughter and revolution in these cities, which certain critics impute both to Athens and to Sparta, you will find that the Lacedaemonians have filled all the states, excepting a very few, with these misfortunes and afflictions, whereas no one would dare even to allege that our city, before the disaster which befell her in the Hellespont, ever perpetrated such a thing among her allies.
99. ἀλλὰ μὴν καὶ τὰς στάσεις καὶ τὰς σφαγὰς καὶ τὰς τῶν πολιτειῶν μεταβολάς, ἃς ἀμφοτέροις τινὲς ἡμῖν ἐπιφέρουσιν, ἐκεῖνοι μὲν ἂν φανεῖεν ἁπάσας τὰς πόλεις πλὴν ὀλίγων μεστὰς πεποιηκότες τῶν τοιούτων συμφορῶν καὶ νοσημάτων, τὴν δʼ ἡμετέραν πόλιν οὐδεὶς ἂν οὐδʼ εἰπεῖν τολμήσειε πρὸ τῆς ἀτυχίας τῆς ἐν Ἑλλησπόντῳ γενομένης ὡς τοιοῦτον ἐν τοῖς συμμάχοις τι διαπραξαμένην.
100. But when the Lacedaemonians, after having been in the position of dictators over the Hellenes, were being driven from control of affairs—at that juncture, when the other cities were rent by faction, two or three of our generals (I will not hide the truth from you) mistreated some of them, thinking that if they should imitate the deeds of Spartans they would be better able to control them.
100. ἄλλʼ ἐπειδὴ Λακεδαιμόνιοι κύριοι καταστάντες τῶν Ἑλλήνων πάλιν ἐξέπιπτον ἐκ τῶν πραγμάτων, ἐν τούτοις τοῖς καιροῖς στασιαζουσῶν τῶν ἄλλων, πόλεων δύʼ ἢ τρεῖς τῶν στρατηγῶν τῶν ἡμετέρων, οὐ γὰρ ἀποκρύψομαι τἀληθές, ἐξήμαρτον περί τινας αὐτῶν ἐλπίζοντες, ἢν μιμήσωνται τὰς Σπαρτιατῶν πράξεις, μᾶλλον αὐτὰς δυνήσεσθαι κατασχεῖν.
101. Therefore all may justly charge the Lacedaemonians with having been the instigators and teachers of such deeds, but may with good reason make allowance for us, as for pupils who have been deceived by the false promises of their tutors and disappointed in their expectations.
101. ὥστε δικαίως ἂν ἐκείνοις μὲν ἅπαντες ἐγκαλέσειαν ὡς ἀρχηγοῖς γεγενημένοις καὶ διδασκάλοις τῶν τοιούτων ἔργων, τοῖς δʼ ἡμετέροις, ὥσπερ τῶν μαθητῶν τοῖς ὑπὸ τῶν ὑπισχνουμένων ἐξηπατημένοις καὶ διημαρτηκόσι τῶν ἐπίδων, εἰκότως ἂν συγγνώμην ἔχοιεν.
102. I come now finally to those offences which they alone and by themselves committed. Who does not know that the Spartans, notwithstanding that they and we harbor in common a feeling of hatred towards the barbarians and their kings, and notwithstanding that the Athenians, although beset by many wars and involved at times in great disasters, their territory being often ravaged and cut off by the enemy, never once turned their eyes towards friendship and alliance with the barbarians, but continued steadfastly to cherish a stronger hatred against them because of what they plotted against the Hellenes than we feel towards those who now seek to injure Athens— who does not know, I say, that the Spartans, although untroubled by any evil or even by any prospect or fear of evil, advanced to such a pitch of greed that they were not satisfied to hold the supremacy by land, but were so greedy to obtain also the empire of the sea that at one and the same time they were inciting our allies to revolt, undertaking to liberate them from our power, and were negotiating with the Persian king a treaty of friendship and alliance, promising to give over to him all the Hellenes who dwelt on the Asiatic coast? And yet, after they had given these pledges both to our allies and to the King and had conquered us in war, they reduced those whom they had sworn to set free to a state of slavery worse than that of the Helots, and they returned the favour of the King in such wise that they persuaded Cyrus, his younger brother, to dispute the throne with him, and collected an army to support Cyrus, placing Clearchus at its head, and dispatched it against the King.
102. τὸ τοίνυν τελευταῖον, ὃ μόνοι καὶ καθʼ αὑτοὺς ἔπραξαν, τίς οὐκ οἶδεν ὅτι κοινῆς ἡμῖν τῆς ἔχθρας ὑπαρχούσης, τῆς πρὸς τοὺς βαρβάρους καὶ τοὺς βασιλέας αὐτῶν, ἡμεῖς μὲν ἐν πολέμοις πολλοῖς γιγνόμενοι καὶ μεγάλαις συμφοραῖς ἐνίοτε περιπίπτοντες καὶ τῆς χώρας ἡμῶν θαμὰ πορθουμένης καὶ τεμνομένης οὐδεπώποτʼ ἐβλέψαμεν πρὸς τὴν ἐκείνων φιλίαν καὶ συμμαχίαν, ἀλλʼ ὑπὲρ ὧν τοῖς Ἕλλησιν ἐπεβούλευσαν μισοῦντες αὐτοὺς διετελέσαμεν μᾶλλον ἢ τοὺς ἐν τῷ παρόντι κακῶς ἡμᾶς ποιοῦντας· Λακεδαιμόνιοι δʼ οὔτε πάσχοντες κακὸν οὐδὲν οὔτε μέλλοντες οὔτε δεδιότες εἰς τοῦτʼ ἀπληστίας ἦλθον, ὥστʼ οὐκ ἐξήρκεσεν αὐτοῖς ἔχειν τὴν κατὰ γῆν ἀρχήν, ἀλλὰ καὶ τὴν κατὰ θάλατταν δύναμιν οὕτως ἐπεθύμησαν λαβεῖν, ὥστε κατὰ τοὺς αὐτοὺς χρόνους τούς τε συμμάχους τοὺς ἡμετέρους ἀφίστασαν, ἐλευθερώσειν αὐτοὺς ὑπισχνούμενοι, καὶ βασιλεῖ περὶ φιλίας διελέγοντο καὶ συμμαχίας, παραδώσειν αὐτῷ φάσκοντες ἅπαντας τοὺς ἐπὶ τῆς Ἀσίας κατοικοῦντας, πίστεις δὲ δόντες τούτοις ἀμφοτέροις καὶ καταπολεμήσαντες ἡμᾶς, οὓς μὲν ἐλευθερώσειν ὤμοσαν, κατεδουλώσαντο μᾶλλον ἢ τοὺς Εἵλωτας, βασιλεῖ δὲ τοιαύτην χάριν ἀπέδοσαν ὥστʼ ἔπεισαν τὸν ἀδελφὸν αὐτοῦ Κῦρον ὄντα νεώτερον ἀμφισβητεῖν τῆς βασιλείας, καὶ στρατόπεδον αὐτῷ συναγαγόντες καὶ στρατηγὸν Κλέαρχον ἐπιστήσαντες ἀνέπεμψαν ἐπʼ ἐκεῖνον·
105. But having failed in this treachery and betrayed their purposes to the world and made themselves hated by all mankind, they were plunged into such a state of warfare and confusion as men should expect after having played false with both the Hellenes and the barbarians. I do not know what I need to take the time to say further about them except that after they had been defeated in the naval battle by the forces of the King and by the leadership of Conon they made a peace of such a character that no one can point out in all history one more shameful, more reprehensible, more derogatory to the Hellenes, or more contradictory to what is said by certain eulogists of the virtue of the Lacedaemonians.
105. ἀτυχήσαντες δʼ ἐν τούτοις καὶ γνωσθέντες ὧν ἐπεθύμουν, καὶ μισηθέντες ὑπὸ πάντων, εἰς πόλεμον καὶ ταραχὰς τοσαύτας κατέστησαν ὅσας εἰκὸς τοὺς καὶ περὶ τοὺς Ἕλληνας καὶ τοὺς βαρβάρους ἐξημαρτηκότας. περὶ ὧν οὐκ οἶδʼ ὅ τι δεῖ πλείω λέγοντα διατρίβειν, πλὴν ὅτι καταναυμαχηθέντες ὑπό τε τῆς βασιλέως δυνάμεως καὶ τῆς Κόνωνος στρατηγίας τοιαύτην ἐποιήσαντο τὴν εἰρήνην, ἧς οὐδεὶς ἂν ἐπιδείξειεν οὔτʼ αἰσχίω πώποτε γενομένην οὔτʼ ἐπονειδιστοτέραν οὔτʼ ὀλιγωροτέραν τῶν Ἑλλήνων οὔτʼ ἐναντιωτέραν τοῖς λεγομένοις ὑπό τινων περὶ τῆς ἀρετῆς τῆς Λακεδαιμονίων·
106. For when the King had established them as masters over the Hellenes, they attempted to rob him of his kingdom and of all his good fortune, but when the King defeated them in battle on the sea and humbled them, they gave over to him, not a small contingent of the Hellenes, but all those who dwelt in Asia, explicitly writing into the treaty that he should do with these according to his pleasure; and they were not ashamed of entering into such covenants regarding men by whose help as allies they prevailed over us, became masters of the Hellenes, and expected to subdue the whole of Asia; on the contrary, they inscribed such covenants in their own temples and compelled their allies to do the same.
106. οἵ τινες, ὅτε μὲν αὐτοὺς ὁ βασιλεὺς δεσπότας τῶν Ἑλλήνων κατέστησεν, ἀφελέσθαι τὴν βασιλείαν αὐτοῦ καὶ τὴν εὐδαιμονίαν ἅπασαν ἐπεχείρησαν, ἐπειδὴ δὲ καταναυμαχήσας ταπεινοὺς ἐποίησεν, οὐ μικρὸν μέρος αὐτῷ τῶν Ἑλλήνων παρέδωκαν ἀλλὰ πάντας τοὺς τὴν Ἀσίαν οἰκοῦντας, διαρρήδην γράψαντες χρῆσθαι τοῦθʼ ὅ τι ἂν αὐτὸς βούληται, καὶ οὐκ ᾐσχύνθησαν τοιαύτας ποιούμενοι τὰς ὁμολογίας περὶ ἀνδρῶν, οἷς χρώμενοι συμμάχοις ἡμῶν τε περιεγένοντο καὶ τῶν Ἑλλήνων κύριοι κατέστησαν καὶ τὴν Ἀσίαν ἅπασαν ἤλπισαν κατασχήσειν, ἀλλὰ τὰς τοιαύτας συνθήκας αὐτοί τʼ ἐν τοῖς ἱεροῖς τοῖς σφετέροις αὐτῶν ἀνέγραψαν καὶ τοὺς συμμάχους ἠνάγκασαν.
108. Now others will not care, I suppose, to hear about any further deeds, but will think that they have learned well enough from those which I have described what has been the character of each of these two states in their treatment of the Hellenes. I, however, do not share this feeling but consider that the subject which I undertook requires still many other arguments, and above all such as will show the folly of those who will attempt to refute what I have said, and these arguments I think I shall find ready at hand.
108. τοὺς μὲν οὖν ἄλλους οὐκ οἴομαι πράξεων ἑτέρων ἐπιθυμήσειν ἀκούειν, ἀλλʼ ἐκ τῶν εἰρημένων ἱκανῶς μεμαθηκέναι νομιεῖν ὁποία τις τοῖν πολέοιν ἑκατέρα περὶ τοὺς Ἕλληνας γέγονεν· ἐγὼ δʼ οὐχ οὕτω τυγχάνω διακείμενος, ἀλλʼ ἡγοῦμαι τὴν ὑπόθεσιν ἣν ἐποιησάμην ἄλλων τε πολλῶν προσδεῖσθαι λόγων, καὶ μάλιστα τῶν ἐπιδειξόντων τὴν ἄνοιαν τῶν ἀντιλὲγειν τοῖς εἰρημένοις ἐπιχειρησόντων· οὓς οἴομαι ῥᾳδίως εὑρήσειν.
109. For of those who applaud all the actions of the Lacedaemonians, the best and the most discerning will, I think, commend the polity of the Spartans and remain of the same opinion about it as before, but will concede the truth of what I have said about the things which they have done to the Hellenes. Those, however, who are inferior not only to these but to the great majority of men and who could not speak tolerably about any other subject, albeit they are not able to keep silent about the Lacedaemonians, but expect that if they extol them extravagantly they will gain a reputation equal to those who are reputed abler and much better than themselves— these men, when they perceive that all the topics have been covered and find themselves unable to gainsay a single point which I have made, will, I think, turn their attention to the question of polities, comparing the institutions of Sparta and of Athens, and especially their sobriety and discipline with our carelessness and slackness, and will eulogize the Spartans on these grounds.
109. τῶν γὰρ ἀποδεχομένων ἁπάσας τὰς Λακεδαιμονίων πράξεις, τοὺς μὲν βελτίστους αὐτῶν ἡγοῦμαι καὶ πλεῖστον νοῦν ἔχοντας τὴν μὲν Σπαρτιατῶν πολιτείαν ἐπαινέσεσθαι καὶ τὴν αὐτὴν γνώμην ἕξειν περὶ αὐτῆς ἥνπερ πρότερον, περὶ δὲ τῶν εἰς τοὺς Ἕλληνας πεπραγμένων ὁμονοήσειν τοῖς ὑπʼ ἐμοῦ λεγομένοις, τοὺς δὲ φαυλοτέρους οὐ μόνον τούτων ὄντας ἀλλὰ καὶ τῶν πολλῶν, καὶ περὶ ἄλλου πράγματος οὐδενὸς ἂν οἵους τε γενομένους ἀνεκτῶς εἰπεῖν, περὶ δὲ Λακεδαιμονίων οὐ δυναμένους σιωπᾶν, ἀλλὰ προσδοκῶντας, ἢν ὑπερβάλλοντας τοὺς ἐπαίνους περὶ ἐκείνων ποιῶνται, τὴν αὐτὴν λήψεσθαι δόξαν τοῖς ἁδροτέροις αὐτῶν καὶ πολὺ βελτίοσιν εἶναι δοκοῦσι· τοὺς δὴ τοιούτους, ἐπειδὰν αἴσθωνται τοὺς τόπους ἅπαντας προκατειλημμένους καὶ μηδὲ πρὸς ἓν ἀντειπεῖν ἔχωσι τῶν εἰρημένων, ἐπὶ τὸν λόγον οἶμαι τρέψεσθαι τὸν περὶ τῶν πολιτειῶν, καὶ παραβάλλοντας τἀκεῖ καθεστῶτα τοῖς ἐνθάδε, καὶ μάλιστα τὴν σωφροσύνην καὶ πειθαρχίαν πρὸς τὰς παρʼ ἡμῖν ὀλιγωρίας, ἐκ τούτων ἐγκωμιάσειν τὴν Σπάρτην.