25. When a mutiny broke out among part of the troops in the Roman camp, Scipio, though he had now had a very adequate experience of the difficulties of administration, never felt himself more at a loss how to act or in greater embarrassment. And naturally so. For as in the case of the body, causes of mischief, such as cold, heat, fatigue, or wounds, may be avoided by precautions, or easily relieved when they occur; while those which arise from within the body itself, such as tumours or diseases, are difficult to foresee and difficult to relieve when they do exist, so it is, we must believe, with political and military administration. Against plots from without, and the attacks of enemies, the precautions to be taken and the measures for relief may readily be learned by those who pay the requisite attention; but to decide on the right method of resisting intestine factions, revolutions, and disturbances is difficult, and requires great tact and extreme acuteness; and, moreover, the observation of one maxim suitable in my opinion to all armies, states, and bodies alike, which is this: never in such cases to allow any lengthened idleness or repose, and least of all at a time of success and when provisions are abundant. Being, then, as I have all along said, a man eminently careful, acute, and prompt, Scipio summoned a meeting of the military tribunes and proposed a solution of the existing troubles as follows. He said that “he must promise the soldiers the settlement of their pay; and, in order to create a belief in his promise, he must now take public steps to exact with all speed the contributions which had been already imposed upon the cities for the support of the whole army, with the distinct understanding that the object of that measure was the settlement of the pay: and these same tribunes should return to the army and urge and entreat the men to abandon their rebellious spirit, and come to him to receive their pay, either singly or, if they preferred it, in a body. And when this was done he would consider, as circumstances arose, what measures it was necessary to take.”
25. καὶ τοῦτʼ ἔπασχε κατὰ λόγον· καθάπερ γὰρ ἐπὶ τῶν σωμάτων τὰς μὲν ἐκτὸς αἰτίας τοῦ βλάπτειν, λέγω δʼ οἷον ψύχους, καύματος, κόπου, τραυμάτων, καὶ πρὶν γίνεσθαι φυλάξασθαι δυνατὸν καὶ γενομέναις εὐμαρὲς βοηθῆσαι, τὰ δʼ ἐξ αὐτῶν τῶν σωμάτων γινόμενα φύματα καὶ νόσους δυσχερὲς μὲν προϊδέσθαι, δυσχερὲς δὲ γενομένοις βοηθεῖν, τὸν αὐτὸν δὴ τρόπον καὶ περὶ πολιτείας καὶ περὶ στρατοπέδων διαληπτέον. πρὸς μὲν γὰρ τὰς ἔξωθεν ἐπιβουλὰς καὶ πολέμους πρόχειρος ὁ τρόπος τῆς παρασκευῆς καὶ βοηθείας τοῖς ἐφιστάνουσι, πρὸς δὲ τὰς ἐν αὐτοῖς γενομένας ἀντιπολιτείας καὶ στάσεις καὶ ταραχὰς δύσχρηστος ἡ βοήθεια καὶ μεγάλης ἐπιδεξιότητος καὶ διαφερούσης ἀγχινοίας δεομένη· πλὴν ἑνὸς παραγγέλματος, ὃ πᾶσιν ἁρμόσει, δεῖ καὶ στρατοπέδοις καὶ πόλεσι καὶ σώμασιν, ὡς ἐμὴ δόξα. τοῦτο δʼ ἐστὶ τὸ μηδέποτʼ ἐᾶν ἐπὶ πολὺ ῥᾳθυμεῖν καὶ σχολάζειν περὶ μηδὲν τῶν προειρημένων, ἥκιστα δʼ ἐν ταῖς εὐροίαις τῶν πραγμάτων καὶ ἐν ταῖς δαψιλείαις τῶν ἐπιτηδείων. πλὴν ὅ γε Πόπλιος, ἅτε διαφερόντως ἐπιμελὴς ὤν, καθάπερ ἐξ ἀρχῆς εἶπον, ἔτι δʼ ἀγχίνους καὶ πρακτικός, συναθροίσας τοὺς χιλιάρχους τοιάνδε τινὰ τῶν ἐνεστώτων εἰσηγεῖτο λύσιν. ἔφη γὰρ δεῖν ἀναδέξασθαι τοῖς στρατιώταις τὴν τῶν ὀψωνίων ἀπόδοσιν· χάριν δὲ τοῦ πιστεύεσθαι τὴν ἐπαγγελίαν, τὰς ἐπιτεταγμένας εἰσφορὰς ταῖς πόλεσι πρότερον εἰς τὴν τοῦ παντὸς στρατοπέδου χορηγίαν ταύτας νῦν ἁθροίζειν ἐπιφανῶς καὶ μετὰ σπουδῆς, ὡς πρὸς τὴν διόρθωσιν τῶν ὀψωνίων γινομένης τῆς παρασκευῆς· τοὺς δὲ χιλιάρχους τοὺς αὐτοὺς πάλιν πορευθέντας ἀξιοῦν καὶ παρακαλεῖν μετατίθεσθαι τὴν ἄγνοιαν καὶ κομίζεσθαι τὰς σιταρχίας, παραγινομένους ὡς αὐτόν, ἄν τε κατὰ μέρη βούλωνται τοῦτο ποιεῖν ἄν θʼ ὁμοῦ πάντες. γενομένου δὲ τούτου τὸ λοιπὸν ἤδη παρʼ αὐτὸν τὸν καιρὸν ἔφη δεῖν βουλεύεσθαι τί δέον ἐστὶ πράττειν.
26. With this suggestion in their minds these officers deliberated on the means of raising money; and having communicated their decisions to Scipio, he said that he would now consult them on the next necessary step. They accordingly resolved that they would name a day on which all were to appear; and that then they would pardon the general body of the men, but severely punish the instigators of the mutiny, who were as many as thirty-five. The day having arrived, and the mutineers having appeared to make terms and receive their pay, Scipio gave secret instructions to the tribunes, who had been sent on the mission to them, to meet them; and, each of them selecting five of the ringleaders, to greet them with politeness and invite them, if possible, to their own tent, or, if they could not do that, to dinner or some such entertainment. But to the troops with him he sent round orders to have provisions for a considerable period ready in three days’ time, because they were to march against the deserter Andobales under Marcus Silanus. When they heard this the mutineers were much emboldened, because they imagined that they would have everything in their own hands, as the other troops would be gone by the time they joined the general.
26. οὗτοι μὲν οὖν ταῦτα διανοηθέντες ἐγίνοντο περὶ τὴν τῶν χρημάτων ἐπιμέλειαν·. … τῶν δὲ χιλιάρχων διασαφούντων τὰ δεδογμένα, γνοὺς ὁ Πόπλιος ἀνεκοινοῦτο τῷ συνεδρίῳ τί δέον ἐστὶ ποιεῖν. ἔδοξεν οὖν αὐτοῖς, ἡμέραν διασαφήσαντας εἰς ἣν δεήσει παρεῖναι, πρὸς μὲν τὸ πλῆθος διαλύεσθαι, τοὺς δʼ αἰτίους κολάζειν πικρῶς· οὗτοι δʼ ἦσαν εἰς πέντε καὶ τριάκοντα τὸν ἀριθμόν. τῆς δʼ ἡμέρας ἐπελθούσης, καὶ παραγενομένων τῶν ἀποστατῶν ἐπί τε τὰς διαλύσεις καὶ τὴν κομιδὴν τῶν ὀψωνίων, τοῖς μὲν χιλιάρχοις τοῖς πρεσβεύσασι συνέταξε διʼ ἀπορρήτων ὁ Πόπλιος ἀπαντᾶν τοῖς ἀποστάταις καὶ διελομένους ἕκαστον πέντε τῶν ἀρχηγῶν τῆς στάσεως εὐθέως κατὰ τὴν ἀπάντησιν φιλανθρωπεῖν καὶ καλεῖν ὡς αὑτούς, μάλιστα μὲν πρὸς κατασκήνωσιν· οἳ δʼ ἂν μὴ δύνωνται τοῦτο, πρός γε δεῖπνον καὶ τοιαύτην συνουσίαν. τῷ δὲ μεθʼ αὑτοῦ στρατοπέδῳ παρήγγειλε πρὸ ἡμερῶν τριῶν ἐφόδια παρεσκευάσθαι κατὰ πλείω χρόνον ὡς ἐπὶ τὸν Ἀνδοβάλην αὐτῶν μετὰ Μάρκου πορευομένων. ὃ καὶ θαρραλεωτέρους αὐτοὺς ἀκούσαντας ἐποίησε τοὺς ἀποστάτας· ἐν αὑτοῖς γὰρ ὑπέλαβον ἔσεσθαι τὴν πλείστην ἐξουσίαν, ἐπειδὰν συμμίξωσι τῷ στρατηγῷ τῶν ἄλλων στρατοπέδων κεχωρισμένων.
27. Upon the approach of the mutineers, Scipio gave orders to his army to march out the next morning at daybreak with their baggage. But he instructed the tribunes and praefects that, as soon as they met the mutineers, they should order their men to put down their baggage, and keep them under arms at the city gate; and then, placing a detachment at each of the gates, take good care that none of the mutineers should leave the city. The officers who had been sent to meet the men fell in with them on their arrival, and took the ringleaders with every appearance of civility to their own tents, in accordance with the arrangement that had been made. At the same time orders had been given to them to arrest the thirty-five immediately after dinner, and to keep them in fetters: without allowing any one in the tent to go out, except the messenger who was to inform the general from each of them that this had been accomplished. The tribunes having done as they were ordered, at daybreak next morning, seeing that the new arrivals were collected in the market-place, the general gave the signal for the assembly of the army. The signal was as usual promptly obeyed by all, for they were curious to see how the general would demean himself in their presence, and what he would say to them about the business in hand. As soon as they were come together, Scipio sent word to the tribunes to bring their soldiers under arms, and station them round the assembled men. He then came forward himself. His first appearance caused an immediate change of feeling. The soldiers supposed that he was still unwell, and when they suddenly saw him, contrary to all expectations, with all the appearance of full health and strength, they were struck with terror.
27. συνεγγιζόντων δʼ αὐτῶν τῇ πόλει, τοῖς μὲν ἄλλοις στρατιώταις εἰς τὴν ἐπαύριον ἅμα τῷ φωτὶ παρηγγέλλετο μετὰ τῆς παρασκευῆς ἐξάγειν, τοῖς δὲ χιλιάρχοις καὶ τοῖς ἐπάρχοις, ὅταν ἐκπορευομένοις μετὰ τοῦτο τὸ πρῶτον τὰς μὲν ἀποσκευὰς ἀποτιθέναι, τοὺς δὲ στρατιώτας κατέχειν ἐν τοῖς ὅπλοις ἐπὶ τῆς πύλης, κἄπειτα διελεῖν σφᾶς ἐφʼ ἑκάστην τῶν πυλῶν καὶ φροντίζειν ἵνα μηδεὶς ἐκπορεύηται τῶν ἀποστατῶν. οἱ δὲ πρὸς τὴν ἀπάντησιν ἀποτεταγμένοι, συμμίξαντες τοῖς παραγινομένοις πρὸς αὐτούς, ἀπῆγον μετὰ φιλανθρωπίας τοὺς ἐν ταῖς αἰτίαις κατὰ τὸ συντεταγμένον. τούτοις μὲν οὖν ὑπʼ αὐτὸν τὸν καιρὸν ἐρρήθη συλλαβεῖν τοὺς πέντε καὶ τριάκοντʼ ἄνδρας, ἐπειδὰν δειπνήσωσι, δήσαντάς τε τηρεῖν, μηδενὸς ἔτι τῶν ἔνδον ἐκπορευομένου πλὴν τοῦ διασαφήσοντος τῷ στρατηγῷ παρʼ ἑκάστου τὸ γεγονός. πραξάντων δὲ τῶν χιλιάρχων τὸ συνταχθέν, εἰς τὴν ἐπιοῦσαν ὁ στρατηγὸς ἅμα τῷ φωτὶ θεωρῶν τοὺς παραγινομένους ἡθροισμένους εἰς τὴν ἀγοράν, συνεκάλει τὴν ἐκκλησίαν. πάντων δὲ συντρεχόντων κατὰ τὸν ἐθισμὸν ἅμα τῷ σημῆναι, καὶ μετεώρων ὄντων ταῖς διανοίαις οἷόν ποτʼ ὄψονται τὸν στρατηγὸν καὶ τί ποτʼ ἀκούσονται περὶ τῶν ἐνεστώτων, πρὸς μὲν τοὺς ἐπὶ τῶν πυλῶν χιλιάρχους ὁ Πόπλιος διεπέμψατο, κελεύων αὐτοὺς ἄγειν τοὺς στρατιώτας ἐν τοῖς ὅπλοις καὶ περιστῆναι τὴν ἐκκλησίαν, αὐτὸς δὲ προπορευθεὶς ἐξέστησε ταῖς διανοίαις πάντας εὐθέως κατὰ τὴν πρώτην φαντασίαν· ἔτι γὰρ ὑπολαμβάνοντες αὐτὸν ἀσθενῶς ἔχειν οἱ πολλοί, κἄπειτα παρὰ τὴν προσδοκίαν αἰφνιδίως ἐρρωμένον θεασάμενοι κατὰ τὴν ἐπίφασιν κατεπλάγησαν.
28. He began his speech by saying that he wondered what their grievances were, or what they looked for forward that induced them to mutiny. For that there were three motives only on which men usually venture to rebel against their country and their commanders,—discontent and anger with their officers; dissatisfaction with their present position; or, lastly, hopes of something better and more glorious. “Now, I ask you,” he continued, “which of these can you allege? It is with me, I presume, that you are dissatisfied, because I did not pay you your wages. But this cannot be laid to my charge; for while I was in office your pay was never short. The fault then may lie with Rome that the accumulated arrears have not been settled. Which was your proper course then in that case? To have brought forward your complaint thus, as rebels and enemies to the country that nurtured you, or to have come personally to me and stated your case, and to have begged your friends to support and help you? The latter would have been the better plan in my opinion. In those who serve others for pay it is sometimes pardonable to revolt against their paymasters; but in the case of those who are fighting for themselves, for their own wives and children, it can in no circumstances be conceded. It is just as though, on the plea of being wronged in money matters by his own father, a man were to come in arms to slay him from whom he received his own life. Or perhaps you may allege that I imposed greater hardships and dangers on you than on the others, and gave the rest more than their share of profits and booty. But you can neither venture to say this, nor, if you did venture, could you prove it. What then is your grievance against me at this moment, I should like to ask, that you have mutinied? I believe that not one of you will be able to express or even conceive it.”
28. οὐ μὴν ἀλλʼ οὕτω πως ἤρξατο τῶν λόγων. ἔφη γὰρ θαυμάζειν τίνι δυσαρεστήσαντες ἢ ποίαις ἐλπίσιν ἐπαρθέντες ἐπεβάλοντο ποιεῖσθαι τὴν ἀπόστασιν. τρεῖς γὰρ αἰτίας εἶναι, διʼ ἃς τολμῶσι στασιάζειν ἄνθρωποι πρὸς πατρίδα καὶ τοὺς ἡγουμένους, ὅταν τοῖς προεστῶσι μέμφωνταί τι καὶ δυσχεραίνωσιν, ἢ τοῖς ὑποκειμένοις πράγμασι δυσαρεστῶσιν, ἢ καὶ νὴ Δία μειζόνων ὀρεχθῶσι καὶ καλλιόνων ἐλπίδων. "ἐρωτῶ δὲ τί τούτων ὑμῖν ὑπῆρξεν; ἐμοὶ δῆλον ὅτι δυσηρεστήσασθε, διότι τὰς σιταρχίας ὑμῖν οὐκ ἀπεδίδουν· ἀλλὰ τοῦτʼ ἐμὸν μὲν οὐκ ἦν ἔγκλημα· κατὰ γὰρ τὴν ἐμὴν ἀρχὴν οὐδὲν ὑμῖν ἐνέλειπε τῶν ὀψωνίων· εἰ δʼ ἄρʼ ἦν ἐκ τῆς Ῥώμης, διότι τὰ πάλαι προσοφειλόμενα νῦν οὐ διωρθοῦτο — πότερον οὖν ἐχρῆν ἀποστάτας γενομένους τῆς πατρίδος καὶ πολεμίους τῆς θρεψάσης οὕτως ἐγκαλεῖν ἢ παρόντας λέγειν μὲν περὶ τούτων πρὸς ἐμέ, παρακαλεῖν δὲ τοὺς φίλους συνεπιλαβέσθαι καὶ βοηθεῖν ὑμῖν; δοκῶ γάρ, ἦν τοῦτο βέλτιον. τοῖς μὲν γὰρ μισθοῦ παρά τισι στρατευομένοις ἔστιν ὅτε συγγνώμην δοτέον ἀφισταμένοις τῶν μισθοδοτῶν, τοῖς δʼ ὑπὲρ ἑαυτῶν πολεμοῦσι καὶ γυναικῶν ἰδίων καὶ τέκνων οὐδαμῶς συγχωρητέον· ἔστι γὰρ παραπλήσιον ὡς ἂν εἴ τις ὑπὸ γονέως ἰδίου φάσκων εἰς ἀργυρίου λόγον ἀδικεῖσθαι παρείη μετὰ τῶν ὅπλων, ἀποκτενῶν τοῦτον παρʼ οὗ τὸ ζῆν αὐτὸς ἔλαβε. νὴ Δίʼ ἀλλʼ ἐγὼ τὰς μὲν κακοπαθείας ὑμῖν καὶ τοὺς κινδύνους πλείους ἢ τοῖς ἄλλοις ἐπέταττον, τὰ δὲ λυσιτελῆ καὶ τὰς ὠφελείας ἑτέροις μᾶλλον ἐμέριζον· ἀλλʼ οὔτε τολμᾶτε τοῦτο λέγειν οὔτε τολμήσαντες δύναισθʼ ἂν ἀποδεῖξαι. τί οὖν ἐστιν, ἐφʼ ᾧ δυσαρεστούμενοι κατὰ τὸ παρὸν ἡμῖν τὰς ἀποστάσεις ἐποιήσασθε; τοῦτʼ ἤδη βούλομαι πυθέσθαι· δοκῶ μὲν γὰρ οὐδὲν οὔτʼ ἐρεῖν οὔτʼ ἐπινοήσειν ὑμῶν οὐδένα.
29. “Nor again can it have been any dissatisfaction with the position of affairs. For when was any prosperity greater? When has Rome won more victories, when have her arms had brighter prospects than now? But perhaps some faint-heart will say that our enemies have more numerous advantages, fairer and more certain prospects than ourselves. Which, pray, of these enemies? Is it Andobales and Mandonius? But which of you is ignorant of the fact that these men first betrayed the Carthaginians and joined us, and now once more, in defiance of their oaths and pledges, have come forward as our opponents? It is a fine thing surely to become the enemies of your country in reliance on such men as these! Nor again had you any prospect of becoming masters of Iberia by your own prowess: for you would not have been strong enough, even in conjunction with Andobales, to meet us in the field, to say nothing of doing so without such aid. I should like then to ask,—what was it in which you trusted? Surely not in the skill and valour of the leaders whom you have now elected, or in the fasces and axes which were borne in front of them,—men of whom I will not deign to say even another word. All this, my men, is absolutely futile; nor will you be able to allege even the smallest just complaint against me or your country. Wherefore I will undertake your defence to Rome and myself, by putting forward a plea which all the world will acknowledge to hold good. And it is that, a crowd is ever easily misled and easily induced to any error. Therefore it is that crowds are like the sea, which in its own nature is safe and quiet; but, when winds fall violently upon it, assumes the character of the blasts which lash it into fury: thus a multitude also is ever found to be what its leaders and counsellors are. Acting on this consideration, I and all my fellow-officers hereby offer you pardon and amnesty for the past: but to the guilty authors of the mutiny we are resolved to show no mercy, but to punish them as their misconduct to their country and to ourselves deserves.”
29. καὶ μὴν οὐδὲ τοῖς ὑποκειμένοις ἀσχάλλοντες· πότε γὰρ εὔροια πραγμάτων μείζων; πότε δὲ πλείω προτερήματα γέγονε τῇ Ῥώμῃ; πότε δὲ τοῖς στρατευομένοις μείζους ἐλπίδες ἢ νῦν; ἀλλʼ ἴσως ἐρεῖ τις τῶν ἀπηλπικότων ὅτι πλείω τὰ λυσιτελῆ τὰ παρὰ τοῖς ἐχθροῖς προυφαίνετο καὶ μείζους ἐλπίδες καὶ βεβαιότεραι· παρὰ τίσι δὴ τούτοις; ἢ παρʼ Ἀνδοβάλῃ καὶ Μανδονίῳ; καὶ τίς ὑμῶν οὐκ οἶδε διότι πρότερον μὲν οὗτοι παρασπονδήσαντες Καρχηδονίους πρὸς ἡμᾶς ἀπέστησαν, νῦν δὲ πάλιν ἀθετήσαντες τοὺς ὅρκους καὶ τὴν πίστιν ἐχθροὺς ἡμῖν σφᾶς αὐτοὺς ἀναδεδείχασι; καλόν γε τούτοις πιστεύσαντας πολεμίους γενέσθαι τῆς ἑαυτῶν πατρίδος. οὐ μὴν οὐδʼ ἐν αὑτοῖς εἴχετε τὰς ἐλπίδας ὡς κρατήσοντες τῆς Ἰβηρίας· οὐδὲ γὰρ μετʼ Ἀνδοβάλου ταχθέντες ἱκανοὶ πρὸς ἡμᾶς ἦτε διακινδυνεύειν, μή τι καὶ καθʼ ἑαυτοὺς ταττόμενοι. τί οὖν ἦν ᾧ προσείχετε; πυθέσθαι γὰρ ἂν βουλοίμην ὑμῶν. εἰ μὴ νὴ Δία ταῖς ἐμπειρίαις τῶν νῦν προχειρισθέντων ἡγεμόνων καὶ ταῖς ἀρεταῖς πιστεύοντες ἢ καὶ ταῖς ῥάβδοις καὶ τοῖς πελέκεσι τοῖς προηγουμένοις αὐτῶν· ὑπὲρ ὧν οὐδὲ λέγειν πλείω καλόν. ἀλλʼ οὐκ ἔστι τούτων, ὦ ἄνδρες, οὐδέν· οὐδʼ ἂν ἔχοιθʼ ὑμεῖς δίκαιον οὐδὲ τοὐλάχιστον εἰπεῖν οὔτε πρὸς ἡμᾶς οὔτε πρὸς τὴν πατρίδα. διόπερ ἐγὼ περὶ ὑμῶν πρός τε τὴν Ῥώμην καὶ πρὸς αὑτὸν ἀπολογήσομαι, τὰ παρὰ πᾶσιν ἀνθρώποις ὁμολογούμενα δίκαια προθέμενος. ταῦτα δʼ ἐστὶ διότι πᾶς ὄχλος εὐπαραλόγιστος ὑπάρχει καὶ πρὸς πᾶν εὐάγωγος. ὅθεν αἰεὶ τὸ παραπλήσιον πάθος συμβαίνει περί τε τοὺς ὄχλους καὶ τὴν θάλατταν. καθάπερ γὰρ κἀκείνης ἡ μὲν ἰδία φύσις ἐστὶν ἀβλαβὴς τοῖς χρωμένοις καὶ στάσιμος, ὅταν δʼ εἰς αὐτὴν ἐμπέσῃ τὰ πνεύματα βίᾳ, τοιαύτη φαίνεται τοῖς χρωμένοις οἷοί τινες ἂν ὦσιν οἱ κυκλοῦντες αὐτὴν ἄνεμοι, τὸν αὐτὸν τρόπον καὶ τὸ πλῆθος ἀεὶ καὶ φαίνεται καὶ γίνεται πρὸς τοὺς χρωμένους οἵους ἂν ἔχῃ προστάτας καὶ συμβούλους. διὸ κἀγὼ νῦν καὶ πάντες οἱ προεστῶτες τοῦ στρατοπέδου πρὸς μὲν ὑμᾶς διαλυόμεθα καὶ πίστιν δίδομεν ἐφʼ ᾧ μὴ μνησικακήσειν. πρὸς δὲ τοὺς αἰτίους ἀκαταλλάκτως διακείμεθα, κολάζειν αὐτοὺς ἀξίως καὶ τῶν εἰς τὴν πατρίδα καὶ τῶν εἰς ἡμᾶς ἡμαρτημένων."
30. Just as he said these words, the soldiers, who were posted under arms round the assembly, clashed their swords against their shields; and at the same instant the ringleaders of the mutiny were brought in, stripped and in chains. But such terror was inspired in the men by the threatening aspect of the surrounding troops, and by the dreadful spectacle before them, that, while the ringleaders were being scourged and beheaded, they neither changed countenance nor uttered a sound, but remained all staring open-mouthed and terrified at what was going on. So the ringleaders of the mischief were scourged and dragged off through the crowd dead; but the rest of the men accepted with one consent the offer of an amnesty from the general and officers; and then voluntarily came forward, one by one, to take an oath to the tribunes that they would obey the orders of their commanders and remain loyal to Rome. Having thus crushed what might have been the beginning of serious danger, Scipio restored his troops to their former good disposition....
30. ἀκμὴν δὲ ταῦτʼ ἔλεγε καὶ κύκλῳ μὲν οἱ στρατιῶται περιεστῶτες ἐν τοῖς ὅπλοις ἀπὸ παραγγέλματος συνεψόφησαν ταῖς μαχαίραις τοὺς θυρεούς, ἅμα δὲ τούτοις δεδεμένοι γυμνοὶ οἱ τῆς στάσεως αἴτιοι γεγονότες εἰσήγοντο. τῷ δὲ πλήθει τοιοῦτον παρέστη δέος ὑπό τε τοῦ πέριξ φόβου καὶ τῶν κατὰ πρόσωπον δεινῶν, ὥστε τῶν μὲν μαστιγουμένων, τῶν δὲ πελεκιζομένων μήτε τὴν ὄψιν ἀλλοιῶσαι μήτε φωνὴν προέσθαι μηδένα, μένειν δὲ πάντας ἀχανεῖς, ἐκπεπληγμένους πρὸς τὸ συμβαῖνον. οἱ μὲν οὖν ἀρχηγοὶ τῶν κακῶν αἰκισθέντες εἵλκοντο διὰ μέσων, ἀπηλλαγμένοι τοῦ ζῆν· οἱ δὲ λοιποὶ παρὰ μὲν τοῦ στρατηγοῦ καὶ τῶν ἄλλων ἀρχόντων κατὰ κοινὸν ἔλαβον τὰς πίστεις ἐφʼ ᾧ μηδένα μηδενὶ μνησικακήσειν, αὐτοὶ δὲ καθʼ ἕνα προϊόντες ὤμνυον τοῖς χιλιάρχοις ἦ μὴν πειθαρχήσειν τοῖς παραγγελλομένοις ὑπὸ τῶν ἀρχόντων καὶ μηδὲν ὑπεναντίον φρονήσειν τῇ Ῥώμῃ. Πόπλιος μὲν οὖν, μεγάλων κινδύνων ἀρχὴν φυομένων καλῶς διορθωσάμενος, πάλιν ἀποκατέστησε τὰς οἰκείας δυνάμεις εἰς τὴν ἐξ ἀρχῆς διάθεσιν. — ὁ δὲ Πόπλιος συναθροίσας εὐθέως ἐν αὐτῇ τῇ Καρχηδόνι τὰς δυνάμεις εἰς ἐκκλησίαν ἔλεγε περί τε τῆς Ἀνδοβάλου τόλμης καὶ τῆς εἰς αὐτοὺς ἀθεσίας, καὶ πολλὰ πρὸς τοῦτο τὸ μέρος ἐνεγκάμενος παρώξυνε τοὺς πολλοὺς πρὸς τὴν κατὰ τῶν προειρημένων δυναστῶν ὁρμήν.
31. Scipio at once summoned a meeting of the soldiers in New Carthage, and addressed them on the subject of the audacious proceedings of Andobales, and his treachery to them; and by dwelling at great length on these topics he inspired the men with a very great eagerness to attack these princes. He then proceeded to enumerate the battles they had already fought against the Iberians and Carthaginians combined, the Carthaginians acting as leaders in the campaigns. “Seeing,” he added, “that you always beat them, it does not now become you to fear defeat in a war against Iberians by themselves, and led by Andobales. I will not therefore even accept any Iberian of them all as a partner in the struggle, but I will undertake the campaign by the unassisted services of my Roman soldiers: in order to make it plain to all that it was not, as some assert, by the aid of Iberians that we defeated the Carthaginians and drove them from Iberia; but that it was by Roman valour and your own gallantry that we have conquered Carthaginian and Celtiberian combined. Let nothing therefore disturb your confidence in each other: but, if you have ever done it before, approach this undertaking with courage undismayed. For securing the victory I will with God’s help make every necessary provision.” This speech filled the troops with such zeal and confidence, that they presented all the appearance of men whose enemies are in full view, and who are on the very point of closing with them.
31. ἐπὶ δὲ τούτοις ἐξηριθμήσατο τοὺς προγεγενημένους αὐτοῖς ἀγῶνας πρὸς Ἴβηρας ὁμοῦ καὶ πρὸς Καρχηδονίους, στρατηγούντων Καρχηδονίων, ἐν οἷς ἀεὶ νικῶντας οὐ καθήκειν ἔφη νυνὶ διαπορεῖν, μήποτε πρὸς αὐτοὺς Ἴβηρας Ἀνδοβάλου στρατηγοῦντος μαχόμενοι λειφθῶσι. διόπερ οὐδὲ προσδέξασθαι συναγωνιστὴν Ἰβήρων οὐδένα καθάπαξ ἔφη, διʼ αὐτῶν δὲ Ῥωμαίων συστήσασθαι τὸν κίνδυνον, ἵνα φανερὸν γένηται πᾶσιν ὡς οὐκ Ἴβηρσι Καρχηδονίους καταπολεμησάμενοι, καθάπερ ἔνιοί φασιν, ἐξεβάλομεν ἐξ Ἰβηρίας, ἀλλὰ καὶ Καρχηδονίους καὶ Κελτίβηρας ταῖς Ῥωμαίων ἀρεταῖς καὶ τῇ σφετέρᾳ γενναιότητι νενικήκαμεν. ταῦτα δʼ εἰπὼν ὁμονοεῖν παρῄνει καὶ θαρροῦντας, εἰ καὶ πρὸς ἄλλον τινά, καὶ πρὸς τοῦτον ἰέναι τὸν κίνδυνον. περὶ δὲ τοῦ νικᾶν αὐτὸς ἔφη μετὰ τῶν θεῶν ποιήσασθαι τὴν καθήκουσαν πρόνοιαν. τῷ δὲ πλήθει τοιαύτη παρέστη προθυμία καὶ θάρσος ὥστε παραπλησίους εἶναι πάντας ἐκ τῆς ἀπόψεως τοῖς ὁρῶσι τοὺς πολεμίους καὶ μέλλουσιν ὅσον οὔπω πρὸς αὐτοὺς διακινδυνεύειν.
32. Scipio then dismissed the assembly, but on the next day got his troops on the march, and having reached the Ebro in ten days and crossed it, on the fourth day after that pitched his camp near that of the enemy, with a valley between his own and the enemy’s lines. Next day he turned some cattle that had accompanied his army into this valley, after giving Caius Laelius instructions to have the cavalry ready, and some of the tribunes to prepare the velites. The Iberians having at once made an onslaught upon the cattle, he despatched some of the velites against them. These two forces became engaged, and reinforcements being sent to either party from time to time, a severe infantry skirmishing took place in the valley. The proper moment for attack being now come, Caius Laelius, having the cavalry prepared as directed, charged the skirmishers of the enemy, getting between them and the high ground, so that the greater number of them were scattered about the valley and killed by the cavalry. This event roused the barbarians to a furious desire to engage, that they might not appear to be entirely reduced to despair by their previous defeat; and accordingly by daybreak next day they drew out their whole army for battle. Scipio was quite ready to give them battle; but when he saw that the Iberians had come down into the valley in an imprudent manner, and were stationing, not only their cavalry, but their infantry also on the level ground, he waited for a time, because he wished as many of the enemy as possible to take up a position like that. He felt confidence in his cavalry, and still more in his infantry; because, in such deliberate and hand-tohand battles as this, his men were vastly superior to the Iberians both in themselves and in their arms.
32. τότε μὲν οὖν ταῦτʼ εἰπὼν διαφῆκε τὴν ἐκκλησίαν. τῇ δʼ ἐπαύριον ἀναζεύξας προῆγε, καὶ παραγενηθεὶς ἐπὶ τὸν Ἴβηρα ποταμὸν δεκαταῖος καὶ περαιωθεὶς τῇ τετάρτῃ μετὰ ταύτην προσεστρατοπέδευσε τοῖς ὑπεναντίοις, λαβὼν αὐλῶνά τινα μεταξὺ τῆς αὑτοῦ καὶ τῶν πολεμίων στρατοπεδείας. τῇ δʼ ἑξῆς εἰς τὸν προειρημένον αὐλῶνα προσέβαλέ τινα θρέμματα τῶν παρεπομένων τῷ στρατοπέδῳ, συντάξας ἑτοίμους ἔχειν τοὺς ἱππεῖς τῷ Γαΐῳ, τοὺς δὲ γροσφομάχους ἐπέταξε τῶν χιλιάρχων τισὶ παρασκευάζειν. ταχὺ δὲ τῶν Ἰβήρων ἐπιπεσόντων ἐπὶ τὰ θρέμματʼ ἐξαφῆκε τῶν γροσφομάχων τινάς. γινομένης δὲ διὰ τούτων συμπλοκῆς καὶ προσβοηθούντων ἑκατέροις πλειόνων, συνέστη μέγας ἀκροβολισμὸς τῶν πεζῶν περὶ τὸν αὐλῶνα. τοῦ δὲ καιροῦ παραδιδόντος εὐλόγους ἀφορμὰς πρὸς ἐπίθεσιν, ἔχων ὁ Γάιος ἑτοίμους τοὺς ἱππεῖς κατὰ τὸ συνταχθὲν ἐπεβάλετο τοῖς ἀκροβολιζομένοις, ἀποτεμόμενος ἀπὸ τῆς παρωρείας, ὥστε τοὺς πλείους αὐτῶν κατὰ τὸν αὐλῶνα σκεδασθέντας ὑπὸ τῶν ἱππέων διαφθαρῆναι. γενομένου δὲ τούτου, παροξυνθέντες οἱ βάρβαροι, καὶ διαγωνιάσαντες μὴ διὰ τὸ προηττῆσθαι δόξωσι καταπεπλῆχθαι τοῖς ὅλοις, ἐξῆγον ἅμα τῷ φωτὶ καὶ παρέταττον εἰς μάχην ἅπασαν τὴν δύναμιν. ὁ δὲ Πόπλιος ἕτοιμος μὲν ἦν πρὸς τὴν χρείαν, θεωρῶν δὲ τοὺς Ἴβηρας ἀλογίστως συγκαταβαίνοντας εἰς τὸν αὐλῶνα καὶ τάττοντας οὐ μόνον τοὺς ἱππεῖς, ἀλλὰ καὶ τοὺς πεζοὺς ἐν τοῖς ἐπιπέδοις, ἐπέμενε, βουλόμενος ὡς πλείστους ταύτῃ χρήσασθαι τῇ παρεμβολῇ, πιστεύων μὲν καὶ τοῖς ἱππεῦσι τοῖς ἰδίοις, ἔτι δὲ μᾶλλον τοῖς πεζοῖς, διὰ τὸ κατὰ τὰς ἐξ ὁμολόγου καὶ συστάδην μάχας τόν τε καθοπλισμὸν καὶ τοὺς ἄνδρας τοὺς παρʼ αὑτοῦ πολὺ διαφέρειν τῶν Ἰβήρων.
33. When he thought the right time had come he drew out [the velites] to oppose those of the enemy who occupied the foot of the hills; while against those who had descended into the valley he led his main force from the camp in four cohorts, and attacked the infantry. Caius Laelius at the same time made a detour with the cavalry by the hills, which stretched from the camp to the valley, and charged the enemy’s horse on the rear; and so kept them occupied with fighting him. The enemy’s infantry therefore, being thus deprived of the support of the cavalry, on which they had relied in descending into the valley, were distressed and overmatched in the battle; while their cavalry was in much the same plight: for, being surprised on ground of insufficient extent, they fell into confusion, and lost more men by hurting each other than by the hands of the enemy; for their own infantry was pressing upon their flank, and the enemy’s infantry on their front, while his cavalry were attacking on their rear. The battle having taken this course, the result was that nearly all those who had descended into the valley lost their lives; while those who had been stationed on the foot of the hills managed to escape. These last were the light-armed troops, and formed about a third of the whole army: with whom Andobales himself contrived to make good his escape to a certain stronghold of great security.... Having thus put a finishing stroke to his campaigns in Iberia, Scipio arrived at Tarraco in high spirits, bringing with him the materials of a brilliant triumph for himself, and a glorious victory for his country. But being anxious to arrive in Rome before the consular elections, he arranged for the government of Iberia, and, having put the army into the hands of Junius Silanus and L. Marcius, embarked with Caius Laelius and his other friends for Rome....
33. ἐπεὶ δʼ ἔδοξε τὸ δέον αὐτῷ γίνεσθαι, πρὸς μὲν τοὺς ἐν τῇ παρωρείᾳ τεταγμένους τῶν πολεμίων ἀντέταττε πρὸς δὲ τοὺς εἰς τὸν αὐλῶνα καταβεβηκότας ἅθρους ἄγων ἐκ τῆς παρεμβολῆς ἐπὶ τέτταρας κοόρτις προσέβαλε τοῖς πεζοῖς τῶν ὑπεναντίων. κατὰ δὲ τὸν καιρὸν τοῦτον καὶ Γάιος Λαίλιος, ἔχων τοὺς ἱππεῖς, προῆγε διὰ τῶν λόφων τῶν ἀπὸ τῆς παρεμβολῆς ἐπὶ τὸν αὐλῶνα κατατεινόντων, καὶ προσέβαλλε τοῖς τῶν Ἰβήρων ἱππεῦσι κατὰ νώτου, καὶ συνεῖχε τούτους ἐν τῇ πρὸς αὑτὸν μάχῃ. λοιπὸν οἱ μὲν πεζοὶ τῶν ὑπεναντίων, ἐρημωθέντες τῆς τῶν ἱππέων χρείας, οἷς πιστεύσαντες εἰς τὸν αὐλῶνα κατέβησαν, ἐπιεζοῦντο καὶ κατεβαροῦντο τῇ μάχῃ, οἱ δʼ ἱππεῖς τὸ παραπλήσιον ἔπασχον· ἀπειλημμένοι γὰρ ἐν στενῷ καὶ δυσχρηστούμενοι πλείους ὑφʼ αὑτῶν ἢ τῶν πολεμίων διεφθείροντο, τῶν μὲν ἰδίων πεζῶν ἐκ πλαγίου προσκειμένων αὐτοῖς, τῶν δὲ πολεμίων τῶν πεζῶν κατὰ πρόσωπον, τῶν δʼ ἱππέων κατὰ νώτου περιεστώτων. τοιαύτης δὲ γενομένης τῆς μάχης οἱ μὲν εἰς τὸν αὐλῶνα καταβάντες σχεδὸν ἅπαντες διεφθάρησαν, οἱ δʼ ἐν τῇ παρωρείᾳ διέφυγον. οὗτοι δʼ ἦσαν εὔζωνοι, τρίτον δὲ μέρος τῆς ἁπάσης δυνάμεως, μεθʼ ὧν καὶ τὸν Ἀνδοβάλην συνέβη διασωθέντα φυγεῖν εἴς τι χωρίον ὀχυρόν. — Πόπλιος δέ, συντέλειαν ἐπιτεθεικὼς τοῖς κατὰ τὴν Ἰβηρίαν ἔργοις, παρῆν εἰς τὸν Ταρράκωνα μετὰ μεγίστης χαρᾶς, κάλλιστον θρίαμβον καὶ καλλίστην νίκην τῇ πατρίδι κατάγων. σπεύδων δὲ μὴ καθυστερεῖν τῆς ἐν τῇ Ῥώμῃ καταστάσεως τῶν ὑπάτων, πάντα τὰ κατὰ τὴν Ἰβηρίαν διατάξας καὶ παραδοὺς τὸ στρατόπεδον τοῖς περὶ τὸν Ἰούνιον καὶ Μάρκιον, αὐτὸς ἀπέπλευσε μετὰ Γαΐου καὶ τῶν ἄλλων φίλων εἰς τὴν Ῥώμην.
34. Euthydemus was himself a Magnesian, and he answered the envoy by saying that “Antiochus was acting unjustly in trying to expel him from his kingdom. He was not himself a revolted subject, but had destroyed the descendant of some who had been such, and so had obtained the kingdom of Bactria.” After adding more arguments to the same effect, he urged Teleas to act as a sincere mediator of peace, by urging Antiochus not to grudge him the royal title and dignity, “for if he did not yield to this demand, neither of them would be safe: seeing that great hords of Nomads were close at hand, who were a danger to both; and that if they admitted them into the country, it would certainly be utterly barbarised.” With these words he sent Teleas back to Antiochus. The king had long been looking about for some means of ending the controversy; and when he was informed by Teleas of what Euthydemus had said, he readily admitted these pleas for a pacification. And after several journeys of Teleas to and fro between the two, Euthydemus at last sent his son Demetrius to confirm the terms of the treaty. Antiochus received the young prince; and judging from his appearance, conversation, and the dignity of his manners that he was worthy of royal power, he first promised to give him one of his own daughters, and secondly conceded the royal title to his father. And having on the other points caused a written treaty to be drawn up, and the terms of the treaty to be confirmed on oath, he marched away; after liberally provisioning his troops, and accepting the elephants belonging to Euthydemus. He crossed the Caucasus and descended into India; renewed his friendship with Sophagasenus the king of the Indians; received more elephants, until he had a hundred and fifty altogether; and having once more provisioned his troops, set out again personally with his army: leaving Androsthenes of Cyzicus the duty of taking home the treasure which this king had agreed to hand over to him. Having traversed Arachosia and crossed the river Enymanthus, he came through Drangene to Carmania; and, as it was now winter, he put his men into winter quarters there. This was the extreme limit of the march of Antiochus into the interior: in which he not only reduced the up-country Satraps to obedience to his authority, but also the coast cities, and the princes on this side Taurus; and, in a word, consolidated his kingdom by overawing all his subjects with the exhibition of his boldness and energy. For this campaign convinced the Europeans as well as the Asiatics that he was worthy of royal power....
34. καὶ γὰρ αὐτὸς ἦν ὁ Εὐθύδημος Μάγνης, πρὸς ὃν ἀπελογίζετο φάσκων ὡς οὐ δικαίως αὐτὸν Ἀντίοχος ἐκ τῆς βασιλείας ἐκβαλεῖν σπουδάζει· γεγονέναι γὰρ οὐκ αὐτὸς ἀποστάτης τοῦ βασιλέως, ἀλλʼ ἑτέρων ἀποστάντων ἐπανελόμενος τοὺς ἐκείνων ἐκγόνους, οὕτως κρατῆσαι τῆς Βακτριανῶν ἀρχῆς. καὶ πλείω δὲ πρὸς ταύτην τὴν ὑπόθεσιν διαλεχθεὶς ἠξίου τὸν Τηλέαν μεσιτεῦσαι τὴν διάλυσιν εὐνοϊκῶς, παρακαλέσαντα τὸν Ἀντίοχον μὴ φθονῆσαι τῆς ὀνομασίας αὑτῷ τῆς τοῦ βασιλέως καὶ προστασίας, ὥς γʼ ἐὰν μὴ συγχωρῇ τοῖς ἀξιουμένοις, οὐδετέρῳ τῆς ἀσφαλείας ὑπαρχούσης· πλήθη γὰρ οὐκ ὀλίγα παρεῖναι τῶν Νομάδων, διʼ ὧν κινδυνεύειν μὲν ἀμφοτέρους, ἐκβαρβαρωθήσεσθαι δὲ τὴν χώραν ὁμολογουμένως, ἐὰν ἐκείνους προσδέχωνται. ταῦτα δʼ εἰπὼν ἐξαπέστειλε τὸν Τηλέαν πρὸς τὸν Ἀντίοχον. ὁ δὲ βασιλεύς, πάλαι περιβλεπόμενος λύσιν τῶν πραγμάτων, πυθόμενος ταῦτα παρὰ τοῦ Τηλέου, προθύμως ὑπήκουσε πρὸς τὰς διαλύσεις διὰ τὰς προειρημένας αἰτίας. τοῦ δὲ Τηλέου προσανακάμψαντος καὶ πολλάκις πρὸς ἀμφοτέρους, τέλος Εὐθύδημος ἐξέπεμψε Δημήτριον τὸν υἱὸν βεβαιώσοντα τὰς ὁμολογίας· ὃν ὁ βασιλεὺς ἀποδεξάμενος, καὶ νομίσας ἄξιον εἶναι τὸν νεανίσκον βασιλείας καὶ κατὰ τὴν ἐπιφάνειαν καὶ κατὰ τὴν ἔντευξιν καὶ προστασίαν, πρῶτον μὲν ἐπηγγείλατο δώσειν αὐτῷ μίαν τῶν ἑαυτοῦ θυγατέρων· δεύτερον δὲ συνεχώρησε τῷ πατρὶ τὸ τῆς βασιλείας ὄνομα. περὶ δὲ τῶν λοιπῶν ἐγγράπτους ποιησάμενος ὁμολογίας καὶ συμμαχίαν ἔνορκον, ἀνέζευξε σιτομετρήσας δαψιλῶς τὴν δύναμιν, προσλαβὼν καὶ τοὺς ὑπάρχοντας ἐλέφαντας τοῖς περὶ τὸν Εὐθύδημον. ὑπερβαλὼν δὲ τὸν Καύκασον καὶ κατάρας εἰς τὴν Ἰνδικήν, τήν τε φιλίαν ἀνενεώσατο τὴν πρὸς τὸν Σοφαγασῆνον τὸν βασιλέα τῶν Ἰνδῶν, καὶ λαβὼν ἐλέφαντας, ὥστε γενέσθαι τοὺς ἅπαντας εἰς ἑκατὸν καὶ πεντήκοντʼ, ἔτι δὲ σιτομετρήσας πάλιν ἐνταῦθα τὴν δύναμιν, αὐτὸς μὲν ἀνέζευξε μετὰ τῆς στρατιᾶς, Ἀνδροσθένην δὲ τὸν Κυζικηνὸν ἐπὶ τῆς ἀνακομιδῆς ἀπέλιπε τῆς γάζης τῆς ὁμολογηθείσης αὐτῷ παρὰ τοῦ βασιλέως. διελθὼν δὲ τὴν Ἀραχωσίαν καὶ περαιωθεὶς τὸν Ἐρύμανθον ποταμόν, ἧκε διὰ τῆς Δραγγηνῆς εἰς τὴν Καρμανίαν, οὗ καὶ συνάπτοντος ἤδη τοῦ χειμῶνος ἐποιήσατο τὴν παραχειμασίαν. τὸ μὲν οὖν πέρας τῆς εἰς τοὺς ἄνω τόπους στρατείας Ἀντιόχου τοιαύτην ἔλαβε τὴν συντέλειαν, διʼ ἧς οὐ μόνον τοὺς ἄνω σατράπας ὑπηκόους ἐποιήσατο τῆς ἰδίας ἀρχῆς, ἀλλὰ καὶ τὰς ἐπιθαλαττίους πόλεις καὶ τοὺς ἐπὶ τάδε τοῦ Ταύρου δυνάστας, καὶ συλλήβδην ἠσφαλίσατο τὴν βασιλείαν, καταπληξάμενος τῇ τόλμῃ καὶ φιλοπονίᾳ πάντας τοὺς ὑποταττομένους· διὰ γὰρ ταύτης τῆς στρατείας ἄξιος ἐφάνη τῆς βασιλείας οὐ μόνον τοῖς κατὰ τὴν Ἀσίαν, ἀλλὰ καὶ τοῖς κατὰ τὴν Εὐρώπην.