1.1. ...Aepulo was said to have armed a people which had been kept in peace by his father and thus to have won great favour with the youth, who were desirous of plundering. When a council regarding a war with the Histrians was held by the consul, some argued that it should be begun at once, before the enemy should be able to draw his forces together, others that the senate should first be consulted.
1.1. … a patre in pace habitam armasse eoque iuventuti praedandi cupidae pergratus esse dicebatur. consilium de Histrico bello cum haberet consul, alii gerendum extemplo, antequam contrahere copias hostes possent, alii consulendum prius senatum censebant.
1.2. That opinion prevailed which proposed no delay. The consul, setting out from Aquileia, encamped near the lake of Timavus; this lake lies close to the sea.
1.2. vicit sententia, quae diem non proferebat. profectus ab Aquileia consul castra ad lacum Timavi posuit; inminet mari is lacus. eodem decem navibus C. Furius duumvir navalis venit.
1.3. Gaius Furius, the duumvir navalis, came to the same place with a fleet of ten ships. To oppose the fleet of the Illyrians duumviri navales had been elected, who, with twenty ships to protect the coast of the upper sea, were to make Ancona the hinge or pivot, so to speak; thence Lucius Cornelius was to defend the coast to the right as far as Tarentum, Gaius Furius the coast to the left as far as Aquileia.
1.3. adversus Illyriorum classem creati duumviri navales erant. qui tuendae viginti navibus maris superi orae Anconam velut cardinem haberent; inde L. Cornelius dextra litora usque ad Tarentum, C. Furius laeva usque ad Aquileiam tueretur.
1.4. These ships were sent to the nearest harbour in Histrian territory with transports and a large quantity of supplies, and the consul, following with the legions, encamped about five miles from the sea.
1.4. eae naves ad proximum portum in Histriae fines cum onerariis et magno commeatu missae, secutusque cum legionibus consul quinque ferme milia a mari posuit castra.
1.5. In a short time a market, visited by throngs, was established at the harbor, and from there everything was transported to the camp.
1.5. in portu emporium brevi perfrequens factum, omniaque hinc in castra subportabantur. et quo id tutius fieret, stationes ab omnibus castrorum partibus circumdatae sunt:
1.6. And in order that this might be done in greater safety, outposts were established on all sides of the camp: facing Histria there was a permanent post, and an emergency cohort from Placentia stationed there; to a position between the sea and the camp, with the additional mission of protecting water-carriers at the river, Marcus Aebutius, military tribune of the second legion, was ordered to bring two maniples of his troops;
1.6. in Histriam versum praesidium stativum repentina cohors Placentina obposita; inter mare et castra et, ut idem aquatoribus ad fluvium esset praesidium, M. Aebutius tribunus militum secundae legionis duos manipulos militum ducere iussus est;
1.7. Titus and Gaius Aelius, tribunes of the soldiers, had led the third legion, which was to guard the parties searching for forage and wood, on the road which leads to Aquileia.
1.7. T. et C. Aelii tribuni militum legionem tertiam, quae pabulatores et lignatores tueretur, via, quae Aquileiam fert, duxerant.
1.8. In the same area, about a mile distant, was the camp of the Gauls: their chief, Catmelus, was in command of not more than three thousand armed men.
1.8. ab eadem regione mille ferme passuum castra erant Gallorum; Catmelus pro regulo praeerat tribus haud amplius milibus armatorum.
2.1. The Histrians, as soon as the Romans had moved their camp to the lake of Timavus, themselves took up a hidden position in a spot behind a hill, and thence over byways followed the line of march, prepared for any opportunity; nor did anything that took place on land or sea escape their observation.
2.1. Histri, ut primum ad lacum Timavi castra sunt Romana mota, ipsi post collem occulto loco consederunt, et inde obliquis itineribus agmen sequebantur in omnem occasionem intenti, nec quicquam eos, quae terra marique agerentur, fallebat.
2.3. When they saw that the outposts in front of the camp were weak, and that the market, filled with an unarmed throng trafficking between the camp and the sea, was provided with no protection on land or on water, they at the same time attacked the two out-guards, the cohort from Placentia and the maniples of the second legion.
2.3. postquam stationes invalidas esse pro castris, forum turba inermi frequens inter castra et mare mercantium sine ullo terrestri aut maritimo munimento viderunt, duo simul praesidia, Placentinae cohortis et manipulorum secundae legionis, adgrediuntur.
2.4. A morning fog had concealed their enterprise; and as this cleared away before the first warmth of the sun, the light now penetrating it to some extent, but as yet, as is usual, not clear and furnishing the beholder a magnified impression of everything, at this time also deceived the Romans and revealed to them a battle-line of the enemy far stronger than it really was.
2.4. nebula matutina texerat inceptum; qua dilabente ad primum teporem solis perlucens iam aliquid, incerta tamen, ut solet, lux speciem omnium multiplicem intuenti reddens, tum quoque frustrata Romanos, multo maiorem iis, quam erat, hostium aciem ostendit.
2.5. When the soldiers from both outposts, terrified by this sight, had fled to the camp with mighty uproar they caused far more panic there than they had brought with them.
2.5. qua territi utriusque stationis milites ingenti tumultu cum in castra confugissent, haud paulo ibi plus, quam quod secum ipsi adtulerant, terroris fecerunt.
2.6. For they could neither explain from what they had fled nor answer any persons who questioned them; and some shouting at the gates was heard, showing that no guards were there to withstand an assault; and the rushing about in the dark, as one man collided with another, had made it uncertain whether or not the enemy was inside the rampart.
2.6. nam neque dicere, quid fugissent, nec percunctantibus reddere responsum poterant, et clamor in portis, ut ubi nulla esset statio, quae sustineret impetum, audiebatur, et concursatio in obscuro incidentium aliorum in alios incertum fecerat, an hostis intra vallum esset.
2.7. One voice was heard, that of men calling them to the sea; this cry, perhaps raised without design by a single man, rang everywhere through the whole camp.
2.7. una vox audiebatur ad mare vocantium; id forte temere ab uno exclamatum totis passim personabat castris.
2.8. And so a few at first, as if they had been ordered to do this, some armed, the majority unarmed, rushed down to the sea, then larger numbers, finally almost all of them, and even the consul, when, trying in vain to recall the fugitives, he had failed at the end to accomplish anything by orders or authority or entreaties.
2.8. itaque primo, velut iussi id facere, pauci, armati alii, maior pars inermes, ad mare decurrunt, dein plures, postremo prope omnes, et ipse consul, cum frustra revocare fugientes conatus nec imperio nec auctoritate nec precibus ad extremum valuisset.
2.9. One man alone remained, Marcus Licinius Strabo, military tribune of the third legion, having along with three companies been left behind by his legion. The Histrians, bursting into the empty camp, when no other armed man had met them, bore down upon him at the headquarters as he was forming his men and encouraging them.
2.9. unus remansit M. Licinius Strabo, tribunus militum secundae legionis, cum tribus signis ab legione sua relictus. hunc in vacua castra impetu facto Histri, cum alius armatus iis nemo obviam isset, in praetorio instruentem atque adhortantem suos obpresserunt.
2.10. A battle began, fiercer than one would expect considering the small number of defenders, and did not stop until the tribune of the soldiers and the men who had made a stand with him had fallen. The enemy, tearing down the general's tent and plundering whatever was there, moved on to the quaestor's quarters, the market, and the via quintana.
2.10. proelium atrocius quam pro paucitate resistentium fuit, nec ante finitum est, quam tribunus militum quique circa eum constiterant interfecti sunt.
2.11. When they had found there abundance of everything ready and laid out, and in the quaestor's quarters couches spread, the chief reclined and began to dine.
2.11. praetorio deiecto, direptisque quae ibi fuerunt, ad quaestorium, forum quintanamque hostes pervenerunt. ibi cum omnium rerum paratam expositamque copiam et stratos lectos in quaestorio invenissent, regulus accubans epulari coepit.
2.13. Presently all the others, forgetting their arms and the enemy, did the same; and since the rather rich fare was strange to them, they greedily loaded their bodies with wine and food.
2.13. mox idem ceteri omnes, armorum hostiumque obliti, faciunt et, ut quibus insuetus liberalior victus esset, avidius vino ciboque corpora onerant.
3.1. The state of affairs among the Romans was not at all the same at this moment; on land, on sea there was confusion; the sailors were striking their tents and were hurrying off to the ships the provisions set out on the shore;
3.1. nequaquam eadem est tum rei forma apud Romanos; terra mari trepidatur; nautici tabernacula detendunt commeatumque in litore expositum in naves rapiunt;
3.2. the terrified soldiers were rushing to the small boats and into the sea; some of the sailors, in the fear that the ships would be overcrowded, were blocking the onrush of the crowd while others were pushing out the ships from the shore into deep water.
3.2. milites in scaphas et mare territi ruunt; nautae metu, ne compleantur navigia, alii turbae obsistunt, alii ab litore naves in altum expellunt.
3.3. Then there was a struggle and soon even a battle, marked by the wounding and slaying of soldiers and sailors in turn, until the fleet was removed far from the land by order of the consul, who next began to segregate the armed men from the unarmed.
3.3. inde certamen, mox etiam pugna cum vulneribus et caede in vicem militum nautarumque oritur, donec iussu consulis procul a terra classis submota est.
3.4. There were barely twelve hundred out of so great a crowd who had their weapons, and a very few cavalry were found who had brought their horses away with them; the rest were a motley crowd like servants and sutlers, surely destined to be booty if the enemy had bethought himself of the war.
3.4. secernere inde inermes ab armatis coepit. vix mille ducenti ex tanta multitudine, qui arma haberent, perpauci equites, qui equos secum eduxissent, inventi sunt; cetera deformis turba velut lixarum calonumque, praeda vere futura, si belli hostes meminissent.
3.5. Then finally a messenger was sent to recall the third legion and the Gallic contingent, and at the same time from all sides there began the movement back to recover the camp and to wipe out the disgrace.
3.5. tunc demum nuntius missus ad tertiam legionem revocandam et Gallorum praesidium, et simul ex omnibus locis ad castra recipienda demendamque ignominiam rediri coeptum est.
3.6. The military tribunes of the third legion ordered foraging parties to abandon the forage and wood they had collected, directed the centurions to mount two of the older soldiers on each pack-animal whose load had been removed, and the cavalry to take one each of the younger infantrymen with them on their horses: they told them that the legion would win a fair report if by their valour they should recover the camp which had been lost through the panic of the men of the second legion.
3.6. tribuni militum tertiae legionis pabulum lignaque proicere iubent, centurionibus imperant, ut graviores aetate milites binos in ea iumenta, ex quibus onera deiecta erant, inponant, equites ut singulos e iuvenibus pedites secum in equos tollant:
3.7. The recovery of the camp would be easy, they said, if the barbarians could be suddenly surprised while engaged with the booty; just as they had taken it, so it could be taken from them.
3.7. egregiam gloriam legionis fore, si castra metu secundanorum amissa sua virtute recipiant. et recipi facile esse, si in praeda occupati barbari subito obprimantur; sicut ceperint, posse capi.
3.8. This exhortation was listened to with great enthusiasm on the part of the soldiers. They advanced the standards at full speed, nor did the troops lag behind the standard-bearers. Nevertheless the consul and the troops who were being brought back from the sea reached the rampart ahead of them.
3.8. summa militum alacritate adhortatio audita est. ferunt citati signa, nec signiferos armati morantur. priores tamen consul copiaeque, quae a mari reducebantur, ad vallum accesserunt.
3.9. Lucius Atius, the senior tribune of the second legion, not only urged on the men but also showed them that if the victorious Histrians intended to hold the captured camp with the same arms with which they had captured it, they would first have pursued to the sea the enemy, driven from his camp, and then at least have posted guards in front of the rampart; it was very probable that they were lying sunk in wine and sleep.
3.9. L. Atius tribunus primus secundae legionis non hortabatur modo milites, sed docebat etiam, si victores Histri, quibus armis cepissent castra, iisdem capta retinere in animo haberent, primum exutum castris hostem ad mare persecuturos fuisse, deinde stationes certe pro vallo habituros: vino somnoque veri simile esse mersos iacere.
4.1. Thereupon he directed his guidon-bearer, Aulus Baeculonius, a man of tried courage, to carry forward the standard. He replied that if they would follow him he would cause it to happen the more quickly;
4.1. sub haec A. Baeculonium signiferum suum, notae fortitudinis virum, inferre signum iussit.
4.2. and when with a great effort he had hurled the standard over the rampart, he was the first of all to enter the gate.
4.2. ille, si signum seque sequerentur, quo celerius fieret, facturum dixit, conisusque cum trans vallum signum traiecisset, primus omnium portam intravit.
4.3. And on another side Titus and Gaius Aelius, military tribunes of the third legion, were coming up with the cavalry. Straightway also came the soldiers whom they had mounted in pairs on the pack-animals, and the consul with the main body.
4.3. et parte alia T. et C. Aelii tribuni militum tertiae legionis cum equitatu adveniunt. confestim et quos binos oneraria in iumenta inposuerant secuti et consul cum toto agmine.
4.4. But a few of the Histrians, who had indulged only moderately in the wine, bethought them of flight, for the rest, death was a prolongation of sleep; and the Romans recovered their possessions in their entirety, except for the wine and food that had been consumed.
4.4. at Histrorum pauci, qui modice vino usi erant, memores fuerant fugae; aliis somno mors continuata est, integraque sua omnia Romani, praeterquam quod vini cibique absumptum erat, receperunt.
4.5. Even the sick troops, who had been left inside the camp, when they learned that their comrades were within the rampart, seized their arms and wrought great slaughter.
4.5. aegri quoque milites, qui in castris relicti fuerant, postquam intra vallum suos senserunt, armis arreptis caedem ingentem fecerunt.
4.6. Conspicuous beyond the rest was the performance of a trooper, Gaius Popilius; his cognomen was Sabellus. He, though wounded in the foot and left behind, killed by far the largest number of the enemy.
4.6. ante omnes insignis opera fuit C. Popili equitis; Sabello cognomen erat. is pede saucio relictus longe plurimos hostium occidit.
4.7. About eight thousand of the Histrians were slain, none captured, for rage and passion made the Romans heedless of booty. Nevertheless the chieftain of the Histrians, drunk as he was from the banquet, was hastily placed on a horse by his companions and escaped.
4.7. ad octo milia Histrorum sunt caesa, captus nemo, quia ira et indignatio inmemores praedae fecit. rex tamen Histrorum temulentus ex convivio raptim a suis in equum inpositus fugit.
4.8. Of the victors two hundred and thirty-seven fell, more in the flight in the morning than in the retaking of the camp.
4.8. ex victoribus ducenti triginta septem milites perierunt, plures in matutina fuga quam in recipiendis castris.
5.1. It so happened by chance that Gnaeus and Lucius Gavillius Novellus, from Aquileia, coming with provisions and not knowing what had happened, almost stumbled upon the camp which had been taken by the Histrians.
5.1. forte ita evenit, ut Cn. et L. Gavillii Novelli, Aquileienses, cum commeatu venientes, ignari prope in capta castra ab Histris inciderent.
5.2. When they, leaving their belongings, had fled to Aquileia, they filled everything with consternation and confusion, not only at Aquileia, but also, a few days later, at Rome;
5.2. ii cum Aquileiam relictis inpedimentis refugissent, omnia terrore ac tumultu non Aquileiae modo, sed Romae quoque post paucos dies impleverunt;
5.3. where the report was brought not merely that the camp had been captured by the enemy and that the Romans had fled (as was the case), but also that all was lost and the whole army destroyed.
5.3. quo non capta tantum castra ab hostibus nec fuga, quae vera erant, sed perditas res deletumque exercitum omnem adlatum est.
5.4. And so, as is usually done in times of panic, extraordinary levies were proclaimed not in the City alone but throughout Italy. Two legions of Roman citizens were enlisted and ten thousand infantry with five hundred cavalry were levied upon the allies of the Latin confederacy. Marcus Junius the consul was directed to cross into Gaul and to demand from the states of that province as many soldiers as each could furnish.
5.4. itaque quod in tumultu fieri solet, dilectus extra ordinem non in urbe tantum, sed tota Italia indicti. duae legiones civium Romanorum conscriptae et decem milia peditum cum equitibus quingentis sociis nominis Latini imperata.
5.5. At the same time it was decreed that Tiberius Claudius the praetor should issue an edict to the soldiers of the fourth legion and to five thousand foot and two hundred and fifty horse of the allies of the Latin confederacy that they should assemble at Pisa, and that Claudius should defend that province during the consul's absence;
5.5. M. Iunius consul transire in Galliam et ab civitatibus provinciae eius quantum quaeque posset militum exigere iussus. simul decretum, ut Ti. Claudius praetor militibus legionis quartae et socium Latini nominis quinque milibus, equitibus ducentis quinquaginta Pisas ut convenirent ediceret, eamque provinciam, dum consul inde abesset, tutaretur;
5.7. and also that Marcus Titinius the praetor should order the first legion and an equal number of infantry and cavalry of the allies to assemble at Rimini.
5.7. M. Titinius praetor legionem primam, parem numerum sociorum peditum equitumque, Ariminum convenire iuberet.
5.8. Nero in uniform set out for his province at Pisa; Titinius first sent Gaius Cassius, a tribune of the soldiers, to Rimini as commander of the legion and then conducted the levy at Rome.
5.8. Nero paludatus Pisas in provinciam est profectus; Titinius C. Cassio tribuno militum Ariminum, qui praeesset legioni, misso dilectum Romae habuit.
5.9. Marcus Junius the consul, having gone over from the Ligurians into the province of Gaul, and having immediately levied upon the Gallic states for auxiliaries and upon the colonies for regular troops, arrived at Aquileia.
5.9. M. Iunius consul ex Liguribus in provinciam Galliam transgressus, auxiliis protinus per civitates Galliae militibusque coloniis imperatis, Aquileiam pervenit.
5.10. There he was informed that the army was safe, and sending despatches to Rome in order to allay their fears, he himself sent home the auxiliaries which he had levied on the Gauls and set out to join his colleague.
5.10. ibi certior factus exercitum incolumem esse, scriptis litteris Romam, ne tumultuarentur, ipse remissis auxiliis, quae Gallis imperaverat, ad collegam est profectus.
5.11. At Rome there was great and unexpected joy; the levy was stopped, the soldiers who had taken the military oath were discharged, and the army, which had been suffering from a plague at Rimini, was sent home.
5.11. Romae magna ex necopinato laetitia fuit; dilectus omissus est, exauctorati, qui sacramento dixerant, et exercitus, qui Arimini pestilentia adfectus erat, domum dimissus.
5.12. Although the Histrians had a strong force in camp not far from the consul's camp, when they learned that the other consul with a new army had arrived they dispersed to their various states. The consuls led the legions into winter-quarters at Aquileia.
5.12. Histri magnis copiis cum castra haud procul consulis castris haberent, postquam alterum consulem cum exercitu novo advenisse audierunt, passim in civitates dilapsi sunt, consules Aquileiam in hiberna legiones reduxerunt.
6.1. The alarm in Histria having finally subsided, the senate passed a decree that the consuls should arrange between themselves which should come to Rome to hold the elections.
6.1. sedato tandem Histrico tumultu senatus consultum factum est, ut consules inter se compararent, uter eorum ad comitia habenda Romam rediret.
6.2. When the tribunes of the people, Aulus Licinius Nerva and Gaius Papirius Turdus, were tearing the absent consul Manlius to pieces in their assemblies and proposing a bill that Manlius should not hold his command after the Ides of March —for the provincial commands of the consuls had already been prolonged for a year — that he might be able to plead his cause immediately upon his retirement from office, this measure was vetoed by their colleague Quintus Aelius, who after violent arguments prevailed to prevent its passing.
6.2. cum absentem Manlium tribuni plebis Licinius Nerva et C. Papirius Turdus in contionibus lacerarent rogationemque promulgarent, ne Manlius post idus Martias — prorogatae namque consulibus iam in annum provinciae erant — imperium retineret, uti causam extemplo dicere, cum abisset magistratu, posset, huic rogationi Q. Aelius collega intercessit magnisque contentionibus obtinuit, ne perferretur.
6.4. At about this time, when Tiberius Sempronius Gracchus and Lucius Postumius Albinus had returned to Rome from Spain, an audience before the senate was granted to them by the praetor Marcus Titinius, to be held in the temple of Bellona so that they might present an account of their achievements, claim the distinctions they deserved and ask that honour should be paid to the immortal gods.
6.4. per eos dies Ti. Sempronius Gracchus et L. Postumius Albinus ex Hispania Romam cum revertissent, senatus iis a M. Titinio praetore datus in aede Bellonae ad disserendas res, quas gessissent, postulandosque honores meritos … ut diis inmortalibus haberetur honos.
6.5. At the same time there was great confusion in Sardinia also, as was learned from dispatches from Titus Aebutius the praetor which had been brought to the senate by his son.
6.5. eodem tempore et in Sardinia magnum tumultum esse literis T. Aebuti praetoris cognitum est, quas filius eius ad senatum adtulerat.
6.6. The Ilienses, reinforced by auxiliaries of the Balari, had attacked the province while it was at peace, and could not be resisted since the army was weak and had lost a large number of its members as a result of a pestilence.
6.6. Ilienses adiunctis Balarorum auxiliis pacatam provinciam invaserant, nec eis invalido exercitu et magna parte pestilentia absumpto resisti poterat.
6.7. Ambassadors of the Sardinians also brought the same news and begged that the senate should send aid to the towns at least —for the fields had already been abandoned in despair. This embassy and the whole question about what was to be done concerning Sardinia was postponed to the new administration.
6.7. eadem et Sardorum legati nuntiabant orantes, ut urbibus saltem — iam enim agros deploratos esse — opem senatus ferret. haec legatio totumque, quod ad Sardiniam pertinebat, ad novos magistratus reiectum est.
6.8. An equally pitiful embassy from the Lycians arrived, who complained of the cruelty of the Rhodians, under whose control they had been placed by Lucius Cornelius Scipio.
6.8. aeque miserabilis legatio Lyciorum, qui crudelitatem Rhodiorum, quibus ab L. Cornelio Scipione adtributi erant, querebantur:
6.9. They said that they had been under the dominion of Antiochus; this slavery to the King, when compared with their present situation, seemed glorious liberty. They were not merely as a state oppressed by their government, but private citizens were suffering downright bondage.
6.9. fuisse se sub dicione Antiochi; eam regiam servitutem conlatam cum praesenti statu praeclaram libertatem visam. non publice tantum se premi imperio, sed singulos iustum pati servitium.
6.10. Their wives and children, they said, were abused; cruelty was wreaked upon their bodies and their backs; their reputations —a shameful procedure —were stained and dishonoured; and openly hateful acts were done merely for the sake of displaying an abuse of power, in order to leave no doubt that there was no distinction between themselves and slaves bought with money.
6.10. ipsos coniuges liberosque vexari; in corpus, in tergum saeviri, famam, quod indignum sit, maculari dehonestarique, et palam res odiosas fieri iuris etiam usurpandi causa, ne pro dubio habeant nihil inter se et argento parata mancipia interesse.
6.11. The senate, moved by this appeal, entrusted the Lycians with a letter for the Rhodians, stating that it was not their pleasure that the Lycians should be enslaved by the Rhodians nor any people who had been born in freedom by any other people;
6.11. motus his senatus litteras Lyciis ad Rhodios dedit, nec Lycios Rhodiis nec ullos alii cuiquam, qui nati liberi sint, in servitutem dari placere;
6.12. the Lycians had been placed under the administrative control and at the same time the protection of the Rhodians on the same conditions as the allied states enjoyed under the guardianship of the Roman people.
6.12. Lycios ita sub Rhodiorum simul imperio et tutela esse, ut in dicione populi Romani civitates sociae sint.
7.1. Then two triumphs over Spain were celebrated in succession. The first was that of Sempronius Gracchus, who triumphed over the Celtiberians and their allies, and the next day Lucius Postumius triumphed over the Lusitanians and other Spaniards in the same district. Gracchus carried in procession forty thousand pounds of silver, Albinus twenty thousand.
7.1. triumphi deinde ex Hispania duo continui acti. prior Sempronius Gracchus de Celtiberis sociisque eorum, postero die L. Postumius de Lusitanis aliisque eiusdem regionis Hispanis triumphavit. quadraginta milia pondo argenti Ti. Gracchus transtulit, viginti milia Albinus.
7.3. Both distributed as donatives twenty-five denarii each to the infantry, twice that sum to centurions, and thrice to the cavalry; the allies shared on the same terms with the Romans.
7.3. militibus denarios quinos vicenos, duplex centurioni, triplex equiti ambo diviserunt, sociis tantumdem quantum Romanis.
7.4. About this time it chanced that the consul Marcus Junius came from Histria to Rome in order to hold the elections.
7.4. per eosdem forte dies M. Iunius consul ex Histria comitiorum causa Romam venit.
7.5. When the tribunes of the people, Papirius and Licinius, had worn him out in the senate with questions as to what had happened in Histria, they finally haled him before an assembly.
7.5. eum cum in senatu fatigassent interrogationibus tribuni plebis Papirius et Licinius de iis, quae in Histria essent acta, in contionem quoque produxerunt.
7.6. When the consul said in reply that he had spent not more than eleven days in that province, and that what had happened in his absence he, like the tribunes, knew only from report, they continued to pursue the matter, inquiring why in the world Aulus Manlius rather than himself had not come to Rome, in order to render an account to the Roman people of the reason why he had gone from the province of Gaul, which he had obtained from the lot, over into Histria?
7.6. ad quae cum consul se dies non plus undecim in ea provincia fuisse responderet, quae se absente acta essent, se quoque, ut illos, fama comperta habere, exsequebantur deinde quaerentes, quid ita non potius A.
7.7. When, they asked, had the senate decreed that war? When had the Roman people ordered that war? But, by Hercules, he will say that although the war was undertaken on his own initiative, it was conducted wisely and courageously. On the contrary, they said, it was impossible to say whether it was undertaken more improperly or prosecuted more imprudently. Two outposts were surprised by the Histrians, a Roman camp captured, and all the infantry and cavalry in the camp slaughtered, the rest, unarmed and routed, the consul himself leading the way, had fled to the sea and the ships!
7.7. Manlius Romam venisset, ut rationem redderet populo Romano, cur ex Gallia provincia, quam sortitus esset, in Histriam transisset? quando id bellum senatus decrevisset, quando [id bellum] populus Romanus iussisset? at hercule privato quidem consilio bellum susceptum esse, sed gestum prudenter fortiterque.
7.9. As a private citizen Manlius would give account of his actions, since he had refused to do this as a consul. The consular elections were then held. The consuls chosen were Gaius Claudius Pulcher and Tiberius Sempronius Gracchus. The next day the praetors were elected, Publius Aelius Tubero (for the second time), Gaius Quinctius Flamininus, Gaius Numisius, Lucius Mummius, Gnaeus Cornelius Scipio, Gaius Valerius Laevinus.
7.9. immo utrum susceptum sit nequius an inconsultius gestum, dici non posse. stationes duas necopinantes ab Histris oppressas, castra Romana capta, quod peditum, quod equitum in castris fuerit caesum; ceteros inermes fusosque, ante omnes consulem ipsum, ad mare ac naves fugisse. privatum rationem redditurum earum rerum esse, quoniam consul noluisset. comitia deinde habita. consules creati C. Claudius Pulcher Ti. Sempronius Gracchus. et postero die praetores facti P. Aelius Tubero iterum C. Quinctius Flamininus C. Numisius L. Mummius Cn. Cornelius Scipio C. Valerius Laevinus.
8.2. The jurisdiction between citizens fell to Tubero, that between citizens and aliens to Quinctius, Sicily to Numisius, Sardinia to Mummius; but this, by reason of the seriousness of the war, was made a consular province. Scipio and Laevinus received from the lot Gaul, divided into two provinces.
8.2. Tuberoni urbana iurisdictio, Quinctio peregrina evenit, Numisio Sicilia, Mummio Sardinia; sed ea propter belli magnitudinem provincia consularis facta.
8.3. On the Ides of March, when Sempronius and Claudius were inaugurated consuls, a mere mention was made of the provinces of Sardinia and Histria and the enemies in both who had stirred up war in those provinces.
8.3. [Gracchus eam sortitur, Histriam Claudius.] Scipio et Laevinus Galliam in duas divisam provincias sortiti sunt.
8.4. On the next day the ambassadors of the Sardinians, whose hearing had been postponed to the administration of the new consuls, were heard, and Lucius Minucius Thermus, who had been a lieutenant of the consul Manlius in Histria, came into the senate.
8.4. idibus Martiis, quo die Sempronius Claudiusque consulatum inierunt, mentio tantum de provinciis Sardinia Histriaque et utriusque hostibus fuit, qui in his provinciis bellum concivissent.
8.5. By them the senate was informed to what extent these provinces were engaged in war. The senate was greatly impressed also by the embassies from the allies of the Latin confederacy, who had wearied both censors and former consuls, and were at length given audience before the senate.
8.5. postero die legati Sardorum, qui ad novos magistratus dilati erant, et L. Minucius Thermus, qui legatus Manli consulis in Histria fuerat, in senatum venit. ab his edoctus est senatus, quantum belli eae provinciae haberent.
8.6. The substance of their complaints was that large numbers of their citizens had been rated at Rome and had moved to Rome;
8.6. moverunt senatum et legationes socium nominis Latini, quae et censores et priores consules fatigaverant, tandem in senatum introductae.
8.7. but if this were allowed it would come to pass in a very few decades that there would be deserted towns and deserted farms which would be unable to furnish a single soldier.
8.7. summa querellarum erat, cives suos Romae censos plerosque Romam commigrasse; quod si permittatur, perpaucis lustris futurum, ut deserta oppida, deserti agri nullum militem dare possent.
8.8. Similarly the Samnites and Paelignians complained that four thousand families had moved from their territories to Fregellae, nor did either community furnish fewer soldiers on that account when the levy was made. Moreover, two kinds of fraud had been practised to secure individual transfers of citizenship.
8.8. Fregellas quoque milia quattuor familiarum transisse ab se Samnites Paelignique querebantur, neque eo minus aut hos aut illos in dilectu militum dare.
8.9. The law granted to any persons among the allies of the Latin confederacy, who should leave in their home towns offspring of their loins, the privilege of becoming Roman citizens. By the abuse of this law some were injuring the allies, some the Roman people.
8.9. genera autem fraudis duo mutandae viritim civitatis inducta erant. lex sociis [ac] nominis Latini, qui stirpem ex sese domi relinquerent, dabat, ut cives Romani fierent. ea lege male utendo alii sociis, alii populo Romano iniuriam faciebant.
8.10. For in the first place, in order to evade the requirement that they should leave offspring at home, they would give their sons to any Romans whatsoever in slavery, on the condition that they should be manumitted and thus become citizens of freedman condition; in the second place, those who had no offspring to leave behind, in order to become Roman citizens adopted children.
8.10. nam et ne stirpem domi relinquerent, liberos suos quibusquibus Romanis in eam condicionem, ut manumitterentur, mancipio dabant, libertinique cives essent; et quibus stirpes deesset, quam relinquerent, ut cives Romani … fiebant.
8.11. Later, disdaining even these pretences of obedience to law, just as they pleased, with no regard to the statute or to the requirement of offspring, they would transfer to the Roman citizenship by migration and recognition in the census.
8.11. postea his quoque imaginibus iuris spretis, promiscue sine lege, sine stirpe in civitatem Romanam per migrationem et censum transibant.
8.12. In order that these things might not occur in future, the ambassadors requested first, that the senate should direct allies to return to their cities; second, that a law should be passed providing that no one should acquire a son or dispose of one for the purpose of changing his citizenship; third, that if anyone had thus become a Roman citizen, he should not be a Roman citizen. These petitions were granted by the senate.
8.12. haec ne postea fierent, petebant legati, et ut redire in civitates iuberent socios; deinde, ut lege caverent, ne quis quem civitatis mutandae causa suum faceret neve alienaret, et si quis ita civis Romanus factus esset, civis ne esset. haec impetrata ab senatu.
9.1. Next the provinces which were at war, Sardinia and Histria, were decreed to the consuls.
9.1. provinciae deinde, quae in bello erant, Sardinia atque Histria consulibus decretae.
9.2. For Sardinia two legions were ordered to be raised, each of fifty-two hundred infantry and three hundred cavalry; also twelve thousand infantry and six hundred cavalry from the allies of the Latin confederacy, and ten ships of five banks of oars, in case the consul should wish to launch any from the docks. The same number of infantry and cavalry were decreed for Histria as for Sardinia.
9.2. in Sardiniam duae legiones scribi iussae, quina milia in singulas et duceni pedites, treceni equites, et duodecim milia peditum sociorum ac Latini nominis et sescenti equites et decem quinqueremes naves, si deducere ex navalibus vellet.
9.3. Also, the consuls were directed to send one legion with three hundred cavalry and five thousand allied infantry and two hundred and fifty cavalry to Marcus Titinius in Spain.
9.3. tantumdem peditum equitumque in Histriam, quantum in Sardiniam, decretum. et legionem unam cum equitibus trecentis et quinque milia peditum sociorum et ducentos quinquaginta mittere equites in Hispaniam consules ad M. Titinium iussi.
9.4. Before the consuls drew lots for their provinces, the prodigies were reported: a stone fell from the sky into the grove of Mars in the territory of Crustumerium; a boy whose body was without limbs was born near Rome and a four-legged snake was seen; and at Capua also many buildings in the forum were struck by lightning; and at Puteoli two ships were burned by lightning bolts. In the midst of the announcement of these occurrences, a wolf was pursued even in Rome by day, after entering by the Porta Collina, and escaped by the Porta Esquilina amid great uproar on the part of the pursuers.
9.4. priusquam consules provincias sortirentur, prodigia nuntiata sunt: lapidem in agro Crustumino in lucum Martis de caelo cecidisse, puerum trunci corporis in agro Romano natum et quadrupedem anguem visum, et Capuae multa in foro aedificia de caelo tacta, et Puteolis duas naves fulminis ictu concrematas esse.
9.6. By reason of these portents the consuls sacrificed full-grown victims, and for one day a supplication was held at all the banquet-tables of the gods.
9.6. inter haec, quae nuntiabantur, lupus etiam Romae interdiu agitatus, cum Collina porta intrasset, per Esquilinam magno consectantium tumultu evasit.
9.7. The sacrifices having been duly completed, the consuls drew for their provinces; Histria fell to Claudius, Sardinia to Sempronius. Then Gaius Claudius, with the authorization of the senate, proposed a law concerning the allies, and issued a proclamation to the effect that all allies of the Latin confederacy, in the event that they themselves or their ancestors had been registered among the allies of the Latin confederacy in the censorship of Marcus Claudius and Titus Quinctius or thereafter, should all return, each to his own state, before the Kalends of November.
9.7. eorum prodigiorum causa consules maiores hostias inmolarunt et diem unum circa omnia pulvinaria supplicatio fuit. sacrificiis rite perfectis provincias sortiti sunt; Claudio Histria, Sempronio Sardinia obvenit.
9.9. The investigation of those who should not have returned in this fashion was decreed to Lucius Mummius the praetor. To this law and proclamation of the consul a decree of the senate was added, that a dictator, consul, interrex, censor, or praetor, who was at the time in office or should henceforth be in office, before any one of whom a slave was brought for manumission and for the assertion of his claim to freedom, should require that an oath be given that the person who was manumitting the slave was not manumitting him for the purpose of changing his citizenship;
9.9. legem dein de sociis C. Claudius tulit ex senatus consulto et edixit, qui socii ac nominis Latini ipsi maioresve eorum M. Claudio T. Quinctio censoribus postve ea apud socios nominis Latini censi essent, ut omnes in suam quisque civitatem ante kal. Novembres redirent. quaestio, qui ita non redissent, L. Mummio praetori decreta est. ad legem et edictum consulis senatus consultum adiectum est, ut dictator, consul, interrex, censor, praetor, qui nunc esset quive postea futurus esset, apud eorum quem qui manu mitteretur, in libertatem vindicaretur, ut ius iurandum daret, qui eum manu mitteret, civitatis mutandae causa manu non mittere;
9.11. in any case in which this oath was not taken, they decreed that the manumission should not take place. These precautions were taken for the future, and orders were issued under the edict of Gaius Claudius the consul [for the return of the allies to their states. The investigation thereof] was ordered [to be conducted under the supervision] of Mummius.
9.11. in quo id non iuraret, eum manu mittendum non censuerunt. haec in posterum cauta, iussique edicto C. Claudi cons. … Claudio decreta est.
10.1. While all these things were being done at Rome, Marcus Junius and Aulus Manlius, who had been consuls the preceding year, after wintering at Aquileia, in the beginning of spring led the army into the land of the Histrians;
10.1. dum haec Romae geruntur, M. Iunius et A. Manlius, qui priore anno consules fuerant, cum Aquileiae hibernassent, principio veris in finis Histrorum exercitum introduxerunt;
10.2. while they were plundering far and wide, grief and indignation at the sight of their ravaged possessions roused the Histrians more than any assured hope that they had strength enough to withstand the two armies.
10.2. ubi cum effuse popularentur, dolor magis et indignatio diripi res suas cernentes Histros, quam certa spes satis sibi virium adversus duos esse exercitus, excivit.
10.3. When the young men from all the communities had rushed together, the army, hastily raised for the emergency, fought at the first clash with greater vigour than perseverance.
10.3. concursu ex omnibus populis iuventutis facto repentinus et tumultuarius exercitus acrius primo inpetu quam perseverantius pugnavit.
10.4. About four thousand of them were killed in the battle-line, the rest, abandoning the campaign, scattered in every direction to their states. Then they first sent ambassadors to the Roman camp to ask peace, then the hostages which were demanded.
10.4. ad quattuor milia eorum in acie caesa; ceteri omisso bello in civitates passim diffugerunt. inde legatos primum ad pacem petendam in castra Romana, deinde obsides imperatos miserunt.
10.5. When this was known at Rome from the dispatch of the proconsuls, Gaius Claudius the consul, fearing that these occurrences might perhaps deprive him of his province and his army, without announcing his vows or clothing his lictors in uniform, notifying only his colleague of everything, set out by night and went off at headlong speed to his province; there his conduct was more rash than his coming.
10.5. haec cum Romae cognita litteris proconsulum essent, C. Claudius consul veritus, ne forte ea res provinciam et exercitum sibi adimeret, non votis nuncupatis, non paludatis lictoribus, uno omnium certiore facto collega nocte profectus, praeceps in provinciam abiit; ubi inconsultius quam venerat se gessit.
10.6. For when, calling an assembly, he had upbraided Aulus Manlius for his flight from the camp (the soldiers, who themselves had begun the flight, listening with hostile ears) and had heaped insults upon Marcus Junius, because he had made himself a partner in his colleague's disgrace, he ended by ordering both to leave the province.
10.6. nam cum contione advocata fugam e castris A. Manli adversis auribus militum, quippe qui primi ipsi fugissent, iactasset et ingessisset probra M. Iunio, quod se dedecoris socium collegae fecisset, ad extremum utrumque decedere provincia iussit.
10.7. When they had replied to this that they would obey the command of a consul at such time as he set out from the City in the manner of their forefathers, after public proclamation of his vows on the Capitoline and with his lictors in uniform, Claudius, maddened with rage, summoned the officer who was acting as quaestor for Manlius and demanded from him chains, threatening that he would send Junius and Manlius to Rome in irons. This officer also ignored the command of the consul; and the army standing round about favouring the cause of the generals and hostile to the consul, gave the quaestor courage to disobey.
10.7. ad quod cum illi tum consulis imperio dicto audientes futuros esse dicerent, cum is more maiorum, secundum vota in Capitolio nuncupata, lictoribus paludatis profectus ab urbe esset, furens ira vocatum, qui pro quaestore Manli erat, catenas poposcit, vinctos se Iunium Manliumque minitans Romam missurum.
10.9. At last the consul, worn out by the insults of individuals and the jeers of the whole crowd —for they ridiculed him as well —returned to Aquileia in the same ship in which he had come.
10.9. ab eo quoque spretum consulis imperium est; et circumfusus exercitus, favens imperatorum causae et consuli infestus, animos ad non parendum addebat. postremo fatigatus consul et contumeliis singulorum et multitudinis — nam insuper inridebant — ludibriis, nave eadem, qua venerat, Aquileiam rediit.