35.6. that he should restore the fugitives and captives to all the cities allied with the Roman people and to the Messenians all the property which could be found and which the owners could identify;
35.6. perfugas et captivos omnibus sociis populi Romani civitatibus redderet et Messeniis omnia, quae comparerent quaeque domini cognossent;
35.7. that he should likewise return to the Lacedaemonian exiles their children and their wives who were willing to attend their husbands, provided that no wife should against her will follow a husband into exile;
35.7. exulibus quoque Lacedaemoniis liberos coniuges restitueret, quae earum viros sequi voluissent, invita ne qua exulis comes esset;
35.8. that all property should be duly restored to the mercenary soldiers of Nabis who had deserted either to their own states or to the Romans;
35.8. mercennariorum militum Nabidis, qui aut in civitates suas aut ad Romanos transissent, iis res suae omnes recte redderentur;
35.9. that he should retain possession of no town in Crete, and those which he had held he should turn over to the Romans; that he should form no alliance with any people of the Cretans or anyone else, and should wage no war with them;
35.9. in Creta insula ne quam urbem haberet; quas habuisset, redderet Romanis; ne quam societatem cum ullo Cretensium aut quoquam alio institueret neu bellum gereret;
35.10. that from all the cities, both those which he had given up and those which had put themselves and their possessions under the protection and control of the Roman people, he should withdraw his garrisons and should keep himself and his troops away from them;
35.10. civitatibus omnibus, quasque [et] ipse restituisset quaeque se suaque in fidem ac dicionem populi Romani tradidissent, omnia praesidia deduceret seque ipse suosque ab iis abstineret;
35.11. that he should found no city or fort on his own or another's territory; that he should give five hostages that these conditions should be observed, such as were satisfactory to the Roman commander, and among them his son, and should pay one hundred talents of silver immediately and fifty talents per year for eight years.
35.11. ne quod oppidum neu quod castellum in suo alienove agro conderet; obsides, ea ita futura, daret quinque, quos imperatori Romano placuisset, et filium in iis suum, et talenta centum argenti in praesenti et quinquaginta talenta in singulos annos per annos octo.
36.1. These articles were reduced to writing and delivered to Lacedaemon, the camp having been moved nearer to the town.
36.1. haec conscripta castris propius urbem motis Lacedaemonem mittuntur.
36.2. Nothing in them was really pleasing to the tyrant, except that, contrary to his expectations, no mention was made of any restoration of the exiles; but the most offensive clause was that which deprived him of the ships and the cities on the coast.
36.2. nec sane quicquam eorum satis placebat tyranno, nisi quod praeter spem reducendorum exulum mentio nulla facta erat; maxime autem omnium ea res offendebat, quod et naves et maritimae civitates ademptae erant.
36.3. The sea, indeed, had been of great profit to him, since his pirate boats had attacked the whole coast from the promontory of Malea; besides, he found the soldiers of these cities made by far the best kind of fighting men.
36.3. fuerat autem ei magno fructui mare, omnem oram a Maleo praedatoriis navibus infestam habenti; iuventutem praeterea civitatium earum ad supplementum longe optimi generis militum habebat.
36.4. Although he had discussed these conditions with his advisers in secret, nevertheless everyone was discussing them in common talk, since it is the nature of the courtiers of kings to be untrustworthy in all respects, but especially for keeping secrets.
36.4. has condiciones quamquam ipse in secreto volutaverat cum amicis, vulgo tamen omnes fama ferebant, vanis, ut ad ceteram fidem, sic ad secreta tegenda satellitum regiorum ingeniis.
36.5. People generally did not criticize the terms as a whole so much as individuals found fault with those that concerned themselves. Those who had married the wives of exiles, or had possessed themselves of parts of their property, mourned as if they were to be robbed, and were not to restore the property of others.
36.5. non tam omnia universi, quam ea, quae ad quemque pertinerent, singuli carpebant. qui exulum coniuges in matrimonio habebant aut ex bonis eorum aliquid possederant, tamquam amissuri, non reddituri indignabantur.
36.6. Before the eyes of the slaves who had been freed by the tyrant was the vision not only of their vainly-gained liberty but of a slavery much more grievous than before, since they were returned to the authority of angered masters.
36.6. servis liberatis a tyranno non irrita modo futura libertas, sed multo foedior, quam fuisset ante, servitus redeuntibus in iratorum dominorum potestatem ante oculos obversabatur.
36.7. The mercenaries saw with regret that the rewards of service would diminish in peace, and they likewise knew that they could not return to their own states, which were not more opposed to tyrants than to their servants.
36.7. mercennarii milites et pretia militiae casura in pace aegre ferebant et reditum sibi nullum in civitates videbant, infensas non tyrannis magis quam satellitibus eorum.
37.1. At first they made these complaints as they discussed the terms in their own gatherings; then suddenly they ran to arms.
37.1. haec inter se primo in circulis serentes fremere;
37.2. When the tyrant perceived that the people had of their own accord become angry enough, he ordered an assembly summoned.
37.2. deinde subito ad arma discurrerunt. quo tumultu cum per se satis irritatam multitudinem cerneret tyrannus, contionem advocari iussit.
37.3. When he had explained there the demands made by the Romans, and had falsely represented some of them as more burdensome and unjust than they actually were, and when each point was received with signs of disapproval, now from the whole assembly, now from one part or another, he asked what answer they wanted him to give and what they wished him to do.
37.3. ubi cum ea, quae imperarentur ab Romanis, exposuisset et graviora atque indigniora quaedam falso adfinxisset, et ad singula nunc ab universis, nunc a partibus contionis acclamaretur, interrogavit, quid se respondere ad ea aut quid facere vellent.
37.4. Almost unanimously they bade him give no answer but to continue the war, and each one individually, as a crowd is wont to do, counselled him to be of good cheer and good hope, reminding him that fortune favoured the brave.
37.4. prope una voce omnes nihil responderi et bellum geri iusserunt; et pro se quisque, qualia multitudo solet, bonum animum habere et bene sperare iubentes, fortis fortunam adiuvare aiebant.
37.5. Inspired by such speeches, the tyrant announced that he would have the support of Antiochus and the Aetolians, and that he had abundant strength to withstand the siege.
37.5. his vocibus incitatus tyrannus et Antiochum Aetolosque adiuturos pronuntiat, et sibi ad obsidionem sustinendam copiarum adfatim esse.
37.6. All thoughts of peace had gone from their minds and they rushed to their posts, unable to remain quiet longer. The sally of a few skirmishers and the weapons which they hurled at once removed from the Romans any doubt that the war would go on.
37.6. exciderat pacis mentio ex omnium animis, et in stationes non ultra quieturi discurrunt. paucorum excursio lacessentium et emissa iacula extemplo et Romanis dubitationem, quin bellandum esset, exemerunt.
37.7. For the first four days there were only minor engagements with no very certain result; on the fifth day, in a regular battle, the Lacedaemonians were driven back into the town in such confusion that some of the Romans, as they were cutting down the fugitives, entered the city through the gaps which at that time existed in the wall.
37.7. levia inde proelia per quadriduum primum sine ullo satis certo eventu commissa; quinto die prope iusta pugna adeo paventes in oppidum Lacedaemonii compulsi sunt, ut quidam milites Romani terga fugientium caedentes per intermissa, ut tunc erant, moenia urbem intrarint.
38.1. And for the time Quinctius, having put a stop to the enemy's raids by reason of the alarm he had given them, and thinking that there was no alternative to the investment of the city, sent messengers to bring up the marines from Gytheum, and himself with the tribunes of the soldiers rode around the walls to reconnoitre the city's position.
38.1. et tunc quidem Quinctius satis eo terrore coercitis excursionibus hostium nihil praeter ipsius oppugnationem urbis superesse ratus, missis, qui omnis navalis socios a Gytheo accerserent, ipse interim cum tribunis militum ad visendum urbis situm moenia circumvehitur.
38.2. Sparta had at one time been without a wall; the tyrants had recently constructed a wall in the open and flat places; the higher ground and that difficult to approach was defended by guards of soldiers instead of a fortification.
38.2. fuerat quondam sine muro Sparta; tyranni nuper locis patentibus planisque obiecerant murum; altiora loca et difficilia aditu stationibus armatorum pro munimento obiectis tutabantur.
38.3. When he had made a sufficiently complete reconnaissance, thinking that he should attack from an encircling line, he stationed around the city his whole force — there were altogether, Romans and allies, foot and horse, soldiers and marines, about fifty thousand men.
38.3. ubi satis omnia inspexit, corona oppugnandum ratus omnibus copiis — erant autem Romanorum sociorumque, simul peditum equitumque, simul terrestrium ac navalium copiarum, ad quinquaginta milia hominum — urbem cinxit.
38.4. Some bore ladders, others torches, others other things, with which to attack and likewise to cause terror. The main body of his army he formed in three columns: his order was to attack with one on the side of the Phoebeum, with the second at the Dictynneum, with the third in the quarter which they call Heptagoniae — all these were open places without walls.
38.4. alii scalas, alii ignem, alii alia, quibus non oppugnarent modo sed etiam terrerent, portabant. iussi sublato clamore subire undique omnes, ut, qua primum occurrerent quave opem ferrent, ad omnia simul paventes Lacedaemonii ignorarent. quod roboris in exercitu erat, trifariam divisum; parte una a Phoebeo, altera a Dictynneo, tertia ab eo loco, quem Heptagonias appellant — omnia autem haec aperta sine muro loca sunt — adgredi iubet.
38.6. The city being thus encircled on every side with terror, the tyrant at first, actively attending to the sudden shouts and the panic-stricken messages, just as each spot was in greatest straits, either went to meet the enemy in person or despatched assistance;
38.6. cum tantus undique terror urbem circumvasisset, primo tyrannus et ad clamores repentinos et ad nuntios trepidos motus, ut quisque maxime laboraret locus, aut ipse occurrebat aut aliquos mittebat;
38.7. later on, as the confusion increased on all sides, he was so benumbed by terror that he was unable either to order what was appropriate or to hear the reports, and not only lost his power of judgment but was almost bereft of reason.
38.7. deinde circumfuso undique pavore ita obtorpuit, ut nec dicere, quod in rem esset, nec audire posset nec inops modo consilii sed vix mentis compos esset.
39.1. At first the Lacedaemonians held up the Roman attack in the narrow approaches, and the three lines were fighting in different places at the same time; then, as the fighting grew more severe, the battle was by no means equal.
39.1. Romanos primo sustinebant in angustiis Lacedaemonii, ternaeque acies tempore uno locis diversis pugnabant; deinde crescente certamine nequaquam erat proelium par.
39.2. For the Spartans were fighting with long-distance weapons, from which the Roman soldier protected himself with great ease, partly by the size of his shield, partly because some javelins missed their mark and others fell only lightly.
39.2. missilibus enim Lacedaemonii pugnabant, a quibus se et magnitudine scuti perfacile Romanus tuebatur miles, et quod alii vani, alii leves admodum ictus erant.
39.3. For on account of the limited space and the throngs of soldiers, they not only had no room from which to hurl them on the run, which gives them the greatest momentum, but they lacked even room to try to throw them from an unimpeded and solid footing.
39.3. nam propter angustias loci confertamque turbam non modo ad emittenda cum procursu, quo plurimum concitantur, tela spatium habebant, sed ne ut de gradu quidem libero ac stabili conarentur.
39.4. Consequently, of the weapons hurled from directly opposite none pierced the bodies, and few even the shields;
39.4. itaque ex adverso missa tela nulla in corporibus, rara in scutis haerebant;
39.5. some of the Romans were wounded by troops on their flanks who occupied the higher ground; presently, as they advanced, some unexpected wounds were suffered from spears and even tiles hurled from the housetops.
39.5. ab circumstantibus ex superioribus locis vulnerati quidam sunt; mox progressos iam etiam ex tectis non tela modo sed tegulae quoque inopinantis perculerunt.
39.6. Then they held their shields above their heads and fitted them so closely together that no space was left for random shots or even for the insertion of a javelin from near at hand, and having formed their testudo they forced their way forward.
39.6. sublatis deinde supra capita scutis continuatisque ita inter se, ut non modo ad caecos ictus sed ne ad inserendum quidem ex propinquo telum loci quicquam esset, testudine facta subibant.
39.7. The first narrow streets they entered, crowded with their own troops and those of the enemy, delayed them for a while; after they came out into the wider avenues of the city, gradually driving back the enemy, the violence of their assault could not be resisted longer.
39.7. et primae angustiae paulisper sua hostiumque refertae turba tenuerunt; postquam in patentiorem viam urbis paulatim urgentes hostem processere, non ultra vis eorum atque impetus sustineri poterant.
39.8. When the Lacedaemonians had turned to flee, and in headlong flight were seeking the higher ground, Nabis too, trembling as if the city had been taken, looked about him for a way to escape; Pythagoras not only displayed the courage and performed the functions of a commander in other respects, but was, moreover, the sole reason why the city was not captured, for he ordered the buildings nearest the wall to be set on fire.
39.8. cum terga vertissent Lacedaemonii et fuga effusa superiora peterent loca, Nabis quidem ut capta urbe trepidans, quanam ipse evaderet, circumspectabat; Pythagoras cum ad cetera animo officioque ducis fungebatur, tum vero unus, ne caperetur urbs, causa fuit; succendi enim aedificia proxima muro iussit.
39.10. When these had flamed up in an instant, and the men who ordinarily would be accustomed to bring aid to put out the fire were helping it to burn more fiercely, the roofs were collapsing upon the Romans, and not only pieces of tile but half-burned beams were falling upon the soldiers and flames were shooting far out, while the smoke too was creating greater terror than danger.
39.10. quae cum momento temporis arsissent, ut adiuvantibus ignem, qui alias ad exstinguendum opem ferre solent, ruere in Romanos tecta, nec tegularum modo fragmenta sed etiam ambusta tigna ad armatos pervenire, et flamma late fundi, fumus terrorem etiam maiorem quam periculum facere.
39.12. And so those of the Romans who were outside the city and were just at that moment making their most violent attack, retired from the wall, and likewise those who had already entered, lest they be cut off from their own men by the fire which was rising in their rear, fell back, and Quinctius, when he saw what the situation was, ordered the signal sounded for a retirement.
39.12. itaque et qui extra urbem erant Romanorum, tum maxime impetum facientes recessere a muro, et qui iam intraverant, ne incendio ab tergo oriente intercluderentur ab suis, receperunt sese;
39.13. And so, when they had almost captured the city they were recalled and returned to their camp.
39.13. et Quinctius, postquam, quid rei esset, vidit, receptui canere iussit. ita iam capta prope urbe revocati in castra redierunt.
40.1. Quinctius found more cause for hope in the enemy's panic than in the actual success he had gained, and for three days following kept them in a state of terror, sometimes harrying them with assaults, sometimes blocking open spaces with siege-works, that no way might be left open for escape.
40.1. Quinctius plus ex timore hostium quam ex re ipsa spei nactus, per triduum insequens territavit eos nunc proeliis lacessendo, nunc operibus intersaepiendo quaedam, ne exitus ad fugam esset.
40.2. Under the pressure of these repeated threats the tyrant again sent Pythagoras to plead for him, but Quinctius at first scornfully ordered him to be expelled from the camp, but later, when he begged like a suppliant and threw himself at his feet, he at length granted him an audience.
40.2. his comminationibus compulsus tyrannus Pythagoram rursus oratorem misit; quem Quinctius primo aspernatus excedere castris iussit, dein suppliciter orantem advolutumque genibus tandem audivit. prima oratio fuit omnia permittentis arbitrio Romanorum;
40.4. The beginning of his speech was an offer of complete submission to the decision of the Romans, but when this accomplished nothing, being held to be idle and unavailing, matters were then brought to this point that a truce should be concluded on the basis of the terms which had been delivered in writing a few days before, and the money and hostages were received.
40.4. dein cum ea velut vana et sine effectu nihil proficeret, eo deducta est res, ut iis condicionibus, quae ex scripto paucis ante diebus editae erant, indutiae fierent, pecuniaque et obsides accepti.
40.5. While the tyrant was being besieged, the Argives, when man after man brought the news that Lacedaemon was all but captured, themselves took heart, for the additional reason that Pythagoras had departed with the strongest contingent of the garrison, and making light of the few who were in the citadel, they chose one Archippus as leader and drove out the garrison; as for Timocrates of Pellene, because he had ruled them with kindness, they allowed him to leave alive under a safeguard.
40.5. dum oppugnatur tyrannus, Argivi, nuntiis aliis [prope] super alios adferentibus tantum non iam captam Lacedaemonem esse erecti et ipsi, simul eo, quod Pythagoras cum parte validissima praesidii excesserat, contempta paucitate eorum, qui in arce erant, duce Archippo quodam praesidium expulerunt;
40.7. In the midst of their rejoicing Quinctius came to them, having granted peace to the tyrant and sent away from Lacedaemon Eumenes and the Rhodians and his brother Lucius Quinctius to the fleet.
40.7. Timocratem Pellenensem, quia clementer praefuerat, vivum fide data emiserunt. huic laetitiae Quinctius supervenit pace data tyranno dimissisque ab Lacedaemone Eumene et Rhodiis et L. Quinctio fratre ad classem.
41.1. The most popular of the festivals, the famous spectacle of the Nemean Games, which had been omitted at the usual time because of the misfortunes of war, was now, on the arrival of the Roman army and commander, proclaimed by the joyful citizens, who had chosen the general himself to preside at the games.
41.1. laeta civitas celeberrimum festorum dierum ac nobile ludicrum Nemeorum, die stata propter belli mala praetermissum, in adventum Romani exercitus ducisque indixerunt praefeceruntque ludis ipsum imperatorem.
41.2. There were many things which added to their joy: those of their countrymen had been brought back from Lacedaemon, who had been taken there by Pythagoras recently and by Nabis earlier;
41.2. multa erant, quae gaudium cumularent: reducti cives ab Lacedaemone erant, quos nuper Pythagoras quosque ante Nabis abduxerat;
41.3. the men had come back who had escaped after the discovery of the conspiracy by Pythagoras and after the executions had begun; they saw liberty recovered after a long interval, and they beheld the authors of that liberty, — the Romans, whose cause for warring with the tyrant they had themselves been.
41.3. redierant, qui post compertam a Pythagora coniurationem et caede iam coepta effugerant; libertatem ex longo intervallo libertatisque auctores Romanos, quibus causa bellandi cum tyranno ipsi fuissent, cernebant. testata quoque ipso Nemeorum die voce praeconis libertas est Argivorum.
41.4. Moreover, the freedom of the Argives was proclaimed by the voice of the herald on the very day of the Nemean Games. As regards the Achaeans, whatever joy the restoration of Argos to the common council of Achaea brought to them was rendered incomplete to the same degree by the fact that Lacedaemon was left enslaved, with the tyrant close at hand;
41.4. Achaeis quantum restituti Argi in commune Achaiae concilium laetitiae adferebant, tantum serva Lacedaemon relicta et lateri adhaerens tyrannus non sincerum gaudium praebebant;
41.5. the Aetolians, too, attacked the position of affairs at all their meetings: with Philip, they said, there had been no cessation from war until he had evacuated all the cities of Greece;
41.5. Aetoli vero eam rem omnibus conciliis lacerare: cum Philippo non ante desitum bellari, quam omnibus excederet Graeciae urbibus; tyranno relictam Lacedaemonem;
41.6. Sparta was abandoned to the tyrant, and its legal king, though in the Roman camp, and other citizens of the highest station, would live in exile; the Roman army had become the ready agent of Nabis' despotism.
41.6. regem autem legitimum, qui in Romanis fuerit castris, ceterosque nobilissimos cives in exilio victuros;
41.7. From Argos Quinctius led his troops back to Elatia, whence he had set out to the Spartan war.
41.7. Nabidis dominationis satellitem factum populum Romanum. Quinctius ab Argis Elatiam, unde ad bellum Spartanum profectus erat, copias reduxit.
41.8. There are some who say that the tyrant fought the war, not by making sallies from the town, but by placing his camp face to face with the Roman, and that after long delay, because he was waiting for aid from the Aetolians, he was in the end compelled to fight in battle array when the Romans attacked his foragers;
41.8. sunt qui non ex oppido proficiscentem bellum gessisse tyrannum tradant, sed castris adversus Romana positis castra diuque cunctatum, quia Aetolorum auxilia expectasset, coactum ad extremum acie confligere impetu in pabulatores suos a Romanis facto;
41.10. defeated in that battle and expelled from his camp, he asked for peace, after fourteen thousand of his men had been killed and more than four thousand captured.
41.10. eo proelio victum castrisque exutum pacem petisse, cum cecidissent quattuordecim milia militum, capta plus quattuor milia essent.
42.1. At about the same time letters arrived both from Titus Quinctius, narrating what had happened before Lacedaemon, and from Marcus Porcius the consul, from Spain. Thanksgivings of three days each were decreed by the senate in the names of both.
42.1. eodem fere tempore et a T. Quinctio de rebus ad Lacedaemonem gestis et a M. Porcio consule ex Hispania litterae adlatae. utriusque nomine in dies ternos supplicatio ab senatu decreta est.
42.2. Lucius Valerius the consul, having enjoyed peace in his province after the defeat of the Boi near the forest of Litana, returned to Rome to hold the elections, and announced the choice of Publius Cornelius Scipio Africanus (for the second time) and Tiberius Sempronius Longus.
42.2. L. Valerius consul, cum post fusos circa Litanam silvam Boios quietam provinciam habuisset, comitiorum causa Romam rediit et creavit consules P. Cornelium Scipionem Africanum iterum et Ti. Sempronium Longum. horum patres primo anno secundi Punici belli consules fuerant.
42.4. Their fathers had been consuls in the first year of the Second Punic War. Next the praetorian elections were held; the choice fell on Publius Cornelius Scipio, Gnaeus Cornelius Merenda and Gnaeus Cornelius Blasio, Gnaeus Domitius Ahenobarbus, Sextus Digitius, and Titus Iuventius Thalna. After the elections were over the consul returned to the province.
42.4. praetoria inde comitia habita; creati P. Cornelius Scipio et duo Cn. Cornelii, Merenda et Blasio, et Cn. Domitius Ahenobarbus et Sex. Digitius et T. Iuventius Thalna. comitiis perfectis consul in provinciam rediit.
42.5. This year the people of Ferentinum tried to secure a new privilege, to wit, that Latins who had registered as applicants for membership in a Roman colony should be Roman citizens.
42.5. Novum ius eo anno a Ferentinatibus temptatum, ut Latini, qui in coloniam Romanam nomina dedissent, cives Romani essent.
42.6. For such of them as had given in their names were enrolled as colonists of Puteoli, Salernum, and Buxentum, and since they had on that account conducted themselves as Roman citizens, the senate gave judgment that they were not Roman citizens.
42.6. Puteolos Salernumque et Buxentum adscripti coloni, qui nomina dederant, et cum ob id se pro civibus Romanis ferrent, senatus iudicavit non esse eos civis Romanos.
43.1. In the beginning of the year in which - Publius Scipio Africanus (for the second time) and Tiberius Sempronius Longus were consuls, the ambassadors of the tyrant Nabis came to Rome.
43.1. principio anni, quo P. Scipio Africanus iterum et Ti. Sempronius Longus consules fuerunt, legati Nabidis tyranni Romam venerunt.
43.2. An audience before the senate was granted them outside the City in the temple of Apollo. They requested that the peace which had been agreed upon with Titus Quinctius be ratified, and this was granted to them.
43.2. iis extra urbem in aede Apollinis senatus datus est. pax, quae cum T. Quinctio convenisset, ut rata esset, petierunt impetraruntque.
43.3. When the question of the provinces was brought up, a full meeting of the senate adopted a proposal that, since the wars in Spain and Macedonia had been finished, both consuls should have Italy as their province.
43.3. de provinciis cum relatum esset, senatus frequens in eam sententiam ibat, ut, quoniam in Hispania et Macedonia debellatum foret, consulibus ambobus Italia provincia esset.
43.4. Scipio was of the opinion that one consul sufficed for Italy and that Macedonia should be decreed to the other. His arguments were that a great war was threatened by Antiochus, who had already and without provocation crossed into Europe; what did they think he would do then, with the Aetolians, avowed enemies, on one side calling him to the war, and on the other Hannibal, a general distinguished for his defeats of the Romans, urging him on?
43.4. Scipio satis esse Italiae unum consulem censebat; alteri Macedoniam decernendam esse. bellum grave ab Antiocho imminere. iam ipsum sua sponte in Europam transgressum; quid deinde facturum censerent, cum hinc Aetoli, haud dubii hostes, vocarent ad bellum, illinc Hannibal, Romanis cladibus insignis imperator, stimularet?
43.6. While the debate about the consular provinces was in progress, the praetors cast lots; the city jurisdiction fell to Gnaeus Domitius, that between citizens and aliens to Titus Iuventius, - Farther Spain to Publius Cornelius, Nearer Spain to Sextus Digitius, Sicily to Gnaeus Cornelius Blasio and Sardinia to Merenda.
43.6. dum de provinciis consulum disceptatur, praetores sortiti sunt; Cn. Domitio urbana iurisdictio, T. Iuventio peregrina evenit, P. Cornelio Hispania ulterior, Sex. Digitio citerior, duobus Cn. Corneliis Blasioni Sicilia, Merendae Sardinia. in Macedoniam novum exercitum transportari non placuit, eum, qui esset ibi, reduci in Italiam a Quinctio ac dimitti;
43.8. It was decided that a new army should not be taken over to Macedonia and that the troops who were there should be brought back by Titus Quinctius and demobilized; likewise the army which was with Marcus Porcius Cato in Spain should be disbanded; that both consuls should have Italy as province and should enrol two city legions, so that after the discharge of those prescribed by the senate there should be in all eight Roman legions.
43.8. item eum exercitum dimitti, qui cum M. Porcio Catone in Hispania esset; consulibus ambobus Italiam provinciam esse, et duas urbanas scribere eos legiones, ut dimissis, quos senatus censuisset, exercitibus octo omnino Romanae legiones essent.
44.1. The “sacred spring” had been celebrated in the previous year, during the consulship of Marcus Porcius and Lucius Valerius.
44.1. ver sacrum factum erat priore anno, M. Porcio et L. Valerio consulibus.
44.2. Since Publius Licinius the pontiff had announced, first to the college, and then, by the direction of the college, to the senate, that this had not been properly performed, the Fathers voted that it should be celebrated anew under the supervision of the pontiffs, and that the Great Games, which had been vowed at the same time, should be performed with the customary appropriation of the necessary funds;
44.2. id cum P. Licinius pontifex non esse recte factum collegio primum, deinde ex auctoritate collegii patribus renuntiasset, de integro faciendum arbitratu pontificum censuerunt, ludosque magnos, qui una voti essent, tanta pecunia, quanta adsoleret, faciendos;
44.3. the “sacred spring” was defined as including all the animals born between the Calends of March and the day preceding the Calends of May in the consulship of Publius Cornelius and Tiberius Sempronius.
44.3. ver sacrum videri pecus, quod natum esset inter kal. Martias et pridie kal. Maias P. Cornelio et Ti. Sempronio consulibus.
44.4. The election of censors was then held, and Sextus Aelius Paetus and Gaius Cornelius Cethegus were chosen. As princeps senatus they made the consul Publius Scipio their choice, who had been the choice of the previous censors as well. They passed over only three senators, none of whom had held a curule office.
44.4. censorum inde comitia sunt habita. creati censores Sex. Aelius Paetus et C. Cornelius Cethegus. principem senatus P. Scipionem consulem, quem et priores censores legerant, legerunt. tris omnino senatores, neminem curuli honore usum, praeterierunt, gratiam quoque ingentem apud eum ordinem pepererunt, quod ludis Romanis aedilibus curulibus imperarunt, ut loca senatoria secernerent a populo;
44.5. They won great favour with that order in another way, since at the Roman Games they ordered the curule aediles to separate the senatorial seats from those of the commons; for up to that time the seats from which they watched the games were taken indiscriminately. Very few of the knights were degraded by the taking away of their horses, nor was severity shown towards any rank. The atrium Libertatis and the villa publica were rebuilt and enlarged by the same censors.
44.5. nam antea in promiscuo spectabant. equitibus quoque perpaucis adempti equi, nec in ullum ordinem saevitum. atrium Libertatis et villa publica ab iisdem refecta amplificataque.
44.6. The “sacred spring” was celebrated and the votive Roman Games performed according to the vow made by Servius Sulpicius Galba.
44.6. Ver sacrum ludique Romani votivi, quos voverat Ser. Sulpicius Galba consul, facti. cum spectaculo eorum occupati animi hominum essent, Q.
44.7. While men's minds were intent upon this spectacle, Quintus Pleminius, who, on account of the many crimes against gods and men which he had committed at Locri, had been thrown into prison, had arranged that men should at night set fire to the city in several places, so that in a state panic-stricken by the disturbance at night the prison might be broken open.
44.7. Pleminius, qui propter multa in deos hominesque scelera Locris admissa in carcerem coniectus fuerat, comparaverat homines, qui pluribus simul locis urbis nocte incendia facerent, ut in consternata nocturno tumultu civitate refringi carcer posset.
44.8. This was revealed by the testimony of his accomplices and was laid before the senate. Pleminius was transferred to the lower prison and put to death.
44.8. ea res indicio consciorum palam facta delataque ad senatum est. Pleminius in inferiorem demissus carcerem est necatusque.
45.1. Colonies of Roman citizens were that year founded at Puteoli, Volturnum, Liternum, three hundred to each.
45.1. coloniae civium Romanorum eo anno deductae sunt Puteolos, Volturnum, Liternum, treceni homines in singulas.
45.2. Also, colonies of Roman citizens were established at Salernum and Buxentum. The triumvirs who established them were Tiberius Sempronius Longus (one of the consuls of the year), Marcus Servilius and Quintus Minucius Thermus. The land which had belonged to the Campanians was divided among them.
45.2. item Salernum Buxentumque coloniae civium Romanorum deductae sunt. deduxere triumviri Ti. Sempronius Longus, qui tum consul erat, M. Servilius, Q. Minucius Thermus. ager divisus est, qui Campanorum fuerat.
45.3. Likewise at Sipontum, in territory which had belonged to the Arpini, a colony of Roman citizens was founded by other triumvirs, Decimus Iunius Brutus, Marcus Baebius Tamphilus, and Marcus Helvius. Colonies of Roman citizens were established at Tempsa and Croton.
45.3. Sipontum item in agrum, qui Arpinorum fuerat, coloniam civium Romanorum alii triumviri, D. Iunius Brutus, M. Baebius Tamphilus, M. Helvius, deduxerunt. Tempsam item et Crotonem coloniae civium Romanorum deductae.
45.4. The land of Tempsa had been taken from the Brutti, who in turn had expelled the Greeks; Croton had been held by the Greeks.
45.4. Tempsanus ager de Bruttiis captus erat; Bruttii Graecos expulerant; Crotonem Graeci habebant.
45.5. The triumvirs for Croton were Gnaeus Octavius, Lucius Aemilius Paulus, and Gaius Laetorius; for Tempsa, Lucius Cornelius Merula, Quintus..., and Gaius Salonius.
45.5. triumviri Cn. Octavius, L. Aemilius Paulus, C. Laetorius Crotonem, Tempsam L. Cornelius Merula, Q. …, C. Salonius deduxerunt.
45.6. Also, prodigies that year were both seen at Rome and reported from other places. In the Forum and the comitium and on the Capitoline drops of blood were seen, showers of earth fell several times, and the head of Vulcan burst into flames. It was announced that milk had flowed in the river Nar, that free-born children without eyes or noses had been born at Ariminum, and in the Picene country one without feet or hands.
45.6. prodigia quoque alia visa eo anno Romae sunt, alia nuntiata. in foro et comitio et Capitolio sanguinis guttae visae sunt. et terra aliquotiens pluvit, et caput Vulcani arsit. nuntiatum est Nare amni lac fluxisse; pueros ingenuos Arimini sine oculis ac naso, et in Piceno agro non pedes, non manus habentem natum.
45.8. These prodigies were expiated by order of the pontiffs, and a nine-day sacrifice was performed because the Hadriani reported that a shower of stones had fallen in their country.
45.8. ea prodigia ex pontificum decreto procurata. et sacrificium novemdiale factum est, quod Hadriani nuntiaverant in agro suo lapidibus pluvisse.
46.1. In Gaul the proconsul Lucius Valerius Flaccus, in the vicinity of Milan, fought a pitched battle with the Insubrian Gauls and the Boi, who, led by Dorulatus had crossed the Po to rouse the Insubres to arms, and defeated them.
46.1. in Gallia L. Valerius Flaccus proconsul circa Mediolanium cum Gallis Insubribus et Bois, qui Dorulato duce ad concitandos Insubres Padum transgressi erant, signis collatis depugnavit.
46.2. Ten thousand of the enemy fell. About the same time his colleague Marcus Porcius Cato triumphed over Spain. He carried in his triumph twenty-five thousand pounds of silver bullion, one hundred and twenty-three thousand silver denarii, five hundred and forty thousand silver coins of Osca, and one thousand four hundred pounds of gold.
46.2. decem milia hostium sunt caesa. per eos dies collega eius M. Porcius Cato ex Hispania triumphavit. tulit in eo triumpho argenti infecti viginti quinque milia pondo, bigati centum viginti tria milia, Oscensis quingenta quadraginta, auri pondo mille quadringenta.
46.3. From the booty, he gave to each of his soldiers two hundred and seventy asses, and thrice that amount to each trooper. Tiberius Sempronius the consul proceeded to his province and first invaded the country of the Boi.
46.3. militibus ex praeda divisit in singulos ducenos septuagenos aeris, triplex equiti.
46.4. Boiorix, their chieftain at the time, with his two brothers, had aroused the whole people to revolt and had placed his camp in open country, so that it was clear that they would fight if the enemy entered their territory.
46.4. Ti. Sempronius consul in provinciam profectus in Boiorum primum agrum legiones duxit. Boiorix tum regulus eorum cum duobus fratribus tota gente concitata ad rebellandum castra locis apertis posuit, ut appareret dimicaturos, si hostis finis intrasset.
46.5. When the consul saw how great was their strength and what confidence filled the enemy, he sent word to his colleague that, if he saw fit, he should make haste to arrive: that he, assuming the defensive, would drag matters out until his arrival.
46.5. consul ubi, quantae copiae, quanta fiducia esset hosti, sensit, nuntium ad collegam mittit, ut, si videretur ei, maturaret venire: se tergiversando in adventum eius rem extracturum.
46.6. The same motive which the consul had for delay was also for the Gauls (not to mention the fact that the enemy's hesitation gave them courage), a reason for acting quickly so as to finish the campaign before the armies of the consuls were united.
46.6. quae causa consuli cunctandi, eadem Gallis, praeterquam quod cunctatio hostium animos faciebat, rei maturandae erat, ut, priusquam coniungerentur consulum copiae, rem transigerent.
46.7. For two days, however, they did nothing more than stand ready to engage if anyone came out to meet them; on the third day they advanced towards the rampart and attacked the camp on all sides at once. The consul immediately ordered his men to take up arms;
46.7. per biduum tamen nihil aliud quam steterunt parati ad pugnandum, si quis contra egrederetur; tertio subiere ad vallum castraque simul ab omni parte adgressi sunt.
46.8. then he kept them under arms for a while, that he might increase the foolish confidence of the enemy and arrange his forces by the gates through which they would severally make their sally. Two legions were ordered to march out by the two main gates.
46.8. consul arma extemplo capere milites iussit; armatos inde paulisper continuit, ut et stolidam fiduciam hosti augeret et disponeret copias, quibus quaeque portis erumperent.
46.9. But at the actual opening of the gates the Gauls met them in such close array that they blocked the road.
46.9. duae legiones duabus principalibus portis signa efferre iussae.
46.10. For a long time they fought in these confined spaces; it was a matter not so much of hands and swords as of making their way by pushing against one another with shields and bodies, the Romans trying to force a way out for their standards, the Gauls trying either to enter the camp or to prevent the Romans from leaving it. Nor could the lines be moved in either direction until Quintus Victorius, a senior centurion, and Gaius Atinius, tribune of the soldiers, the latter of the fourth, the former of the second legion, resorting to a device often tried in desperate encounters, snatched the standards from the hands of their bearers and threw them into the midst of the enemy.
46.10. sed in ipso exitu ita conferti obstitere Galli, ut clauderent viam. diu in angustiis augustiis pugnatum est; nec dextris magis gladiisque gerebatur res, quam scutis corporibusque ipsis obnixi urgebant, Romani, ut signa foras efferrent, Galli, ut aut in castra ipsi penetrarent aut exire Romanos prohiberent.
46.12. In their eager struggle to get back their standard, the soldiers of the second legion were the first to force their way through the gate. They were now fighting outside the rampart, the fourth legion being still inside the gate, when a new uproar was heard on the opposite side of the camp. The Gauls had broken through the porta quaestoria and after stubborn resistance had slain the quaestor Lucius Postumius, whose surname was Tympanus, and Marcus Atinius and Publius Sempronius, commanders of allied detachments, and about two hundred of their men.
46.12. nec ante in hanc aut illam partem moveri acies potuerunt, quam Q. Victorius primi pili centurio et C. Atinius tribunus militum, quartae hic, ille secundae legionis, rem in asperis proeliis saepe temptatam, signa adempta signiferis in hostis iniecerunt. dum repetunt enixe signum, priores secundani se porta eiecere. iam hi extra vallum pugnabant quarta legione in porta haerente, cum alius tumultus ex aversa parte castrorum est exortus. in portam quaestoriam irruperant Galli resistentisque pertinacius occiderant L. Postumium quaestorem, cui Tympano fuit cognomen, et M. Atinium et P. Sempronium, praefectos socium, et ducentos ferme milites.
47.3. They had gained possession of the camp in that quarter, until an attached cohort, sent by the consul to defend the porta quaestoria, killed some of the Gauls who had entered the camp, drove others outside the rampart, and blocked the entrance against those who were attacking the gate.
47.3. capta ab ea parte castra erant, donec cohors extraordinaria, missa a consule ad tuendam quaestoriam portam, et eos, qui intra vallum erant, partim occidit, partim expulit castris et irrumpentibus obstitit.
47.4. At almost the same instant the fourth legion with two attached cohorts burst through the gate. So there were three battles at once in different places around the camp, and the confused shouts distracted the minds of the fighters from their own immediate combats to the uncertain fortunes of their comrades. Until noon the battle went on with equal strength and with nearly the same hopes.
47.4. eodem fere tempore et quarta legio cum duabus extraordinariis cohortibus porta erupit. ita simul tria proelia circa castra locis distantibus erant, clamoresque dissoni ad incertos suorum eventus a praesenti certamine animos pugnantium avertebant.
47.5. When fatigue and heat had compelled the Gauls, with their soft and feeble bodies and their small capacity for enduring thirst, to retire from the fight, the Romans charged the few that were left and drove them, broken, to their camp.
47.5. usque ad meridiem aequis viribus ac prope pari spe pugnatum est. labor et aestus mollia et fluida corpora Gallorum et minime patientia sitis cum decedere pugna coegisset, in paucos restantis impetum Romani fecerunt fusosque compulerunt in castra.
47.6. Thereupon the consul ordered the recall sounded; at this the majority turned back, but part, in their eagerness to fight and their hope of capturing the enemy's camp, pushed on to the rampart.
47.6. signum inde receptui ab consule datum est; ad quod pars maior receperunt sese, pars certaminis studio et spe potiundi castris hostium perstitit ad vallum.
47.7. The whole mass of Gauls, in disdain of their small number, rushed out from their camp; the Romans in turn were put to flight and returned to their camp in consequence of their own terror and panic, although they had refused to retire at their commander's order. Thus there were varied fortunes on both sides, now defeat and now victory; yet about eleven thousand of the Gauls fell and five thousand of the Romans.
47.7. eorum paucitate contempta Galli universi ex castris eruperunt; fusi inde Romani, quae imperio consulis noluerant, suo pavore ac terrore castra repetunt. ita varia hinc atque illinc nunc fuga, nunc victoria fuit;
47.8. The Gauls retired into the interior of their country, while the consul led his legions to Placentia.
47.8. Gallorum tamen ad undecim milia, Romanorum quinque milia sunt occisa. Galli recepere in intima finium sese; consul Placentiam legiones duxit.
48.1. Some say that Scipio united his army with that of his colleague and marched through the territory of the Boi and Ligures, plundering as he went, as far as the forests and marshes permitted, others that without accomplishing anything worth recording, he returned to Rome to hold the elections.
48.1. Scipionem alii coniuncto exercitu cum collega per Boiorum Ligurumque agros populantem isse, quoad progredi silvae paludesque passae sint, scribunt, alii nulla memorabili gesta re Romam comitiorum causa redisse.
48.2. In that same year Titus Quinctius at Elatia, where he had put his troops into winter quarters, spent the entire period of the winter in administering justice and in undoing the arrangements in the cities which had been caused by the arbitrary conduct of Philip and his prefects, since by increasing the power of the men of their own faction they diminished the privilege and liberty of the rest.
48.2. eodem hoc anno T. Quinctius Elatiae, quo in hiberna reduxerat copias, totum hiemis tempus iure dicundo consumpsit mutandisque iis, quae aut ipsius Philippi aut praefectorum eius licentia in civitatibus facta erant, cum suae factionis hominum vires augendo ius ac libertatem aliorum deprimerent.
48.3. In the beginning of spring he summoned a council and went to Corinth. There he addressed the embassies of all the states, gathered around as for an assembly: he began with the time when the first friendship was instituted between the Romans and the Greek people, and reviewed the achievements of the commanders who had preceded him in Macedonia, and his own.
48.3. veris initio Corinthum conventu edicto venit. ibi omnium civitatium legationes in contionis modum circumfusas est adlocutus, orsus ab inita primum Romanis amicitia cum Graecorum gente et imperatorum, qui ante se in Macedonia fuissent, suisque rebus gestis.
48.5. The whole speech was received with great applause, except when mention was made of Nabis; it seemed by no means consistent for the liberator of Greece to have left a tyrant, who was not only a burden to his own country but a source of danger to all the cities in the neighbourhood, clinging to the vitals of a most famous state.
48.5. omnia cum approbatione ingenti sunt audita, praeterquam cum ad mentionem Nabidis ventum esset; id minime conveniens liberanti Graeciam videbatur, tyrannum reliquisse non suae solum patriae gravem, sed omnibus circa civitatibus metuendum, haerentem visceribus nobilissimae civitatis. nec ignarus huius habitus animorum Quinctius, si sine excidio Lacedaemonis fieri potuisset, fatebatur pacis cum tyranno mentionem admittendam auribus non fuisse;
49.1. Quinctius, being aware of their feelings on this point, confessed that had it been possible without the destruction of Sparta, he would never have listened to any suggestion of peace with the tyrant; as it was, since he could not be crushed without causing the ruin of a most powerful state, it had seemed better that the tyrant be left helpless and almost entirely stripped of weapons with which to harm anyone, than to permit the city to be destroyed by remedies too violent to be endured, and to perish in the very act of recovering its liberty.
49.1. nunc, cum aliter quam ruina gravissimae civitatis opprimi non posset, satius visum esse, tyrannum debilitatum ac totis prope viribus ad nocendum cuiquam ademptis relinqui, quam intermori vehementioribus, quam quae pati posset, remediis civitatem sinere, in ipsa vindicta libertatis perituram. praeteritorum commemorationi subiecit, proficisci sibi in Italiam atque omnem exercitum deportare in animo esse;
49.4. He added to his account of the past, that it was his intention to leave for Italy and take his entire army with him; within ten days they would hear that Demetrias and Chalcis had been evacuated, and Acrocorinthus, under their own eyes, he would turn over to the Achaeans free from troops, that all might know whether the habit of lying belonged to the Romans or the Aetolians, who in all their talk had spread abroad the story that
49.4. Demetriadis Chalcidisque praesidia intra decimum diem audituros deducta, Acrocorinthum ipsis extemplo videntibus vacuam Achaeis traditurum, ut omnes scirent, utrum Romanis an Aetolis mentiri mos esset,
49.6. the cause of liberty had been unwisely entrusted to the Roman people, and that the Greeks had only changed masters, the Romans for the Macedonians.
49.6. qui male commissam libertatem populo Romano sermonibus distulerint et mutatos pro Macedonibus Romanos dominos. sed illis nec, quid dicerent, nec, quid facerent, quicquam umquam pensi fuisse;
49.7. But these were men who weighed lightly what they said or did; he counselled the other states to judge their friends by their actions, not their words, and to reflect carefully on whom they should trust and against whom they should be on their guard. They should use their liberty with discretion; controlled, it was salutary to individuals and to states; uncontrolled, it was both a burden to others and a source of impetuous and lawless action to its possessors. He advised the leaders in the states and the other orders to strive for harmony among themselves, and all the cities to take measures for the general good.
49.7. reliquas civitates monere, ut ex factis, non ex dictis amicos pensent intellegantque, quibus credendum et a quibus cavendum sit. libertate modice utantur; temperatam eam salubrem et singulis et civitatibus esse, nimiam, et aliis gravem et ipsis qui habeant, praecipitem et effrenatam esse.
49.9. Against men who acted in unison neither king nor tyrant would be strong enough to do harm; strife and dissension furnished every opportunity to plotters, since the party which was defeated in an internal struggle would rather join hands with a foreigner than yield to a countryman.
49.9. concordiae in civitatibus principes et ordines inter se, et in commune omnes civitates consulerent. adversus consentientis nec regem quemquam satis validum nec tyrannum fore;
49.10. The liberty which had been gained by the arms of others and restored to them by the good faith of aliens, they should keep and guard by their own efforts, that the Roman people might know that liberty had been given to men who deserved it and that their gift had been well bestowed.
49.10. discordiam et seditionem omnia opportuna insidiantibus facere, cum pars, quae domestico certamine inferior sit, externo potius se applicet quam civi cedat. alienis armis partam, externa fide redditam libertatem sua cura custodirent servarentque, ut populus Romanus dignis datam libertatem ac munus suum bene positum sciret.