26. It was in the wantonness of excessive prosperity that the Tarentines invited Pyrrhus of Epirus; for democratic liberty that has enjoyed a long and unchecked career comes naturally to experience a satiety of its blessings, and then it looks out for a master; and when it has got one, it is not long before it hates him, because it is seen that the change is for the worse. This is just what happened to the Tarentines on that occasion.... On this news being brought to Tarentum and Thurii there was great popular indignation.... The conspirators left the town at first under the pretext of a foray, and got near Hannibal’s camp before daybreak. Then, while the rest crouched down on a certain wooded spot by the side of the road, Philemenus and Nicon went up to the camp. They were seized by the sentries and taken off to Hannibal, without saying a word as to where they came from or who they were, but simply stating that they wished for an interview with the general. Being taken without delay to Hannibal they said that they wished to speak with him privately. He assented with the utmost readiness; whereupon they explained to him their own position and that of their native city, charging the Romans with many various acts of oppression, that they might not seem to be entering on their present undertaking without good reason. For the present Hannibal dismissed them with thanks and a cordial acceptance of their proposed movement, and charging them to come back very soon and have another interview with him. “This time,” he added, “when you get at a sufficient distance from the camp, take possession of the first cattle you find being driven out to pasture in the early morning, and go off boldly with them and their herdsmen; for I will take care that you are unmolested.” His object in doing this was to give himself time to inquire into the tale of the young men; and also to confirm their credit with their fellow-citizens, by making it appear that their expedition had really been for the purpose of foraging. Nicon and his companions did as they were bidden, and left Hannibal in great exultation at having at last got an opportunity of completing his enterprise: while they themselves were made all the more eager to carry out their plot by having been able to accomplish their interview with Hannibal without danger, and by having found him warmly disposed to their undertaking, and by having besides gained the confidence of their own people by the considerable amount of booty which they had brought home. This they partly sold and partly used in splendid entertainments, and thus not only were believed in by the Tarentines, but excited a considerable number to emulate their exploit.
26. ὁ δὲ πάλαι μὲν ἐπεπόριστο σκῆψιν ὡς ἀρρωστῶν, χάριν τοῦ μὴ θαυμάζειν ἀκούοντας τοὺς Ῥωμαίους, ὡς καὶ πλείω χρόνον ἐπὶ τῶν αὐτῶν τόπων ποιεῖται τὴν διατριβήν· τότε δὲ καὶ μᾶλλον προσεποιεῖτο τὴν ἀρρωστίαν. ἀπεῖχε δὲ τῷ στρατοπέδῳ τριῶν ἡμερῶν ὁδὸν τοῦ Τάραντος. ἥκοντος δὲ τοῦ καιροῦ, παρεσκευακὼς ἔκ τε τῶν ἱππέων καὶ τῶν πεζῶν τοὺς διαφέροντας εὐκινησίᾳ καὶ τόλμῃ, περὶ μυρίους ὄντας τὸν ἀριθμόν, παρήγγειλε τεττάρων ἡμερῶν ἔχειν ἐφόδια. ποιησάμενος δὲ τὴν ἀναζυγὴν ὑπὸ τὴν ἑωθινὴν ἐχρῆτο τῇ πορείᾳ συντόνως. τῶν δὲ Νομαδικῶν ἱππέων εἰς ὀγδοήκοντα προχειρισάμενος ἐκέλευε προπορεύεσθαι τῆς δυνάμεως εἰς τριάκοντα σταδίους καὶ τοὺς παρὰ τὴν ὁδὸν τόπους ἐξ ἑκατέρου τοῦ μέρους ἐπιτρέχειν, ἵνα μηδεὶς κατοπτεύσῃ τὴν ὅλην δύναμιν, ἀλλʼ οἱ μὲν ὑποχείριοι γίνοιντο τῶν διεμπιπτόντων, οἱ δὲ διαφυγόντες ἀναγγέλλοιεν εἰς τὴν πόλιν, ὡς ἐπιδρομῆς οὔσης ἐκ τῶν Νομάδων. ἀποσχόντων δὲ τῶν Νομάδων ὡς ἑκατὸν εἴκοσι σταδίους, ἐδειπνοποιήσατο παρά τινα δυσσύνοπτον καὶ φαραγγώδη ποταμόν. καὶ συναθροίσας τοὺς ἡγεμόνας κυρίως μὲν οὐ διεσάφει τὴν ἐπιβολήν, ἁπλῶς δὲ παρεκάλει πρῶτον μὲν ἄνδρας ἀγαθοὺς γίνεσθαι πάντας, ὡς οὐδέποτε μειζόνων αὐτοῖς ἄθλων ὑποκειμένων, δεύτερον δὲ συνέχειν ἕκαστον τῇ πορείᾳ τοὺς ὑφʼ αὑτὸν ταττομένους καὶ πικρῶς ἐπιτιμᾶν τοῖς καθόλου παρεκβαίνουσιν ἐκ τῆς ἰδίας τάξεως, τελευταῖον δὲ προσέχειν τὸν νοῦν τοῖς παραγγελλομένοις καὶ μηδὲν ἰδιοπραγεῖν πάρεξ τῶν προσταττομένων. ταῦτʼ εἰπὼν καὶ διαφεὶς τοὺς ἡγεμόνας ἐκίνει τὴν πρωτοπορείαν, κνέφατος ἄρτι γενομένου, σπουδάζων συνάψαι τῷ τείχει περὶ μέσας νύκτας, καθηγεμόνα τὸν Φιλήμενον ἔχων καὶ παρεσκευακὼς ὗν ἄγριον αὐτῷ πρὸς τὴν διατεταγμένην χρείαν.
27. On their next expedition, which they conducted in the same way as the first, they interchanged pledges of fidelity with Hannibal on the following conditions: “He was to set the Tarentines free; and the Carthaginians were neither to exact tribute of any sort from them, nor impose any burden upon them; but the houses and lodgings occupied by Romans should, on their taking possession of the town, be given up to the Carthaginians to plunder.” They also arranged on a watch-word at which the sentries were to admit them without delay into the camp whenever they came. After making these arrangements, they got the opportunity of often having interviews with Hannibal: sometimes pretending to be going out of the town on a foray, and sometimes on a hunting expedition. Everything having thus been put in train, the greater part of the conspirators waited for the proper occasions for acting, while they assigned to Philemenus the part of leader of their hunting excursions; for, owing to his excessive taste for that amusement, he had the reputation of thinking hunting the most important thing in life. Accordingly they left it to him, first to win the favour of Gaius Livius the commander of the town by presents of game, and then that of the guards of the gate-tower which protected what were called the Temenid gates. Philemenus undertook the task: and partly by what he caught himself, and partly with what Hannibal supplied, always managed to bring in some game; which he divided between Livius and the guards of the gate, to induce them to be always ready to open the wicket to him. For he generally went and returned from his expeditions after nightfall, under the pretext of being afraid of the enemy, but really with a view of preparing for the plot. When Philemenus then had managed to make it a regular arranged thing with the picket at the gate, that the guards should have no hesitation; but that, whenever he came under the wall and whistled, they should open the wicket to him; he waited for a day on which the Roman commander of the town was engaged to be present at a large party, meeting early in the Musaeum, which is near the agora, and agreed with Hannibal to carry out their plot on that day.
27. τῷ δὲ Γαΐῳ τῷ Λιβίῳ, γενομένῳ μετὰ τῶν συνήθων ἀφʼ ἡμέρας ἐν τῷ Μουσείῳ κατὰ τὴν τῶν νεανίσκων πρόληψιν, καὶ σχεδὸν ἤδη τοῦ πότου τὴν ἀκμαιοτάτην ἔχοντος διάθεσιν, προσαγγέλλεται περὶ δυσμὰς ἡλίου τοὺς Νομάδας ἐπιτρέχειν τὴν χώραν. ὁ δὲ πρὸς μὲν αὐτὸ τοῦτο διενοήθη, καὶ καλέσας τινὰς τῶν ἡγεμόνων συνέταξε τοὺς μὲν ἡμίσεις τῶν ἱππέων ἐξελθόντας ὑπὸ τὴν ἑωθινὴν κωλῦσαι τοὺς κακοποιοῦντας τὴν χώραν τῶν πολεμίων, τῆς γε μὴν ὅλης πράξεως διὰ ταῦτα καὶ μᾶλλον ἀνύποπτος ἦν. οἱ δὲ περὶ τὸν Νίκωνα καὶ Τραγίσκον, ἅμα τῷ σκότος γενέσθαι συναθροισθέντες ἐν τῇ πόλει πάντες, ἐτήρουν τὴν ἐπάνοδον τῶν περὶ τὸν Λίβιον. τῶν δὲ ταχέως ἐξαναστάντων διὰ τὸ γεγονέναι τὸν πότον ἀφʼ ἡμέρας, οἱ μὲν ἄλλοι πρός τινα τόπον ἀποστάντες ἔμενον, τινὲς δὲ τῶν νεανίσκων ἀπήντων τοῖς περὶ τὸν Γάιον, διακεχυμένοι καί τι καὶ προσπαίζοντες ἀλλήλοις, ὡς ἂν ὑποκρινόμενοι τοὺς ἐκ συνουσίας ἐπανάγοντας. ἔτι δὲ μᾶλλον ἠλλοιωμένων ὑπὸ τῆς μέθης τῶν περὶ τὸν Λίβιον, ἅμα τῷ συμμῖξαι γέλως ἐξ ἀμφοῖν ἦν καὶ παιδιὰ πρόχειρος. ἐπεὶ δὲ συνανακάμψαντες ἀποκατέστησαν αὐτὸν εἰς οἶκον, ὁ μὲν Γάιος ἀνεπαύετο μεθύων, ὡς εἰκός ἐστι τοὺς ἀφʼ ἡμέρας πίνοντας, οὐδὲν ἄτοπον οὐδὲ δυσχερὲς ἔχων ἐν τῇ διανοίᾳ, χαρᾶς δὲ πλήρης καὶ ῥᾳθυμίας. οἱ δὲ περὶ τὸν Νίκωνα καὶ Τραγίσκον ἐπεὶ συνέμιξαν τοῖς ἀπολελειμμένοις νεανίσκοις, διελόντες σφᾶς εἰς τρία μέρη παρεφύλαττον, διαλαβόντες τῆς ἀγορᾶς τὰς εὐκαιροτάτας εἰσβολάς, ἵνα μήτε τῶν ἔξωθεν προσπιπτόντων μηδὲν αὐτοὺς λανθάνῃ μήτε τῶν ἐν αὐτῇ τῇ πόλει γινομένων. ἐπέστησαν δὲ καὶ παρὰ τὴν οἰκίαν τοῦ Γαΐου, σαφῶς εἰδότες ὡς ἐὰν γίνηταί τις ὑπόνοια τοῦ μέλλοντος, ἐπὶ τὸν Λίβιον ἀνοισθήσεται πρῶτον, καὶ πᾶν τὸ πραττόμενον ἀπʼ ἐκείνου λήψεται τὴν ἀρχήν. ὡς δʼ αἱ μὲν ἀπὸ τῶν δείπνων ἐπάνοδοι καὶ συλλήβδην ὁ τοιοῦτος θόρυβος ἤδη παρῳχήκει, τῶν δὲ δημοτῶν ἡ πληθὺς κατακεκοίμητο, προύβαινε δὲ τὰ τῆς νυκτὸς καὶ τὰ τῆς ἐλπίδος ἀκέραια διέμενε, τότε συναθροισθέντες προῆγον ἐπὶ τὴν προκειμένην χρείαν.
28. For some time before this, Hannibal had given out that he was ill, to prevent the Romans wondering when they were told of his staying so long on the same ground; and he now made a greater pretence than ever of ill-health, and remained encamped three days’ march from Tarentum. But when the time was come, he got ready the most conspicuous for their speed and daring in his cavalry and infantry, to the number of about ten thousand, and gave orders that they should take provisions for four days. He started just before daybreak, and marched at full speed; having told off eighty Numidian horsemen to keep thirty stades ahead, and to scour the country on both sides of the road; so that no one might get a sight of the main body, but might either be taken prisoners by this advanced guard, or, if he escaped, might carry a report of it into the city as if it were merely a raid of Numidian horsemen. When the Numidians were about a hundred and twenty stades from the town, Hannibal halted his men for supper by the side of a river flowing through a deep gully, and offering excellent cover; and having summoned his officers, did not indeed tell them outright what the service was on which they were going, but simply exhorted them, first to show themselves brave men, as the prize awaiting them was the greatest they had ever had; and, secondly, that each should keep the men of his own company well together, and rebuke sharply all who left their own division on any pretext whatever; and, thirdly, to attend strictly to orders, and not attempt anything on their own account outside them. Dismissing the officers with these words, he got his troops on the march just after dark, being very anxious to reach the wall about midnight; having Philemenus to act as guide, and having got ready for him a wild-boar to enable him to sustain the part which he was to perform.
28. τὰ δὲ συγκείμενα τοῖς νεανίσκοις ἦν πρὸς τοὺς Καρχηδονίους· τὸν μὲν Ἀννίβαν ἔδει συνάψαντα τῇ πόλει κατὰ τὴν ἀπὸ τῆς μεσογαίου, πρὸς ἕω δὲ κειμένην πλευράν, ὡς ἐπὶ τὰς Τημενίδας προσαγορευομένας πύλας, ἀνάψαι πῦρ ἐπὶ τοῦ τάφου, τοῦ παρὰ μέν τισιν Ὑακίνθου προσαγορευομένου, παρὰ δέ τισιν Ἀπόλλωνος Ὑακίνθου, τοὺς δὲ περὶ τὸν Τραγίσκον, ὅταν ἴδωσι τοῦτο γινόμενον, ἔνδοθεν ἀντιπυρσεῦσαι. τούτου δὲ συντελεσθέντος, σβέσαι τὸ πῦρ ἔδει τοὺς περὶ τὸν Ἀννίβαν καὶ βάδην ποιεῖσθαι τὴν πορείαν ὡς ἐπὶ τὴν πύλην. ὧν διατεταγμένων, οἱ μὲν νεανίσκοι διαπορευθέντες τὸν οἰκούμενον τόπον τῆς πόλεως ἧκον ἐπὶ τοὺς τάφους. τὸ γὰρ πρὸς ἕω μέρος τῆς τῶν Ταραντίνων πόλεως μνημάτων ἐστὶ πλῆρες, διὰ τὸ τοὺς τελευτήσαντας ἔτι καὶ νῦν θάπτεσθαι παρʼ αὐτοῖς πάντας ἐντὸς τῶν τειχῶν κατά τι λόγιον ἀρχαῖον. φασὶ γὰρ χρῆσαι τὸν θεὸν τοῖς Ταραντίνοις ἄμεινον καὶ λῷον ἔσεσθαί σφισι ποιουμένοις τὴν οἴκησιν μετὰ τῶν πλειόνων. τοὺς δὲ νομίσαντας ἂν οἰκῆσʼ οὕτως ἄριστα κατὰ τὸν χρησμόν, εἰ καὶ τοὺς μετηλλαχότας ἐντὸς τοῦ τείχους ἔχοιεν, διὰ ταῦτα θάπτειν ἔτι καὶ νῦν τοὺς μεταλλάξαντας ἐντὸς τῶν πυλῶν. οὐ μὴν ἀλλʼ οἵ γε προειρημένοι παραγενόμενοι πρὸς τὸν τοῦ Πυθιονίκου τάφον ἐκαραδόκουν τὸ μέλλον. συνεγγισάντων δὲ τῶν περὶ τὸν Ἀννίβαν καὶ πραξάντων τὸ συνταχθέν, ἅμα τῷ τὸ πῦρ ἰδεῖν οἱ περὶ τὸν Νίκωνα καὶ Τραγίσκον ἀναθαρρήσαντες ταῖς ψυχαῖς καὶ τὸν παρʼ αὑτῶν πυρσὸν ἀναδείξαντες, ἐπεὶ τὸ παρʼ ἐκείνων πῦρ πάλιν ἑώρων ἀποσβεννύμενον, ὥρμησαν ἐπὶ τὴν πύλην μετὰ δρόμου καὶ σπουδῆς, βουλόμενοι φθάσαι φονεύσαντες τοὺς ἐπὶ τοῦ πυλῶνος τεταγμένους, διὰ τὸ συγκεῖσθαι [καὶ] σχολῇ καὶ βάδην ποιεῖσθαι τὴν πορείαν τοὺς Καρχηδονίους. εὐροήσαντος δὲ τοῦ πράγματος, καὶ προκαταληφθέντων τῶν φυλαττόντων, οἱ μὲν ἐφόνευον τούτους, οἱ δὲ διέκοπτον τοὺς μοχλούς. ταχὺ δὲ τῶν πυλῶν ἀνοιχθεισῶν, πρὸς τὸν δέοντα καιρὸν ἧκον οἱ περὶ τὸν Ἀννίβαν, κεχρημένοι τῇ πορείᾳ συμμέτρως, ὥστε μηδεμίαν ἐπίστασιν γενέσθαι παρʼ ὁδὸν ἐπὶ τὴν πόλιν.
29. About sunset news was brought to Gaius Livius, who had been with his friends in the Musaeum since early in the day, just when the drinking was at its height, that the Numidians were scouring the country. He therefore took measures for that and nothing more, calling some of his officers and bidding them take half the cavalry, and sally out to stop the progress of the enemy, who were devasting the country: but this only made him still more unsuspicious of the whole extent of the movement. Nicon, Tragiscus, and their confederates collected together at nightfall in the town and waited for the return of Livius and his friends. As these last rose from table somewhat early, because the banquet had begun before the usual time, the greater number of the conspirators retired to a certain spot and there remained; but some of the younger men went to meet Gaius, imitating by their disorderly procession and mutual jests a company returning from a carouse. As Livius and his company were even more flustered with drink, as soon as they met laughter and joking were readily excited on both sides. Finally, they turned and conducted Gaius to his house; where he went to bed full of wine, as might be expected after a party beginning so early in the day, without any anxiety or trouble in his thoughts, but full of cheerfulness and idle content. Then Nicon and Tragiscus rejoined their companions, and, dividing themselves into three companies, took up their positions at the most favourable points in the marketplace, to keep themselves fully acquainted with everything reported from outside the walls, or that happened within the city itself. They posted some also close to the house of Livius: being well aware that, if any suspicion of what was coming arose, it would be to him that the news would be first brought, and that from him every measure taken would originate. So when the noise of the returning guests, and every disturbance of the sort, had subsided, and the great bulk of the citizens was asleep; and now the night was advancing, and nothing had happened to dash their hopes, they collected together and proceeded to perform their part of the undertaking.
29. γενομένης δὲ τῆς εἰσόδου κατὰ τὴν πρόθεσιν ἀσφαλοῦς καὶ τελέως ἀθορύβου, δόξαντες ἠνύσθαι σφίσι τὸ πλεῖστον τῆς ἐπιβολῆς, λοιπὸν αὐτοὶ μὲν εὐθαρσῶς ἤδη προῆγον ἐπὶ τὴν ἀγορὰν κατὰ τὴν πλατεῖαν τὴν ἀπὸ τῆς Βαθείας ἀναφέρουσαν· τούς γε μὴν ἱππεῖς ἀπέλειπον ἐκτὸς τοῦ τείχους, ὄντας οὐκ ἐλάττους δισχιλίων, θέλοντες ἐφεδρείαν αὑτοῖς ὑπάρχειν ταύτην πρός τε τὰς ἔξωθεν ἐπιφανείας καὶ πρὸς τὰ παράλογα τῶν ἐν ταῖς τοιαύταις ἐπιβολαῖς συμβαινόντων. ἐγγίσαντες δὲ τοῖς περὶ τὴν ἀγορὰν τόποις τὴν μὲν δύναμιν ἐπέστησαν κατὰ πορείαν, αὐτοὶ δὲ καὶ τὸν Φιλήμενον ἐκαραδόκουν, δεδιότες πῶς σφίσι προχωρήσει καὶ τοῦτο τὸ μέρος τῆς ἐπιβολῆς. ὅτε γὰρ ἀνάψαντες τὸ πῦρ ἔμελλον πρὸς τὰς πύλας ὁρμᾶν, τότε καὶ τὸν Φιλήμενον, ἔχοντα τὸν ὗν ἐν φερέτρῳ καὶ Λίβυας ὡς εἰ χιλίους ἐξαπέστειλαν ἐπὶ τὴν παρακειμένην πύλην, βουλόμενοι κατὰ τὴν ἐξ ἀρχῆς πρόθεσιν μὴ ψιλῶς ἐκ μιᾶς ἐλπίδος ἐξηρτῆσθαι τὴν ἐπιβολὴν αὐτῶν, ἀλλʼ ἐκ πλειόνων. ὁ δὲ προειρημένος ἐγγίσας τῷ τείχει κατὰ τὸν ἐθισμὸν ἐπεὶ προσεσύριξε, παρῆν ὁ φύλαξ εὐθέως καταβαίνων πρὸς τὴν ῥινοπύλην. τοῦ δʼ εἰπόντος ἔξωθεν ἀνοίγειν ταχέως, ὅτι βαρύνονται· φέρουσι γὰρ ὗν ἄγριον· ἀσμένως ἀκούσας ὁ φύλαξ ἀνέῳξε μετὰ σπουδῆς, ἐλπίζων καὶ πρὸς αὑτόν τι διατείνειν τὴν εὐαγρίαν τῶν περὶ τὸν Φιλήμενον διὰ τὸ μερίτην ἀεὶ γίνεσθαι τῶν εἰσφερομένων. αὐτὸς μὲν οὖν ὁ προειρημένος τὴν πρώτην ἔχων χώραν τοῦ φορήματος εἰσῆλθε, καὶ σὺν αὐτῷ νομαδικὴν ἔχων διασκευὴν ἕτερος, ὡς εἷς τις ὢν τῶν ἀπὸ τῆς χώρας, μετὰ δὲ τοῦτον ἄλλοι δύο πάλιν οἱ φέροντες ἐκ τῶν ὄπισθεν τὸ θηρίον. ἐπεὶ δὲ τέτταρες ὄντες ἐντὸς ἐγένοντο τῆς ῥινοπύλης, τὸν μὲν ἀνοίξαντα θεώμενον ἀκάκως καὶ ψηλαφῶντα τὸν ὗν αὐτοῦ πατάξαντες ἀπέκτειναν, τοὺς δʼ ἑπομένους μὲν αὑτοῖς, προηγουμένους δὲ τῶν ἄλλων, Λίβυας, ὄντας εἰς τριάκοντα, σχολῇ καὶ μεθʼ ἡσυχίας παρῆκαν διὰ τῆς πυλίδος. γενομένου δὲ τούτου κατὰ τὸ συνεχὲς οἱ μὲν τοὺς μοχλοὺς διέκοπτον, οἱ δὲ τοὺς ἐπὶ τοῦ πυλῶνος ἐφόνευον, οἱ δὲ τοὺς ἔξω Λίβυας ἐκάλουν διὰ συνθημάτων. εἰσελθόντων δὲ καὶ τούτων ἀσφαλῶς, προῆγον ὡς ἐπὶ τὴν ἀγορὰν κατὰ τὸ συντεταγμένον. ἅμα δὲ τῷ συμμῖξαι καὶ τούτους, περιχαρὴς γενόμενος Ἀννίβας ἐπὶ τῷ κατὰ νοῦν αὐτῷ προχωρεῖν τὴν πρᾶξιν εἴχετο τῶν προκειμένων.
30. The arrangements between these young men and Hannibal were these. Hannibal was to arrive at the town by the inland road and on the eastern side near the Temenid gates; and when there, was to light a fire on the tomb, which some called the tomb of Hyacinthus, and others of Apollo: Tragiscus and his confederates, when they saw this, were to light an answering fire from within the walls. This done, Hannibal was to put out his fire and advance slowly towards the gate. In pursuance of these arrangements, the young men marched through the inhabited part of town and came to the tombs. For the eastern quarter of Tarentum is full of monuments, because those who die there are to this day all buried within the walls, in obedience to an ancient oracle. For it is said that the god delivered this answer to the Tarentines, “That it were better and more profitable for them if they made their dwelling with the majority”; and they thought therefore that they would be living in accordance with the oracle if they kept the departed within the walls. That is why to this day they bury inside the gates. The young men, then, having gone as far as the tomb of Pythionicus, waited to see what would happen. Presently Hannibal arrived and did as arranged: whereupon Nicon and Tragiscus with renewed courage displayed their beacon also; and, as soon as they saw the fire of the Carthaginians being put out, they ran to the gates as fast as they could go, wishing to get the picket at the gate tower killed before the Carthaginians arrived; as it had been agreed that they should advance leisurely and at a foot’s pace. Everything went smoothly: the guards were overpowered; and while some of the young men were engaged in killing them, others were cutting the bolts. The gates having been quickly thrown open, Hannibal arrived at the right moment, having so timed his march that he never had to stop on the way to the town at all.
30. ἀπομερίσας δὲ τῶν Κελτῶν εἰς δισχιλίους, καὶ διελὼν εἰς τρία μέρη τούτους, συνέστησε τῶν νεανίσκων δύο πρὸς ἕκαστον μέρος τῶν χειριζόντων τὴν πρᾶξιν. ἀκολούθως δὲ καὶ τῶν παρʼ αὑτοῦ τινας ἡγεμόνων συνεξαπέστειλε, προστάξας διαλαβεῖν τῶν εἰς τὴν ἀγορὰν φερουσῶν ὁδῶν τὰς εὐκαιροτάτας. ὅταν δὲ τοῦτο πράξωσι, τοῖς μὲν ἐγχωρίοις νεανίσκοις ἐξαιρεῖσθαι παρήγγειλε καὶ σῴζειν τοὺς ἐντυγχάνοντας τῶν πολιτῶν, ἀναβοῶντας ἐκ πολλοῦ μένειν κατὰ χώραν Ταραντίνους, ὡς ὑπαρχούσης αὐτοῖς τῆς ἀσφαλείας, τοῖς δὲ παρὰ τῶν Καρχηδονίων καὶ τῶν Κελτῶν ἡγεμόσι κτείνειν διεκελεύσατο τοὺς ἐντυγχάνοντας τῶν Ῥωμαίων. οὗτοι μὲν οὖν χωρισθέντες ἀλλήλων ἔπραττον μετὰ ταῦτα τὸ προσταχθέν. τῆς δὲ τῶν πολεμίων εἰσόδου καταφανοῦς ἤδη γενομένης τοῖς Ταραντίνοις, πλήρης ἡ πόλις κραυγῆς ἐγίνετο καὶ ταραχῆς παρηλλαγμένης. ὁ μὲν οὖν Γάϊος, προσπεσούσης αὐτῷ τῆς εἰσόδου τῶν πολεμίων, συννοήσας ἀδύνατον αὑτὸν ὄντα διὰ τὴν μέθην, εὐθέως ἐξελθὼν ἐκ τῆς οἰκίας μετὰ τῶν οἰκετῶν καὶ παραγενόμενος ἐπὶ τὴν πύλην τὴν φέρουσαν ἐπὶ τὸν λιμένα, καὶ μετὰ ταῦτα τοῦ φύλακος ἀνοίξαντος αὐτῷ τὴν ῥινοπύλην, διαδὺς ταύτῃ καὶ λαβόμενος ἀκατίου τῶν ὁρμούντων, ἐμβὰς μετὰ τῶν οἰκετῶν εἰς τὴν ἄκραν παρεκομίσθη. κατὰ δὲ τὸν καιρὸν τοῦτον οἱ περὶ τὸν Φιλήμενον, ἡτοιμασμένοι σάλπιγγας Ῥωμαϊκὰς καί τινας τῶν αὐταῖς χρῆσθαι δυναμένων διὰ τὴν συνήθειαν, στάντες ἐπὶ τὸ θέατρον ἐσήμαινον. τῶν δὲ Ῥωμαίων βοηθούντων ἐν τοῖς ὅπλοις κατὰ τὸν ἐθισμὸν εἰς τὴν ἄκραν, ἐχώρει τὸ πρᾶγμα κατὰ τὴν πρόθεσιν τοῖς Καρχηδονίοις· παραγενόμενοι γὰρ ταῖς πλατείαις ἀτάκτως καὶ σποράδην οἱ μὲν εἰς τοὺς Καρχηδονίους ἐνέπιπτον, οἱ δʼ εἰς τοὺς Κελτούς· καὶ δὴ τῷ τοιούτῳ τρόπῳ φονευομένων αὐτῶν πολύ τι πλῆθος διεφθάρη. τῆς δʼ ἡμέρας ἐπιφαινομένης οἱ μὲν Ταραντῖνοι τὴν ἡσυχίαν εἶχον κατὰ τὰς οἰκήσεις, οὐδέπω δυνάμενοι τάξασθαι τὸ συμβαῖνον. διὰ μὲν γὰρ τὴν σάλπιγγα καὶ τὸ μηδὲν ἀδίκημα γίνεσθαι μηδʼ ἁρπαγὴν κατὰ τὴν πόλιν, ἔδοξαν ἐξ αὐτῶν τῶν Ῥωμαίων εἶναι τὸ κίνημα. τὸ δὲ πολλοὺς αὐτῶν ὁρᾶν πεφονευμένους ἐν ταῖς πλατείαις, καί τινας τῶν Γαλατῶν θεωρεῖσθαι σκυλεύοντας τοὺς τῶν Ῥωμαίων νεκρούς, ὑπέτρεχέ τις ἔννοια τῆς τῶν Καρχηδονίων παρουσίας.
31. Having thus effected their intended entrance, without danger or any disturbance whatever, and thinking that the most important part of their undertaking was accomplished, the Carthaginians now began advancing boldly along the street leading up from what is called the Batheia or Deep Road. They left the cavalry however outside the walls, numbering as many as two thousand, intending them to act as a reserve both in case of any appearance of the enemy from without, and of any of those unforeseen casualities which do occur in such operations. But when they had come to the immediate neighbourhood of the market-place, they halted, and waited to see how the attempt of Philemenus would turn out: being anxious as to the success of this part of their plan as well as the other. For at the same moment that he lighted his fire, and was on the point of starting for the gates, Hannibal had despatched Philemenus also, with his boar on a litter, and a thousand Libyans, to the next gate; wishing, in accordance with his original design, not to depend solely on one chance, but to have several. When Philemenus, then, arrived at the wall and gave his customary signal by whistling, the sentry immediately appeared coming down to open the wicket; and when Philemenus told him from outside to open quickly because they had a great weight to carry, as they were bringing a wild boar, he made haste to open the wicket, expecting that some of the game which Philemenus was conveying would come his way, as he had always had a share of what was brought in. Thereupon Philemenus himself, being at the head of the litter, entered first; and with him another dressed like a shepherd, as though he were one of the country folk of those parts; and after him two others besides who were carrying the dead beast behind. But when the four had got inside the wicket, they struck and killed the man who opened it, as he was unsuspiciously examining and feeling the boar, and then let the men who were just behind them, and were in advance of the main body of Libyan horsemen, to the number of thirty, leisurely and quietly through. This having been accomplished without a hitch, some set about cutting the bolts, others were engaged in killing the picket on duty at the gate, and others in giving the signal to the Libyans still outside to come in. These having also effected their entrance in safety, they began making their way towards the market-place according to the arrangement. As soon as he was joined by this division also, in great delight at the successful progress of the operation, Hannibal proceeded to carry out the next step.
31. ἤδη δὲ τοῦ μὲν Ἀννίβου παρεμβεβληκότος τὴν δύναμιν εἰς τὴν ἀγοράν, τῶν δὲ Ῥωμαίων ἀποκεχωρηκότων εἰς τὴν ἄκραν διὰ τὸ προκατεσχῆσθαι φρουρᾷ ταύτην ὑπʼ αὐτῶν, ὄντος δὲ φωτὸς εἰλικρινοῦς, ὁ μὲν Ἀννίβας ἐκήρυττε τοὺς Ταραντίνους ἄνευ τῶν ὅπλων ἁθροίζεσθαι πάντας εἰς τὴν ἀγοράν, οἱ δὲ νεανίσκοι περιπορευόμενοι τὴν πόλιν ἐβόων ἐπὶ τὴν ἐλευθερίαν, καὶ παρεκάλουν θαρρεῖν, ὡς ὑπὲρ ἐκείνων παρόντας τοὺς Καρχηδονίους. ὅσοι μὲν οὖν τῶν Ταραντίνων προκατείχοντο τῇ πρὸς τοὺς Ῥωμαίους εὐνοίᾳ, γνόντες ἀπεχώρουν εἰς τὴν ἄκραν· οἱ δὲ λοιποὶ κατὰ τὸ κήρυγμα συνηθροίζοντο χωρὶς τῶν ὅπλων, πρὸς οὓς Ἀννίβας φιλανθρώπους διελέχθη λόγους. τῶν δὲ Ταραντίνων ὁμοθυμαδὸν ἐπισημηναμένων ἕκαστα τῶν λεγομένων διὰ τὸ παράδοξον τῆς ἐλπίδος, τότε μὲν διαφῆκε τοὺς πολλούς, συντάξας ἕκαστον εἰς τὴν ἰδίαν οἰκίαν ἐπανελθόντας μετὰ σπουδῆς ἐπὶ τὴν θύραν ἐπιγράψαι ΤΑΡΑΝΤΙΝΟΥ. τῷ δʼ ἐπὶ τὴν Ῥωμαϊκὴν κατάλυσιν ἐπιγράψαντι ταὐτὸ τοῦτο θάνατον ὥρισε τὴν ζημίαν. αὐτὸς δὲ διελὼν τοὺς ἐπιτηδειοτάτους τῶν ἐπὶ τῶν πραγμάτων ἐφῆκε διαρπάζειν τὰς τῶν Ῥωμαίων οἰκίας, σύνθημα δοὺς πολεμίας νομίζειν τὰς ἀνεπιγράφους, τοὺς δὲ λοιποὺς συνέχων ἐν τάξει τούτοις ἐφέδρους.
32. He told off two thousand of his Celts: and, having divided them into three companies, he assigned two of the young men who had managed the plot to each company; and sent with them also certain of his own officers, with orders to close up the several most convenient streets that led to the market-place. And when he had done this, he bade the young men of the town pick out and save those of their fellow-citizens whom they might chance to meet, by shouting out before they came up with them, “That Tarentines should remain where they were, as they were in no danger”; but he ordered both Carthaginian and Celtic officers to kill all the Romans they met. So these companies separated and proceeded to carry out their orders. But when the entrance of the enemy became known to the Tarentines, the city began to be full of shouting and extraordinary confusion. As for Gaius, when the enemy’s entrance was announced to him, being fully aware that his drunkenness had incapacitated him, he rushed straight out of the house with his servants, and having come to the gate leading to the harbour, and the sentinel having opened the wicket for him, he got through that way; and having seized one of the boats lying at anchor there, went on board it with his servants and arrived safely at the citadel. Meanwhile Philemenus had provided himself with some Roman bugles, and some men who were able to blow them, from being used to do so; and they stood in the theatre and sounded a call to arms. The Romans promptly rallying in arms, as was their custom at this sound, and directing their steps towards the citadel, everything happened exactly as the Carthaginians intended; for as the Roman soldiers came into the streets, without any order and in scattered groups, some of them came upon the Carthaginians and others upon the Celts; and by their being in this way put to the sword in detail, a very considerable number of them perished. But when day began to break, the Tarentines kept quietly in their houses, not yet being able to comprehend what was happening. For thanks to the bugle, and the absence of all outrage or plundering in the town, they thought that the movement arose from the Romans themselves. But the sight of many of the latter lying killed in the streets, and the spectacle of some Gauls openly stripping the Roman corpses, suggested a suspicion of the presence of the Carthaginians.
32. πολλῶν δὲ καὶ παντοδαπῶν κατασκευασμάτων ἁθροισθέντων ἐκ τῆς διαρπαγῆς, καὶ γενομένης ὠφελείας τοῖς Καρχηδονίοις ἀξίας τῶν προσδοκωμένων ἐλπίδων, τότε μὲν ἐπὶ τῶν ὅπλων ηὐλίσθησαν, εἰς δὲ τὴν ἐπιοῦσαν ἡμέραν Ἀννίβας συνεδρεύσας μετὰ τῶν Ταραντίνων ἔκρινε διατειχίσαι τὴν πόλιν ἀπὸ τῆς ἄκρας, ἵνα μηδεὶς ἔτι φόβος ἐπικάθηται τοῖς Ταραντίνοις ἀπὸ τῶν κατεχόντων τὴν ἀκρόπολιν Ῥωμαίων. πρῶτον μὲν οὖν ἐπεβάλετο προθέσθαι χάρακα παράλληλον τῷ τείχει τῆς ἀκροπόλεως καὶ τῇ πρὸ τούτου τάφρῳ. σαφῶς δὲ γινώσκων οὐκ ἐάσοντας τοὺς ὑπεναντίους, ἀλλʼ ἐναποδειξομένους τῇδέ πῃ τὴν αὑτῶν δύναμιν, ἡτοίμασε χεῖρας ἐπιτηδειοτάτας, νομίζων πρὸς τὸ μέλλον οὐδὲν ἀναγκαιότερον εἶναι τοῦ καταπλήξασθαι μὲν τοὺς Ῥωμαίους, εὐθαρσεῖς δὲ ποιῆσαι τοὺς Ταραντίνους. ἅμα δὲ τῷ τίθεσθαι τὸν πρῶτον χάρακα θρασέως τῶν Ῥωμαίων καὶ τετολμηκότως ἐπιχειρούντων τοῖς ὑπεναντίοις, βραχὺ συμμίξας Ἀννίβας καὶ τὰς ὁρμὰς τῶν προειρημένων ἐκκαλεσάμενος, ἐπεὶ προέπεσον οἱ πλείους ἐκτὸς τῆς τάφρου, δοὺς παράγγελμα τοῖς αὑτοῦ προσέβαλε τοῖς πολεμίοις. γενομένης δὲ τῆς μάχης ἰσχυρᾶς, ὡς ἂν ἐν βραχεῖ χώρῳ καὶ περιτετειχισμένῳ τῆς συμπλοκῆς ἐπιτελουμένης, τὸ πέρας ἐκβιασθέντες ἐτράπησαν οἱ Ῥωμαῖοι. καὶ πολλοὶ μὲν ἔπεσον ἐν χειρῶν νόμῳ, τὸ δὲ πλεῖον αὐτῶν μέρος ἀπωθούμενον καὶ συγκρημνιζόμενον ἐν τῇ τάφρῳ διεφθάρη.
33. Presently when Hannibal had marched his forces into the market-place, and the Romans had retired into the citadel, as having been previously secured by them with a garrison, and it had become broad daylight, the Carthaginian general caused a proclamation to be made to the Tarentines to assemble in full number in the market-place; while the young conspirators went meanwhile round the town talking loudly about liberty, and bidding everybody not to be afraid, for the Carthaginians had come to save them. Such of the Tarentines as held to their loyalty to Rome, upon learning the state of the case, went off to the citadel; but the rest came to the meeting, in obedience to the proclamation, without their arms: and to them Hannibal addressed a cordial speech. The Tarentines heartily cheered everything he said from joy at their unexpected safety; and he dismissed the crowd with an injunction to each man, to go with all speed to his own house, and write over the door, “A Tarentine’s”; but if any one wrote the same word on a house where a Roman was living, he declared the penalty to be death. He then personally told off the best men he had for the service, and sent them to plunder the houses of the Romans; giving them as their instructions to consider all houses which had no inscription as belonging to the enemy: the rest of his men he kept drawn up as a reserve.
33. τότε μὲν οὖν Ἀννίβας προβαλόμενος ἀσφαλῶς τὸν χάρακα τὴν ἡσυχίαν ἔσχε, τῆς ἐπιβολῆς αὐτῷ κατὰ νοῦν κεχωρηκυίας. τοὺς μὲν γὰρ ὑπεναντίους συγκλείσας ἠνάγκασε μένειν ἐντὸς τοῦ τείχους, δεδιότας οὐ μόνον περὶ σφῶν, ἀλλὰ καὶ περὶ τῆς ἄκρας, τοῖς δὲ πολιτικοῖς τοιοῦτο παρέστησε θάρσος ὥστε καὶ χωρὶς τῶν Καρχηδονίων ἱκανοὺς αὑτοὺς ὑπολαμβάνειν ἔσεσθαι τοῖς Ῥωμαίοις. μετὰ δὲ ταῦτα μικρὸν ἀπὸ τοῦ χάρακος ἀποστήσας ὡς πρὸς τὴν πόλιν, τάφρον ἐποίει παράλληλον τῷ χάρακι καὶ τῷ τῆς ἄκρας τείχει· παρʼ ἣν ἐκ μεταβολῆς ἐπὶ τὸ πρὸς τῇ πόλει χεῖλος τοῦ χοὸς ἀνασωρευομένου, προσέτι δὲ καὶ χάρακος ἐπʼ αὐτῆς τεθέντος, οὐ πολὺ καταδεεστέραν τείχους συνέβαινε τὴν ἀσφάλειαν ἐξ αὐτῆς ἀποτελεῖσθαι. παρὰ δὲ ταύτην ἐντὸς ἔτι πρὸς τὴν πόλιν ἀπολιπὼν σύμμετρον διάστημα τεῖχος ἐπεβάλετο κατασκευάζειν, ἀρξάμενος ἀπὸ τῆς Σωτείρας ἕως εἰς τὴν Βαθεῖαν προσαγορευομένην, ὥστε καὶ χωρὶς ἀνδρῶν τὰς διʼ αὐτῶν τῶν κατασκευασμάτων ὀχυρότητας ἱκανὰς εἶναι τοῖς Ταραντίνοις τὴν ἀσφάλειαν παρασκευάζειν. ἀπολιπὼν δὲ τοὺς ἱκανοὺς καὶ τοὺς ἐπιτηδείους πρὸς τὴν τῆς πόλεως φυλακὴν καὶ τὴν τοῦ τείχους παρεφεδρεύοντας ἱππεῖς κατεστρατοπέδευσε, περὶ τετταράκοντα σταδίους ἀποσχὼν τῆς πόλεως, παρὰ τὸν ποταμὸν τὸν παρὰ μέν τισι Γαλαῖσον, παρὰ δὲ τοῖς πλείστοις προσαγορευόμενον Εὐρώταν, ὃς ἔχει τὴν ἐπωνυμίαν ταύτην ἀπὸ τῆς τοῦ παρὰ Λακεδαίμονα ῥέοντος Εὐρώτα. πολλὰ δὲ τοιαῦτα κατὰ τὴν χώραν καὶ κατὰ τὴν πόλιν ὑπάρχει τοῖς Ταραντίνοις διὰ τὸ καὶ τὴν ἀποικίαν καὶ τὴν συγγένειαν ὁμολογουμένην αὐτοῖς εἶναι πρὸς Λακεδαιμονίους. ταχὺ δὲ τοῦ τείχους λαμβάνοντας τὴν συντέλειαν διά τε τὴν τῶν Ταραντίνων σπουδὴν καὶ προθυμίαν καὶ τὴν τῶν Καρχηδονίων συνεργίαν, μετὰ ταῦτα διενοήθη καὶ τὴν ἄκραν ἐξελεῖν Ἀννίβας.
34. A vast quantity of miscellaneous property having been got together by this plundering, and a booty fully answering the expectations of the Carthaginians, they bivouacked for that night under arms. But the next day, after consulting with the Tarentines, Hannibal decided to cut off the city from the citadel by a wall, that the Tarentines might not any longer be under continual alarm from the Romans in possession of the citadel. His first measure was to throw up a palisade, parallel to the wall of the citadel and to the trench in front of it. But as he very well knew that the enemy would not allow this tamely, but would make a demonstration of their power in that direction, he got ready for the work a number of his best hands, thinking that the first thing necessary was to overawe the Romans and give confidence to the Tarentines. But as soon as the first palisade was begun, the Romans began a bold and determined attack; whereupon Hannibal, offering just enough resistance to induce the rest to come out, as soon as the greater part of them had crossed the trench, gave the word of command to his men and charged the enemy. A desperate struggle ensued; for the fight took place in a narrow space surrounded by walls; but at last the Romans were forced to turn and fly. Many of them fell in the actual fighting, but the larger number were forced over the edge of the trench and were killed by the fall over its steep bank.
34. ἤδη δʼ ἐντελεῖς αὐτοῦ συνεσταμένου τὰς πρὸς τὴν πολιορκίαν παρασκευάς, παραπεσούσης ἐκ Μεταποντίου βοηθείας εἰς τὴν ἄκραν κατὰ θάλατταν, βραχύ τι ταῖς ψυχαῖς ἀναθαρρήσαντες οἱ Ῥωμαῖοι νυκτὸς ἐπέθεντο τοῖς ἔργοις, καὶ πάσας διέφθειραν τὰς τῶν ἔργων καὶ μηχανημάτων κατασκευάς. οὗ γενομένου τὸ μὲν πολιορκεῖν τὴν ἄκραν Ἀννίβας ἀπέγνω, τῆς δὲ τοῦ τείχους κατασκευῆς ἤδη τετελειωμένης, ἁθροίσας τοὺς Ταραντίνους ἀπεδείκνυε διότι κυριώτατόν ἐστι πρὸς τοὺς ἐνεστῶτας καιροὺς τὸ τῆς θαλάττης ἀντιλαμβάνεσθαι. κρατούσης γὰρ τῆς ἄκρας τῶν κατὰ τὸν εἴσπλουν τόπων, ὡς ἐπάνω προεῖπον, οἱ μὲν Ταραντῖνοι τὸ παράπαν οὐκ ἠδύναντο χρῆσθαι ταῖς ναυσὶν οὐδʼ ἐκπλεῖν ἐκ τοῦ λιμένος, τοῖς δὲ Ῥωμαίοις κατὰ θάλατταν ἀσφαλῶς παρεκομίζετο τὰ πρὸς τὴν χρείαν· οὗ συμβαίνοντος οὐδέποτε δυνατὸν ἦν βεβαίως ἐλευθερωθῆναι τὴν πόλιν. ἃ συνορῶν ὁ Ἀννίβας ἐδίδασκε τοὺς Ταραντίνους ὡς, ἐὰν ἀποκλεισθῶσι τῆς κατὰ θάλατταν ἐλπίδος οἱ τὴν ἄκραν τηροῦντες, παρὰ πόδας αὐτοὶ διʼ αὑτῶν εἴξαντες λείψουσι ταύτην καὶ παραδώσουσι τὸν τόπον. ὧν ἀκούοντες οἱ Ταραντῖνοι τοῖς μὲν λεγομένοις συγκατετίθεντο· ὅπως δʼ ἂν γένοιτο τοῦτο κατὰ τὸ παρόν, οὐδαμῶς ἐδύναντο συννοῆσαι, πλὴν εἰ παρὰ Καρχηδονίων ἐπιφανείη στόλος· τοῦτο δʼ ἦν κατὰ τοὺς τότε καιροὺς ἀδύνατον. διόπερ ἠδυνάτουν συμβαλεῖν ἐπὶ τί φερόμενος Ἀννίβας τοὺς περὶ τούτων πρὸς σφᾶς ποιεῖται λόγους. φήσαντος δʼ αὐτοῦ φανερὸν εἶναι χωρὶς Καρχηδονίων αὐτοὺς διʼ αὑτῶν ὅσον ἤδη κρατῆσαι τῆς θαλάττης, μᾶλλοι ἐκπλαγεῖς ἦσαν, οὐ δυνάμενοι τὴν ἐπίνοιαν αὐτοῦ συμβαλεῖν. ὁ δὲ συνεωρακὼς τὴν πλατεῖαν εὐδιακόσμητον οὖσαν τὴν ὑπάρχουσαν μὲν ἐντὸς τοῦ διατειχίσματος, φέρουσαν δὲ παρὰ τὸ διατείχισμʼ ἐκ τοῦ λιμένος εἰς τὴν ἔξω θάλατταν, ταύτῃ διενοεῖτο τὰς ναῦς ἐκ τοῦ λιμένος εἰς τὴν νότιον ὑπερβιβάζειν πλευράν. διόπερ ἅμα τῷ τὴν ἐπίνοιαν ἐπιδεῖξαι τοῖς Ταραντίνοις οὐ μόνον συγκατέθεντο τοῖς λεγομένοις, ἀλλὰ καὶ διαφερόντως ἐθαύμασαν τὸν ἄνδρα, καὶ διέλαβον ὡς οὐδὲν ἂν περιγένοιτο τῆς ἀγχινοίας τῆς ἐκείνου καὶ τόλμης. ταχὺ δὲ πορείων ὑποτρόχων κατασκευασθέντων, ἅμα τῷ λόγῳ τοὔργον εἰλήφει συντέλειαν, ἅτε προθυμίας καὶ πολυχειρίας ὁμοῦ τῇ προθέσει συνεργούσης. οἱ μὲν οὖν Ταραντῖνοι τοῦτον τὸν τρόπον ὑπερνεωλκήσαντες τὰς νῆας εἰς τὴν ἔξω θάλατταν, ἐπολιόρκουν ἀσφαλῶς τοὺς ἐκ τῆς ἄκρας, ἀφῃρημένοι τὰς ἔξωθεν αὐτῶν ἐπικουρίας. Ἀννίβας δὲ φυλακὴν ἀπολιπὼν τῆς πόλεως ἀνέζευξε μετὰ τῆς δυνάμεως, καὶ παρεγένετο τριταῖος ἐπὶ τὸν ἐξ ἀρχῆς χάρακα, καὶ τὸ λοιπὸν τοῦ χειμῶνος ἐνταῦθα διατρίβων ἔμενε κατὰ χώραν. [ξοδ. υρβ. φολ. 114 εχτρ. εχξ. αντ. π. 202.]
35. For the present Hannibal, after completing the palisade unmolested, was content to remain quiet, as his plan had succeeded to his wish; for he had shut in the enemy and compelled them to remain inside their wall, in terror for the safety of the citadel as well as for their own; while he had raised the courage of the citizens of Tarentum to such an extent, that they now imagined themselves to be a match for the Romans, even without the Carthaginians. A little later he made at a short distance from the palisade, in the direction of the town, a trench parallel to the palisade and the wall of the citadel; and the earth dug out from it having been piled up on the other side along the edge nearest the town, he erected another palisade on the top, thus making a fortification no less secure than the wall itself. Once more, at a moderate distance, nearer the city, he commenced building a wall, starting from the street called Soteira up to that called Batheia; so that, even without a garrison, the Tarentines were adequately protected by the mere constructions themselves. Then leaving a sufficient garrison, and enough cavalry to serve on outpost duty for the protection of the wall, he encamped along the bank of the river which is called by some the Galaesus, but by most people the Eurotas, after the river which flows past Sparta. The Tarentines have many such derived names, both in town and country, from the acknowledged fact of their being a colony from Sparta and connected by blood with the Lacedaemonians. As the wall quickly approached completion, owing to the activity and zeal of the Tarentines, and the vigorous co-operation of the Carthaginians, Hannibal next conceived the idea of taking the citadel also.
35. ὅτι Τιβέριος ὁ Ῥωμαίων στρατηγὸς λόχῳ ἐνεδρευθεὶς καὶ γενναίως ὑποστὰς σὺν τοῖς περὶ αὑτὸν τὸν βίον κατέστρεψεν. περὶ δὲ τῶν τοιούτων περιπετειῶν, πότερα χρὴ τοῖς πάσχουσιν ἐπιτιμᾶν ἢ συγγνώμην ἔχειν, καθόλου μὲν οὐκ ἀσφαλὲς ἀποφήνασθαι διὰ τὸ καὶ πλείους τὰ κατὰ λόγον πάντα πράξαντας, ὅμως ὑποχειρίους γεγονέναι τοῖς ἑτοίμως τὰ παρʼ ἀνθρώποις ὡρισμένα δίκαια παραβαίνουσιν· οὐ μὴν οὐδʼ αὐτόθεν ἀποστατέον τῆς ἀποφάσεως ἀργῶς, ἀλλὰ βλέποντα πρὸς τοὺς καιροὺς καὶ τὰς περιστάσεις οἷς μὲν ἐπιτιμητέον τῶν ἡγεμόνων, οἷς δὲ συγγνώμην δοτέον. ἔσται δὲ τὸ λεγόμενον δῆλον ἐκ τούτων. Ἀρχίδαμος ὁ τῶν Λακεδαιμονίων βασιλεὺς ὑπιδόμενος τὴν Κλεομένους φιλαρχίαν ἔφυγεν ἐκ τῆς Σπάρτης, μετʼ οὐ πολὺ δὲ πάλιν πεισθεὶς ἐνεχείρισεν αὑτὸν τῷ προειρημένῳ. τοιγαροῦν ἅμα τῆς ἀρχῆς καὶ τοῦ βίου στερηθεὶς οὐδʼ ἀπολογίαν αὑτῷ κατέλιπε πρὸς τοὺς ἐπιγινομένους· τῆς γὰρ ὑποθέσεως τῆς αὐτῆς μενούσης, τῆς δὲ Κλεομένους φιλαρχίας καὶ δυναστείας ἐπηυξημένης, ὁ τούτοις ἐγχειρίσας αὑτὸν οὓς φυγὼν πρότερον ἔτυχε παραδόξως τῆς σωτηρίας, πῶς οὐκ εὐλόγως ἔμελλε τοῖς προειρημένοις ἐγκυρήσειν; καὶ μὴν Πελοπίδας ὁ Θηβαῖος, εἰδὼς τὴν Ἀλεξάνδρου τοῦ τυράννου παρανομίαν καὶ σαφῶς γινώσκων ὅτι πᾶς τύραννος πολεμιωτάτους αὑτῷ νομίζει τοὺς τῆς ἐλευθερίας προεστῶτας, αὐτὸς οὐ μόνον τῆς Θηβαίων ἀλλὰ καὶ τῆς τῶν Ἑλλήνων δημοκρατίας ἔπειθεν Ἐπαμινώνδαν προεστάναι, καὶ παρὼν εἰς Θετταλίαν πολέμιος ἐπὶ καταλύσει τῆς Ἀλεξάνδρου μοναρχίας πρεσβεύειν πρὸς τοῦτον ὑπέμεινε δεύτερον. τοιγαροῦν γενόμενος ὑποχείριος τοῖς ἐχθροῖς ἔβλαψε μὲν Θηβαίους μεγάλα, κατέλυσε δὲ τὴν αὑτῷ προγεγενημένην δόξαν, εἰκῇ καὶ ἀκρίτως πιστεύσας οἷς ἥκιστʼ ἐχρῆν. παραπλήσια δὲ τούτοις καὶ Γνάϊος ὁ Ῥωμαίων στρατηγὸς ἔπαθε κατὰ τὸν Σικελικὸν πόλεμον, ἀλόγως αὑτὸν ἐγχειρίσας τοῖς πολεμίοις· ὁμοίως δὲ καὶ πλείους ἕτεροι.
36. But when he had already completed the preparation of the necessary engines for the assault, the Romans received some slight encouragement on a reinforcement throwing itself into the citadel by sea from Metapontium; and consequently they sallied out by night and attacked the works, and destroyed all Hannibal’s apparatus and engines. After this Hannibal abandoned the idea of a storm: but as the new wall was now completed, he summoned a meeting of the Tarentines and pointed out to them that the most imperative necessity, in view of the present state of things, was to get command of the sea. For as the citadel commanded the entrance to the harbour, the Tarentines could not use their ships nor sail out of it; while the Romans could get supplies conveyed to them by sea without danger: and as long as that was the case, it was impossible that the city should have any security for its freedom. Hannibal saw this clearly, and explained to the Tarentines that, if the enemy on the citadel were deprived of hope of succour by sea, they would at once give way, and abandon it of their own accord, without attempting to defend the place. The Tarentines were fully convinced by his words: but how it was to be brought about in the present state of affairs they could form no idea, unless a fleet should appear from Carthage; which at that time of the year was impossible. They therefore said that they could not understand what Hannibal was aiming at in these remarks to them. When he replied that it was plain that, even without the Carthaginians, they were all but in command of the sea, they were still more puzzled, and could not guess his meaning. The truth was that Hannibal had noticed that the broad street, which was at once within the wall separating the town from the citadel, and led from the harbour into the open sea, was well suited for the purpose; and he had conceived the idea of dragging the ships out of the harbour to the sea on the southern side of the town. Upon his disclosing his idea to the Tarentines, they not only expressed their agreement with the proposal, but the greatest admiration for himself; and made up their minds that there was nothing which his acuteness and daring could not accomplish. Trucks on wheels were quickly constructed: and it was scarcely sooner said than done, owing to the zeal of the people and the numbers who helped to work at it. In this way the Tarentines dragged their ships across into the open sea, and were enabled without danger to themselves to blockade the Romans on the citadel, having deprived them of their supplies from without. But Hannibal himself, leaving a garrison for the city, started with his army, and returned in a three day’s march to his original camp; and there remained without further movements for the rest of the winter....
36. διὸ καὶ τοῖς μὲν ἀσκέπτως ἑαυτοὺς ἐγχειρίζουσι τοῖς ὑπεναντίοις ἐπιτιμητέον, τοῖς δὲ τὴν ἐνδεχομένην πρόνοιαν ποιουμένοις οὐκ ἐγκλητέον· τὸ μὲν γὰρ μηδενὶ πιστεύειν εἰς τέλος ἄπρακτον, τὸ δὲ λαβόντα τὰς ἐνδεχομένας πίστεις πράττειν τὸ κατὰ λόγον ἀνεπιτίμητον. εἰσὶ δʼ ἐνδεχόμεναι πίστεις ὅρκοι, τέκνα, γυναῖκες, τὸ μέγιστον ὁ προγεγονὼς βίος. ᾗ καὶ τὸ διὰ τῶν τοιούτων ἀλογηθῆναι καὶ περιπεσεῖν οὐ τῶν πασχόντων, ἀλλὰ τῶν πραξάντων ἐστὶν ἔγκλημα. διὸ καὶ μάλιστα μὲν τοιαύτας ζητεῖν πίστεις δεῖ, διʼ ὧν ὁ πιστευθεὶς οὐ δυνήσεται τὴν πίστιν ἀθετεῖν. ἐπεὶ δὲ σπάνιον εὑρεῖν ἐστι τὸ τοιοῦτο, δεύτερος ἂν εἴη πλοῦς τὸ τῶν κατὰ λόγον φροντίζειν, ἵνʼ ἄν του καὶ σφαλλώμεθα, τῆς παρὰ τοῖς ἐκτὸς συγγνώμης μὴ διαμαρτάνωμεν. ὃ καὶ περὶ πλείους μὲν δὴ γεγένηται τῶν πρότερον· ἐναργέστατον δʼ ἔσται καὶ τοῖς καιροῖς ἔγγιστον τοῖς ὑπὲρ ὧν ὁ νῦν δὴ λόγος ἐνέστηκε τὸ κατʼ Ἀχαιὸν συμβάν. ὃς οὐδὲν τῶν ἐνδεχομένων πρὸς εὐλάβειαν καὶ πρὸς ἀσφάλειαν παραλιπών, ἀλλʼ ὑπὲρ ἁπάντων προνοηθείς, ἐφʼ ὅσον ἀνθρωπίνῃ γνώμῃ δυνατὸν ἦν, ὅμως ἐγένετο τοῖς ἐχθροῖς ὑποχείριος. τό γε μὴν συμβὰν ἔλεον μὲν τῷ παθόντι καὶ συγγνώμην ἀπειργάσατο παρὰ τοῖς ἐκτός, διαβολὴν δὲ καὶ μῖσος τοῖς πράξασιν. [Ὅτι Τιβέριος — συγγνώμην ἔχειν, κα 376, 2 ποστ θυαε περιιτ φολιυμ· εχξ. ϝατ. π. 374 μ. 26, 29 η, περὶ δὲ τῶν 375, 31 υσθυε αδ φινεμ ξοδ. υρβ. φολ. 101 εχξ. αντ. π. 196.]
37. He counted the layers; for as the tower had been built of regular layers of stone, it was very easy to reckon the height of the battlements from the ground.... Some days afterwards on information being given by a deserter that the Syracusans had been engaged in a public sacrifice to Artemis for the last three days; and that they were using very scanty food in the festival though plenty of wine, both Epicydes and certain Syracusans having given a large supply; Marcus Marcellus selected a part of the wall somewhat lower than the rest, and thinking it probable that the men were drunk, owing to the license of the hour, and the short supply of food with their wine, he determined to attempt an escalade. Two ladders of the proper height for the wall having been quickly made, he pressed on the undertaking. He spoke openly to those who were fit to make the ascent and to face the first and most conspicuous risk, holding out to them brilliant prospects of reward. He also picked out some men to give them necessary help and bring ladders, without telling them anything except to bid them be ready to obey orders. His directions having been accurately obeyed, at the proper time in the night he put the first men in motion, sending with them the men with the ladders together with a maniple and a tribune, and having first reminded them of the rewards awaiting them if they behaved with gallantry. After this he got his whole force ready to start; and despatching the vanguard by maniples at intervals, when a thousand had been massed in this way, after a short pause, he marched himself with the main body. The men carrying the ladders having succeeded in safely placing them against the wall, those who had been told off to make the ascent mounted at once without hesitation. Having accomplished this without being observed, and having got a firm footing on the top of the wall, the rest began to mount by the ladders also, not in any fixed order, but as best they could. At first as they made their way upon the wall they found no one to oppose them, for the guards of the several towers, owing to it being a time of public sacrifice, were either still drinking or were gone to sleep again in a state of drunkenness. Consequently of the first and second companies of guards, which they came upon, they killed the greater number before they knew that they were being attacked. And when they came near Hexapyli, they descended from the wall, and forced open the first postern they came to which was let into the wall, through which they admitted the general and the rest of the army. This is the way in which the Romans took Syracuse.... None of the citizens knew what was happening because of the distance; for the town is a very large one.... But the Romans were rendered very confident by their conquest of Epipolae....
37. ἐξηριθμήσατο τοὺς δόμους· ἦν γὰρ ὁ πύργος ἐκ συννόμων λίθων ᾠκοδομημένος, ὥστε καὶ λίαν εὐσυλλόγιστον εἶναι τὴν ἀπὸ γῆς τῶν ἐπάλξεων ἀπόστασιν. [συιδας ϝ. Συννόμων. ϝ. λιϝ. χχϝ, 23, 10.] μετὰ δέ τινας ἡμέρας αὐτομόλου διασαφήσαντος ὅτι θυσίαν ἄγουσι πάνδημον οἱ κατὰ τὴν πόλιν ἐφʼ ἡμέρας ἤδη τρεῖς Ἀρτέμιδι καὶ τοῖς μὲν σιτίοις λιτοῖς χρῶνται διὰ τὴν σπάνιν, τῷ δʼ οἴνῳ δαψιλεῖ, πολὺν μὲν Ἐπικύδους δεδωκότος πολὺν δὲ Συρακοσίων, τότε προσαναλαβὼν ὁ Μάρκος τὸ τεῖχος καθʼ ὃ μέρος ἦν ταπεινότερον καὶ νομίσας εἰκὸς εἶναι τοὺς ἀνθρώπους μεθύειν διὰ τὴν ἄνεσιν καὶ τὴν ἔνδειαν τῆς ξηρᾶς τροφῆς ἐπεβάλετο καταπειράζειν τῆς ἐλπίδος. ταχὺ δὲ κλιμάκων δυεῖν συντεθεισῶν εὐαρμόστων πρὸς τὸ τεῖχος, ἐγένετο περὶ τὰ συνεχῆ τῆς πράξεως καὶ τοῖς μὲν ἐπιτηδείοις πρὸς τὴν ἀνάβασιν καὶ τὸν ἐπιφανέστατον καὶ πρῶτον κίνδυνον ἐκοινολογεῖτο, περὶ τοῦ μέλλοντος μεγάλας ἐλπίδας αὐτοῖς ἐνδιδούς. τοὺς δὲ τούτοις ὑπουργήσοντας καὶ προσοίσοντας κλίμακας ἐξέλεξε διασαφῶν οὐδὲν πλὴν ἑτοίμους εἶναι πρὸς τὸ παραγγελλόμενον. πειθαρχησάντων δὲ κατὰ τὸ συνταχθὲν λαβὼν τὸν ἁρμόζοντα καιρὸν νυκτὸς ἤγειρε τοὺς πρώτους· προπέμψας δὲ τοὺς ἅμα ταῖς κλίμαξι μετὰ σημαίας καὶ χιλιάρχου καὶ προσαναμνήσας τῶν ἐσομένων δωρεῶν τοῖς ἀνδραγαθήσασι, μετὰ δὲ ταῦτα πᾶσαν τὴν δύναμιν ἐξεγείρας τοὺς μὲν πρώτους ἐν διαστήματι κατὰ σημαίαν ἐξαποστέλλει· γενομένων δὲ τούτων εἰς χιλίους βραχὺ διαλιπὼν αὐτὸς εἵπετο μετὰ τῆς ἄλλης στρατιᾶς. ἐπεὶ δʼ οἱ φέροντες τὰς κλίμακας ἔλαθον ἀσφαλῶς τῷ τείχει προσερείσαντες, ἐξ αὐτῆς ὥρμησαν ἀπροφασίστως οἱ πρὸς τὴν ἀνάβασιν ἀποτεταγμένοι. λαθόντων δὲ καὶ τούτων καὶ στάντων ἐπὶ τοῦ τείχους βεβαίως, οὐκέτι κατὰ τὴν ἐξ ἀρχῆς τάξιν, ἀλλὰ κατὰ δύναμιν ἅπαντες ἀνέθεον διὰ τῶν κλιμάκων. κατὰ μὲν οὖν τὰς ἀρχὰς ἐπιπορευόμενοι τὴν ἐφοδείαν ἔρημον εὕρισκον· οἱ γὰρ εἰς τοὺς πύργους ἡθροισμένοι διὰ τὴν θυσίαν οἱ μὲν ἀκμὴν ἔπινον, οἱ δʼ ἐκοιμῶντο πάλαι μεθυσκόμενοι. διὸ καὶ τοῖς μὲν πρώτοις καὶ τοῖς ἑξῆς ἐπιστάντες ἄφνω καὶ μεθʼ ἡσυχίας ἔλαθον τοὺς πλείστους αὐτῶν ἀποκτείναντες. ἐπειδὴ δὲ τοῖς Ἑξαπύλοις ἤγγιζον καταβαίνοντες, ἐνῳκοδομημένην τὴν πρώτην πυλίδα διεῖλον, διʼ ἧς τόν τε στρατηγὸν καὶ τὸ λοιπὸν ἐδέξαντο στράτευμα. οὕτω δὴ τὰς Συρακούσας εἷλον Ῥωμαῖοι. [ξοδ. ωεσξηερι φολ. 100 ϝ. 341, 9 σς.] οὐδενὸς ἐπεγνωκότος τῶν πολιτῶν τὸ συμβαῖνον διὰ τὴν ἀπόστασιν, ἅτε μεγάλης οὔσης τῆς πόλεως. [συιδας ϝ. Ἀπόστασις. ϝ. λιϝ. χχϝ, 24, 6.] τοὺς δὲ Ῥωμαίους θαρρεῖν συνέβαινε, κρατοῦντας τοῦ περὶ τὰς Ἐπιπολὰς τόπου. [συιδας ϝ. Ἐπιπολάς. ϝ. λιϝ. χχϝ, 24, 9.]
38. He gave orders that the infantry should take the beasts of burden along with the baggage tied upon them from the rear and range them in front of themselves. This produced a defence of greater security than any palisade.... So entirely unable are the majority of mankind to submit to that lightest of all burdens—-silence.... Anything in the future seems preferable to what exists in the present....
38. σὺν γὰρ τοῖς ἐπιδεδεμένοις φορτίοις τὰ κανθήλια λαβόντας ἐκ τῶν ὄπισθεν προθέσθαι πρὸ αὑτῶν ἐκέλευσε τοὺς πεζούς. οὗ γενομένου συνέβη παρὰ πάντας χάρακας ἀσφαλέστατον γενέσθαι τὸ πρόβλημα. [συιδας ϝ. Κανθήλιος. ϝ. λιϝ. χχϝ, 36, 7.] Ἄγκαρα, πόλις Ἰταλίας. τὸ ἐθνικὸν Ἀγκαράτης, ὡς Πολύβιος ὀγδόῃ. [στεπη. βψζ. π. 15, 7 μειν.] λοιπὸν τοῖς ἀδήλοις ἐλπίσι προσανέχων διὰ τὸ πρόδηλον τῆς τιμωρίας πᾶν ἔκρινεν ὑπομένειν. [εχξ. ϝατ. π. 374 μ. 26, 27 η.]