pr.1. 1. AMONG the Seven Sages, Thales of Miletus pronounced for water as the primordial element in all things; Heraclitus, for fire; the priests of the Magi, for water and fire; Euripides, a pupil of Anaxagoras, and called by the Athenians “the philosopher of the stage,” for air and earth. Earth, he held, was impregnated by the rains of heaven and, thus conceiving, brought forth the young of mankind and of all the living creatures in the world; whatever is sprung from her goes back to her again when the compelling force of time brings about a dissolution; and whatever is born of the air returns in the same way to the regions of the sky; nothing suffers annihilation, but at dissolution there is a change, and things fall back to the essential element in which they were before. But Pythagoras, Empedocles, Epicharmus, and other physicists and philosophers have set forth that the primordial elements are four in number: air, fire, earth, and water; and that it is from their coherence to one another under the moulding power of nature that the qualities of things are produced according to different classes.
pr.1. De septem sapientibus Thales Milesius omnium rerum principium aquam est professus, Heraclitus ignem, Magorum sacerdotes aquam et ignem, Euripides, auditor Anaxagorae, quem philosophum Athenienses scaenicum appellaverunt, aera et terram, eamque e caelestium imbrium conceptionibus inseminatam fetus gentium et omnium animalium in mundo procreavisse, et quae ex ea essent prognata, cum dissolverentur temporum necessitate coacta, in eandem redire, quaeque de aere nascerentur, item in caeli regiones reverti neque interitiones recipere et dissolutione mutata in eam recidere, in qua ante fuerant, proprietatem. Pythagoras vero, Empedocles, Epicharmos aliique physici et philosophi haec principia esse quattuor proposuerunt: aerem, ignem, terram, aquam, eorumque inter se cohaerentiam naturali figuratione e generum discriminibus efficere qualitates.
pr.2. 2. And, in fact, we see not only that all which comes to birth is produced by them, but also that nothing can be nourished without their influence, nor grow, nor be preserved. The body, for example, can have no life without the flow of the breath to and fro, that is, unless an abundance of air flows in, causing dilations and contractions in regular succession. Without the right proportion of heat, the body will lack vitality, will not be well set up, and will not properly digest strong food. Again, without the fruits of the earth to nourish the bodily frame, it will be enfeebled, and so lose its admixture of the earthy element.
pr.2. Animadvertimus vero non solum nascentia ex his esse procreata, sed etiam res omnes non ali sine eorum potestate neque crescere nec tueri. namque corpora sine spiritus redundantia non possunt habere vitam, nisi aer influens cum incremento fecerit auctus et remissiones continenter. caloris vero si non fuerit in corpore iusta comparatio, non erit spiritus animalis neque erectio firma, cibique vires non poterunt habere coctionis temperaturam. item si non terrestri cibo membra corporis alantur, deficient et ita a terreni principii mixtione erunt deserta.
pr.3. 3. Finally, without the influence of moisture, living creatures will be bloodless and, having the liquid element sucked out of them, will wither away. Accordingly the divine intelligence has not made what is really indispensable for man either hard to get or costly, like pearls, gold, silver, and so forth, the lack of which neither our body nor our nature feels, but has spread abroad, ready to hand through all the world, the things without which the life of mortals cannot be maintained. Thus, to take examples, suppose there is a deficiency of breath in the body, the air, to which is assigned the function of making up the deficiency, performs that service. To supply heat, the mighty sun is ready, and the invention of fire makes life more secure. Then again, the fruits of the earth, satisfying our desires with a more than sufficient store of food stuffs, support and maintain living beings with regular nourishment. Finally, water, not merely supplying drink but filling an infinite number of practical needs, does us services which make us grateful because it is gratis.
pr.3. Animalia vero si fuerint sine umoris potestate, exsanguinata et exsucata [a principiorum liquore] interarescent. igitur divina mens, quae proprie necessaria essent gentibus, non constituit difficilia et cara, uti sunt margaritae, aurum, argentum ceteraque, quae neque corpus nec natura desiderat, sed sine quibus mortalium vita non potest esse tuta, effudit ad manum parata per omnem mundum. itaque ex his, si quid forte defit in corpore spiritus, ad restituendum aer adsignatus id praestat. apparatus autem ad auxilia caloris solis impetus et ignis inventus tutiorem efficit vitam. item terrenus fructus escarum praestans copiis supervacuis desiderationibus alit et nutrit animales pascendo continenter. aqua vero non solum potus sed infinitas usu praebendo necessitates, gratas, quod est gratuita, praestat utilitates.
pr.4. 4. Hence, too, those who are clothed in priesthoods of the Egyptian orders declare that all things depend upon the power of the liquid element. So, when the waterpot is brought back to precinct and temple with water, in accordance with the holy rite, they throw themselves upon the ground and, raising their hands to heaven, thank the divine benevolence for its invention. Therefore, since it is held by physicists and philosophers and priests that all things depend upon the power of water, I have thought that, as in the former seven books the rules for buildings have been set forth, in this I ought to write on the methods of finding water, on those special merits which are due to the qualities of localities, on the ways of conducting it, and how it may be tested in advance. For it is the chief requisite for life, for happiness, and for everyday use.
pr.4. Ex eo etiam qui sacerdotia gerunt moribus Aegyptiorum, ostendunt omnes res e liquoris potestate consistere. itaque cum hydria aqua ad templum aedemque casta religione refertur, tunc in terra procumbentes manibus ad caelum sublatis inventionis gratias agunt divinae benignitati. Cum ergo et a physicis et philosophis et ab sacerdotibus iudicetur ex potestate aquae omnes res constare, putavi, quoniam in prioribus septem voluminibus rationes aedificiorum sunt expositae, in hoc oportere de inventionibus aquae, quasque habeat in locorum proprietatibus virtutes, quibusque rationibus ducatur, et quemadmodum ante probetur, scribere.
1.1. 1. THIS will be easier if there are open springs of running water. But if there are no springs which gush forth we must search for them underground, and conduct them together. The following test should be applied. Before sunrise, lie down flat in the place where the search is to be made, and placing the chin on the earth and supporting it there, take a look out over the country. In this way the sight will not range higher than it ought, the chin being immovable, but will range over a definitely limited height on the same level through the country. Then, dig in places where vapours are seen curling and rising up into the air. This sign cannot show itself in a dry spot.
1.1. Est enim maxime necessaria et ad vitam et ad delectationes et ad usum cotidianum. Ea autem erit facilior, si erunt fontes aperti et fluentes. sin autem non profluent, quaerenda sub terra sunt capita et colligenda. quae sic erunt experienda, uti procumbatur in dentes, antequam sol exortus fuerit, in locis, quibus erit quaerendum, et in terra mento conlocato et fulto prospiciantur eae regiones; sic enim non errabit excelsius quam oporteat visus, cum erit inmotum mentum, sed libratam altitudinem in regionibus certa finitione designabit. tunc, in quibus locis videbuntur umores concrispantes et in aera surgentes, ibi fodiatur; non enim in sicco loco hoc potest signum fieri.
1.2. 2. Searchers for water must also study the nature of different localities; for those in which it is found are well defined. In clay the supply is poor, meagre, and at no great depth. It will not have the best taste. In fine gravel the supply is also poor, but it will be found at a greater depth. It will be muddy and not sweet. In black earth some slight drippings and drops are found that gather from the storms of winter and settle down in compact, hard places. They have the best taste. Among pebbles the veins found are moderate, and not to be depended upon. These, too, are extremely sweet. In coarse grained gravel and carbuncular sand the supply is surer and more lasting, and it has a good taste. In red tufa it is copious and good, if it does not run down through the fissures and escape. At the foot of mountains and in lava it is more plentiful and abundant, and here it is also colder and more wholesome. In flat countries the springs are salt, heavy-bodied, tepid, and ill-flavoured, excepting those which run underground from mountains, and burst forth in the middle of a plain, where, if protected by the shade of trees, their taste is equal to that of mountain springs.
1.2. Item animadvertendum est quaerentibus aquam, quo genere sint loca; certa enim sunt, in quibus nascitur. in creta tenuis et exilis et non alta est copia; ea erit non optimo sapore. item sabulone soluto tenuis, sed inferioris loci invenietur; ea erit limosa et insuavis. terra autem nigra sudores et stillae exiles inveniuntur, quae ex hibernis tempestatibus collectae in spissis et solidis locis subsidunt; haec habent optimum saporem. glarea vero mediocres et non certae venae reperiuntur; hae quoque sunt egregia suavitate. item sabulone masculo harenaque carbunculo certiores et stabiliores sunt copiae; eaeque sunt bono sapore. rubro saxo et bonae et copiosae, si non per intervenia dilabantur et liquescant. sub radicibus autem montium et in saxis silicibus uberiores et affluentiores; eaeque frigidiores sunt et salubriores. campestribus autem fontibus salsae, graves, tepidae, non suaves, nisi quae ex montibus sub terra submanantes erumpunt in medios campos ibique arborum umbris contectae praestant montanorum fontium suavitatem.
1.3. 3. In the kinds of soil described above, signs will be found growing, such as slender rushes, wild willows, alders, agnus castus trees, reeds, ivy, and other plants of the same sort that cannot spring up of themselves without moisture. But they are also accustomed to grow in depressions which, being lower than the rest of the country, receive water from the rains and the surrounding fields during the winter, and keep it for a comparatively long time on account of their holding power. These must not be trusted, but the search must be made in districts and soils, yet not in depressions, where those signs are found growing not from seed, but springing up naturally of themselves.
1.3. Signa autem, quibus terrarum generibus supra scriptum est, ea invenientur nascentia: tenuis iuncus, salix erratica, alnus, vitex, harundo, hedera aliaque, quae eiusmodi sunt, quae non possunt nasci per se sine umore. solent autem eadem in lacunis nata esse, quae sidentes praeter reliquum agrum excipiunt ex imbribus et agris per hiemem propterque capacitatem diutius conservant umorem. quibus non est credendum, sed quibus regionibus et terris, non lacunis, ea signa nascuntur, non sata, sed naturaliter per se procreata, ibi est quaerenda.
1.4. 4. If the indications mentioned appear in such places, the following test should be applied. Dig out a place not less than three feet square and five feet deep, and put into it about sunset a bronze or leaden bowl or basin, whichever is at hand. Smear the inside with oil, lay it upside down, and cover the top of the excavation with reeds or green boughs, throwing earth upon them. Next day uncover it, and if there are drops and drippings in the vessel, the place will contain water.
1.4. In quibus si eae significabuntur inventiones, sic erunt experiundae. fodiatur quoquoversus locus latus ne minus pedes ⟨tres, altus pedes⟩ quinque, in eoque conlocetur circiter solis occasum scaphium aereum aut plumbeum aut pelvis. ex his quod erit paratum, id intrinsecus oleo ungatur ponaturque inversum, et summa fossura operiatur harundinibus aut fronde, supra terra obruatur; tum postero die aperiatur, et si in vaso stillae sudoresque erunt, is locus habebit aquam.
1.5. 5. Again, if a vessel made of unbaked clay be put in the hole, and covered in the same way, it will be wet when uncovered, and already beginning to go to pieces from dampness, if the place contains water. If a fleece of wool is placed in the excavation, and water can be wrung out of it on the following day, it will show that the place has a supply. Further, if a lamp be trimmed, filled with oil, lighted, and put in that place and covered up, and if on the next day it is not burnt out, but still contains some remains of oil and wick, and is itself found to be damp, it will indicate that the place contains water; for all heat attracts moisture. Again, if a fire is made in that place, and if the ground, when thoroughly warmed and burned, sends up a misty vapour from its surface, the place will contain water.
1.5. Item si vasum ex creta factum non coctum in ea fossione eadem ratione opertum positum fuerit, si is locus aquam habuerit, cum apertum fuerit, vas umidum erit et iam dissolvetur ab umore. vellusque lanae si conlocatum erit in ea fossura, insequenti autem die de eo aqua expressa erit, significabit eum locum habere copiam. non minus si lucerna concinnata oleique plena et accensa in eo loco operta fuerit conlocata et postero die non erit exusta, sed habuerit reliquias olei et enlychnii ipsaque umida invenietur, indicabit eum locum habere aquam, ideo quod omnis tepor ad se ducit umores. item in eo loco ignis factus si fuerit et percalefacta terra et adusta vaporem nebulosum ex se suscitaverit, is locus habebit aquam.
1.6. 6. After applying these tests and finding the signs described above, a well must next be sunk in the place, and if a spring of water is found, more wells must be dug thereabouts, and all conducted by means of subterranean channels into one place. The mountains and districts with a northern exposure are the best spots in which to search, for the reason that springs are sweeter, more wholesome, and more abundant when found there. Such places face away from the sun's course, and the trees are thick in them, and the mountains, being themselves full of woods, cast shadows of their own, preventing the rays of the sun from striking uninterruptedly upon the ground and drying up the moisture.
1.6. Cum haec ita erunt pertemptata et, qua supra scripta sunt, signa inventa, tum deprimendus est puteus in eo loco, et si erit caput aquae inventum, plures circa sunt fodiendi et per specus in unum locum omnes conducendi. Haec autem maxime in montibus et regionibus septentrionalibus sunt quaerenda, eo quod in his et suaviora et salubriora et copiosiora inveniuntur. aversi enim sunt solis cursui, et in his locis primum crebrae sunt arbores et silvosae, ipsique montes suas habent umbras obstantes et radii solis non directi perveniunt ad terram nec possunt Intervallaque montium maxime recipiunt imbres et propter silvarum crebritatem nives ab umbris arborum et montium ibi diutius conservantur, deinde liquatae per terrae venas percolantur et ita perveniunt ad infimas montium radices, ex quibus profluentes fontium erumpunt ructus.
1.7. 7. The valleys among the mountains receive the rains most abundantly, and on account of the thick woods the snow is kept in them longer by the shade of the trees and mountains. Afterwards, on melting, it filters through the fissures in the ground, and thus reaches the very foot of the mountains, from which gushing springs come belching out. But in flat countries, on the contrary, a good supply cannot be had. For however great it is, it cannot be wholesome, because, as there is no shade in the way, the intense force of the sun draws up and carries off the moisture from the flat plains with its heat, and if any water shows itself there, the lightest and purest and the delicately wholesome part of it is summoned away by the air, and dispersed to the skies, while the heaviest and the hard and unpleasant parts are left in springs that are in flat places.
1.7. campestribus autem locis contrario non possunt habere copias. nam quaecumque sunt, non possunt habere salubritatem, quod solis vehemens impetus propter nullam obstantiam umbrarum eripit exhauriendo fervens ex planitie camporum umorem, et si quae sunt aquae apparentes, ex his, quod est levissimum tenuissimumque et subtili salubritate, aer avocans dissipat in impetum caeli, quaeque gravissimae duraeque et insuaves sunt partes, eae in fontibus campestribus relinquuntur.
2.1. 1. RAINWATER has, therefore, more wholesome qualities, because it is drawn from the lightest and most delicately pure parts of all the springs, and then, after being filtered through the agitated air, it is liquefied by storms and so returns to the earth. And rainfall is not abundant in the plains, but rather on the mountains or close to mountains, for the reason that the vapour which is set in motion at sunrise in the morning, leaves the earth, and drives the air before it through the heaven in whatever direction it inclines; then, when once in motion, it has currents of air rushing after it, on account of the void which it leaves behind.
2.1. Itaque, quae ex imbribus aqua colligitur, salubriores habet virtutes, quod eligitur ex omnibus fontibus levissimis subtilibusque tenuitatibus, deinde per aeris exercitationem percolata tempestatibus liquescendo pervenit ad terram. etiamque non crebriter in campis confluunt imbres, sed in montibus aut ad ipsos montes, ideo quod umores ex terra matutino solis ortu moti cum sunt egressi, in quamcumque partem caeli sunt proclinati, trudunt aera; deinde, cum sunt moti, propter vacuitatem loci post se recipiunt aeris ruentis undas.
2.2. 2. This air, driving the vapour everywhere as it rushes along, produces gales and constantly increasing currents by its mighty blasts. Wherever the winds carry the vapour which rolls in masses from springs, rivers, marshes, and the sea, it is brought together by the heat of the sun, drawn off, and carried upward in the form of clouds; then these clouds are supported by the current of air until they come to mountains, where they are broken up from the shock of the collision and the gales, turn into water on account of their own fullness and weight, and in that form are dispersed upon the earth.
2.2. Aer autem, qui ruit, trudens quocumque umorem per vim spiritus impetus et undas crescentes facit ventorum. a ventis autem quocumque feruntur umores conglobati ex fontibus et fluminibus et paludibus et pelago, cum tepores solis colligunt et exhauriunt et ita tollunt in altitudinem nubes. deinde cum aeris unda nitentes, cum perventum ad montes, ab eorum offensa et procellis propter plenitatem et gravitatem liquescendo disparguntur et ita diffunditur in terras.
2.3. 3. That vapour, mists, and humidity come forth from the earth, seems due to the reason that it contains burning heat, mighty currents of air, intense cold, and a great quantity of water. So, as soon as the earth, which has cooled off during the night, is struck by the rays of the rising sun, and the winds begin to blow while it is yet dark, mists begin to rise upward from damp places. That the air when thoroughly heated by the sun can make vapours rise rolling up from the earth, may be seen by means of an example drawn from baths.
2.3. Vaporem autem et nebulas et umores ex terra nasci haec videtur efficere ratio, quod ea habet in se et calores fervidos et spiritus inmanes refrigerationesque et aquarum magnam multitudinem. ex eo, cum refrigeratum noctu sol oriens impetu tangit orbem terrae et ventorum flatus oriuntur per tenebras, ab umidis locis egrediuntur in altitudinem nubes. aer autem cur a sole percalefactus cum rationibus tollit ex terra umores, licet ex balineis exemplum capere.
2.4. 4. Of course there can be no springs above the vaultings of hot bathrooms, but the atmosphere in such rooms, becoming well warmed by the hot air from the furnaces, seizes upon the water on the floors, and takes it up to the curved vaultings and holds it up there, for the reason that hot vapour always pushes upwards. At first it does not let the moisture go, for the quantity is small; but as soon as it has collected a considerable amount, it cannot hold it up, on account of the weight, but sprinkles it upon the heads of the bathers. In the same way, when the atmospheric air feels the heat of the sun, it draws the moisture from all about, causes it to rise, and gathers it into clouds. For the earth gives out moisture under the influence of heat just as a man's heated body emits sweat.
2.4. Nullae enim camerae, quae sunt caldariorum, supra se possunt habere fontes, sed caelum, quod est ibi ex praefurniis ab ignis vapore percalefactum, corripit ex pavimentis aquam et aufert secum in camararum curvaturas et sustinet, ideo quod semper vapor calidus in altitudinem se trudit. et primo non remittit propter brevitatem, simul autem plus umoris habet congestum, non potest sustinere propter gravitatem, sed stillat supra lavantium capita. item eadem ratione caelestis aer, cum ab sole percepit calorem, ex omnibus locis hauriendo tollit umores et congregat ad nubes. ita enim terra fervore tacta eicit umores, ⟨ut⟩ etiam corpus hominis ex calore emittit sudores.
2.5. 5. The winds are witnesses to this fact. Those that are produced and come from the coolest directions, the north and northeast winds, blow in blasts that are rarefied by the great dryness in the atmosphere, but the south wind and the others that assail us from the direction of the sun's course are very damp, and always bring rain, because they reach us from warm regions after being well heated there, and licking up and carrying off the moisture from the whole country, they pour it out on the regions in the north.
2.5. Indices autem sunt eius rei venti, ex quibus qui a frigidissimis partibus veniunt procreati, septentrio et aquilo, extenuatos siccitatibus in aere flatus spirant; auster vero et reliqui, qui a solis cursu impetum faciunt, sunt umidissimi et semper adportant imbres, quod percalefacti ab regionibus fervidis adveniunt et omnibus terris lambentes eripiunt umores et ita eos profundunt ad septentrionales regiones.
2.6. 6. That this is the state of the case may be proved by the sources of rivers, the majority and the longest of which, as drawn and described in geographies of the world, are found to rise in the north. First in India, the Ganges and Indus spring from the Caucasus; in Syria, the Tigris and Euphrates; in Pontus in Asia, the Dnieper, Bug, and Don; in >Colchis, the Phasis; in Gaul, the Rhone; in Celtica, the Rhine; on this side of the Alps, the Timavo and Po; in Italy, the Tiber; in Maurusia, which we call Mauretania, the Dyris, rising in the Atlas range and running westerly to Lake Heptagonus, where it changes its name and is called Agger; then from Lake Heptabolus it runs at the base of barren mountains, flowing southerly and emptying into the marsh called... It surrounds Meroë, which is a kingdom in southern Ethiopia, and from the marsh grounds there, winding round by the rivers Astansoba and Astoboa and a great many others, it passes through the mountains to the Cataract, and from there it dashes down, and passes to the north between Elephantis and Syene and the plains of Thebes into Egypt, where it is called the Nile.
2.6. Haec autem sic fieri testimonio possunt esse capita fluminum, quae orbe terrarum chorographiis picta itemque scripta plurima maximaque inveniuntur egressa ad septentrionem. primumque in India Ganges et Indus ab Caucaso monte oriuntur; Syria Tigris et Euphrates; Asiae item Ponto Borysthenes, Hypanis, Tanais; Colchis Phasis; Gallia Rhodanus; Celtica Rhenus; citra Alpis Timavos et Padus; Italia Tiberis; Maurusia, quam nostri Mauretaniam appellant, ex monte Atlante Dyris, qui ortus ex septentrionali regione progreditur per occidentem ad lacum Eptagonum et mutato nomine dicitur Agger, deinde ex lacu Eptabolo sub montes desertos subterfluens per meridiana loca manat et influit in Paludem quae appellatur, circumcingit Meroen, quod est Aethiopum meridianorum regnum, ab hisque paludibus se circumagens per flumina Astansobam et Astoboam et alia plura pervenit per montes ad cataractam ab eoque se praecipitans per septentrionalem pervenit inter Elephantida et Syenen Thebaicosque in Aegyptum campos et ibi Nilus appellatur.
2.7. 7. That the source of the Nile is in Mauretania is known principally from the fact that there are other springs on the other side of the Atlas range flowing into the ocean to the west, and that ichneumons, crocodiles, and other animals and fishes of like nature are found there, although there are no hippopotamuses.
2.7. Ex Mauretania autem caput Nili profluere ex eo maxime cognoscitur, quod ex altera parte montis Atlantis alia capita item profluentia ad occidentem Oceanum ⟨petunt⟩, ibique nascuntur ichneumones, crocodili, aliae similes bestiarum pisciumque naturae praeter hippopotamos.
2.8. 8. Therefore, since in descriptions of the world it appears that all rivers of any size flow from the north, and since in the plains of Africa, which are exposed to the course of the sun in the south, the moisture is deeply hidden, springs not common, and rivers rare, it follows that the sources of springs which lie to the north or northeast are much better, unless they hit upon a place which is full of sulphur, alum, or asphalt. In this case they are completely changed, and flow in springs which have a bad smell and taste, whether the water is hot or cold.
2.8. Ergo cum omnia flumina magnitudinibus in orbis terrarum descriptionibus a septentrione videantur profluere Afrique campi, qui sunt in meridianis partibus subiecti solis cursui, latentes penitus habeant umores nec fontes crebros amnesque raros, relinquitur, uti multo meliora inveniantur capita fontium, quae ad septentrionem aut aquilonem spectant, nisi si inciderint in sulphurosum locum aut aluminosum seu bituminosum. tunc enim permutantur ⟨et⟩ aut calidae aquae aut frigidae odore malo et sapore profundunt fontes.
2.9. 9. The fact is, heat is not at all a property of water, but when a stream of cold water happens upon a hot place, it boils up, and issues through the fissures and out of the ground in a state of heat. This cannot last very long, but in a short time the water becomes cold. If it were naturally hot, it would not cool off and lose its heat. Its taste, however, and its smell and colour are not restored, because it has become saturated and compounded with these qualities on account of the rarity of its nature.
2.9. Neque enim calidae aquae est ulla proprietas, sed frigida aqua, cum incidit percurrens in ardentem locum, effervescit et percalefacta egreditur per venas extra terram. ideo diutius non potest permanere, sed brevi spatio fit frigida. namque si naturaliter esset calida, non refrigeraretur calor eius. sapor autem et odor et color eius non restituitur, quod intinctus et commixtus est propter naturae raritatem.
3.1. 1. THERE are, however, some hot springs that supply water of the best taste, which is so delightful to drink that one does not think with regret of the Fountain of the Muses or the Marcian aqueduct. These hot springs are produced naturally, in the following manner. When fire is kindled down beneath in alum or asphalt or sulphur, it makes the earth immediately over it very hot, and emits a glowing heat to the parts still farther above it, so that if there are any springs of sweet water found in the upper strata, they begin to boil in their fissures when they are met by this heat, and so they run out with their taste unimpaired.
3.1. Sunt autem etiam nonnulli fontes calidi, ex quibus profluit aqua sapore optimo, quae in potione ita est suavis, uti nec fontalis ab Camenis nec Marcia saliens desideretur. haec autem ab natura perficiuntur his rationibus. cum in imo per alumen aut bitumen seu sulphur ignis excitatur, ardore percandefacit terram, quae est supra se; item fervidum emittit in superiora loca vaporem, et ita, si qui in îs locis, qui sunt supra, fontes dulcis aquae nascuntur, offensi eo vapore effervescunt inter venas et ita profluunt incorrupto sapore.
3.2. 2. And there are some cold springs that have a bad smell and taste. They rise deep down in the lower strata, cross places which are on fire, and then are cooled by running a long distance through the earth, coming out above ground with their taste, smell, and colour spoiled; as, for instance, the river Albula on the road to Tivoli and the cold springs of Ardea, which have the same smell and are called sulphur springs, and others in similar places. Although they are cold, yet at first sight they seem to be hot for the reason that when they happen upon a burning spot deep down below, the liquid and the fire meet, and with a great noise at the collision they take in strong currents of air, and thus, swollen by a quantity of compressed wind, they come out at the springs in a constant state of ebullition. When such springs are not open but confined by rocks, the force of the air in them drives them up through the narrow fissures to the summits of hills.
3.2. Sunt etiam odore et sapore non bono frigidi fontes, qui ab inferioribus locis penitus orti per loca ardentia transeunt et ab eo per longum spatium terrae percurrentes refrigerati perveniunt supra terram sapore, odore coloreque corrupto, uti in Tiburtina via flumen Albula et in Ardeatino fontes frigidi eodem odore, qui sulphurati dicuntur, et reliquis locis similibus. hi autem, cum sunt frigidi, ideo videntur aspectu fervere, quod, cum in ardentem locum alte penitus inciderunt, umore et igni inter se congruentibus offensa vehementi fragore validos recipiunt in se spiritus, et ita inflati vi venti coacti bullientes crebre per fontes egrediuntur. ex his autem qui non sunt aperti, sed ⟨grumis⟩ aut saxis continentur, per angustas venas vehementia spiritus extruduntur ad summos grumorum tumulos.
3.3. 3. Consequently those who think that they have excavated sources of springs at the height of such hills find themselves mistaken when they open up their excavations. Suppose a bronze vase filled not to the very lips, but containing two thirds of the quantity of water which forms its capacity, and with a cover placed upon it. When it is subjected to a very hot fire, the water must become thoroughly heated, and from the rarity of its nature it greatly expands by taking in the heat, so that it not only fills the vase but raises its cover by means of the currents of air in it, and swells and runs over. But if you take the cover off, the expanding forces are released into the open air, and the water settles down again to its proper level. So it is with the sources of springs. As long as they are confined in narrow channels, the currents of air in the water rush up in bubbles to the top, but as soon as they are given a wider outlet, they lose their air on account of the rarity peculiar to water, and so settle down and resume their proper level.
3.3. Itaque qui putant se altitudine, qua sunt grumi, capita fontium posse habere, cum aperiunt fossuras latius, decipiuntur. namque uti aeneum vas non in summis labris plenum sed aquae mensurae suae capacitatis habens ⟨e⟩ tribus duas partes operculumque in eo conlocatum, cum ignis vehementi fervore tangatur, percalefieri cogit aquam, ea autem propter naturalem raritatem in se recipiens fervoris validam inflationem non modo implet vas, sed spiritibus extollens operculum et crescens abundat, sublato autem operculo emissis inflationibus in aere patenti rursus ad suum locum residit: ad eundem modum ea capita fontium cum sunt angustiis compressa, ruunt in summo spiritus aquae bullitus, simul autem sunt latius aperti, exanimati per raritates liquidae potestatis residunt et restituuntur in libramenti proprietatem.
3.4. 4. Every hot spring has healing properties because it has been boiled with foreign substances, and thus acquires a new useful quality. For example, sulphur springs cure pains in the sinews, by warming up and burning out the corrupt humours of the body by their heat. Aluminous springs, used in the treatment of the limbs when enfeebled by paralysis or the stroke of any such malady, introduce warmth through the open pores, counteracting the chill by the opposite effect of their heat, and thus equably restoring the limbs to their former condition. Asphaltic springs, taken as purges, cure internal maladies.
3.4. Omnis autem aqua calida ideo [quod] est medicamentosa, quod in pravis rebus percocta aliam virtutem recipit ad usum. namque sulphurosi fontes nervorum labores reficiunt percalefaciendo exurendoque caloribus e corporibus umores vitiosos. aluminosi autem, cum dissoluta membra corporum paralysi aut aliqua vi morbi receperunt, fovendo per patentes venas refrigerationem contraria caloris vi reficiunt, et hoc continenter restituuntur in antiquam membrorum curationem. bituminosi autem interioris corporis vitia potionibus purgando solent mederi.
3.5. 5. There is also a kind of cold water containing natron, found for instance at Penne in the Vestine country, at Cutiliae, and at other similar places. It is taken as a purge and in passing through the bowels reduces scrofulous tumours. Copious springs are found where there are mines of gold, silver, iron, copper, lead, and the like, but they are very harmful. For they contain, like hot springs, sulphur, alum, asphalt,... and when it passes into the body in the form of drink, and spreading through the veins reaches the sinews and joints, it expands and hardens them. Hence the sinews, swelling with this expansion, are contracted in length and so give men the cramp or the gout, for the reason that their veins are saturated with very hard, dense, and cold substances.
3.5. Est autem aquae frigidae genus nitrosum, uti Pinnae Vestinae, Cutiliis aliisque locis similibus, quae potionibus depurgat per alvumque transeundo etiam strumarum minuit tumores. ubi vero aurum, argentum, ferrum, aes, plumbum reliquaeque res earum similes fodiuntur, fontes inveniuntur copiosi, sed hi maxime sunt vitiosi. habent enim, uti aquae calidae sulphur alumen bitumen, faecem, quae, per potiones cum in corpus iniit et per venas permanando nervos attingit et artus, eos durat inflando. igitur nervi inflatione turgentes e longitudine contrahuntur et ita aut nervicos aut podagricos efficiunt homines, ideo quod ex durissimis et spissioribus rigidissimisque rebus intinctas habent venarum raritates.
3.6. 6. There is also a sort of water which, since it contains... that are not perfectly clear, and it floats like a flower on the surface, in colour like purple glass. This may be seen particularly in Athens, where there are aqueducts from places and springs of that sort leading to the city and the port of Piraeus, from which nobody drinks, for the reason mentioned, but they use them for bathing and so forth, and drink from wells, thus avoiding their unwholesomeness. At Troezen it cannot be avoided, because no other kind of water at all is found, except what the Cibdeli furnish, and so in that city all or most of the people have diseases of the feet. At the city of Tarsus in Cilicia is a river named Cydnus, in which gouty people soak their legs and find relief from pain.
3.6. Aquae autem species est, quae cum habeat non satis perlucidas … et ipsa uti flos natat in summo, colore similis vitri purpurei. haec maxime considerantur Athenis. ibi enim ex eiusmodi locis et fontibus in asty et ad portum Piraeum ducti sunt salientes, e quibus bibit nemo propter eam causam, sed lavationibus et reliquis rebus utuntur, bibunt autem ex puteis et ita vitant eorum vitia. Troezeni non potest id vitari, quod omnino aliud genus aquae non reperitur, nisi quod Cibdeli habeant; itaque in ea civitate aut omnes aut maxima parte sunt pedibus vitiosi. Cilicia vero civitate Tarso flumen est nomine Cydnos, in quo podagrici crura macerantes levantur dolore.
3.7. 7. There are also many other kinds of water which have peculiar properties; for example, the river Himera in Sicily, which, after leaving its source, is divided into two branches. One flows in the direction of Etruria and has an exceedingly sweet taste on account of a sweet juice in the soil through which it runs; the other runs through a country where there are salt pits, and so it has a salt taste. At Paraetonium, and on the road to Ammon, and at Casius in Egypt there are marshy lakes which are so salt that they have a crust of salt on the surface. In many other places there are springs and rivers and lakes which are necessarily rendered salt because they run through salt pits.
3.7. Sunt autem et alia multa genera, quae habent suas proprietates, ut in Sicilia flumen est Himeras, quod, a fonte cum est progressum, dividitur in duas partes; quae pars profluit contra Etruriam, quod per terrae dulcem sucum percurrit, est infinita dulcedine, quae altera parte per eam terram currit, unde sal foditur, salsum habet saporem. item Paraetonio et quod est iter ad Ammonem et Casio ad Aegyptum lacus sunt palustres, qui ita sunt salsi, ut habeant insuper se salem congelatum. sunt autem et aliis pluribus locis et fontes et flumina ⟨et⟩ lacus, qui per salifodinas percurrentes necessario salsi perficiuntur.
3.8. 8. Others flow through such greasy veins of soil that they are overspread with oil when they burst out as springs: for example, at Soli, a town in Cilicia, the river named Liparis, in which swimmers or bathers get anointed merely by the water. Likewise there is a lake in Ethiopia which anoints people who swim in it, and one in India which emits a great quantity of oil when the sky is clear. At Carthage is a spring that has oil swimming on its surface and smelling like sawdust from citrus wood, with which oil sheep are anointed. In Zacynthus and about Dyrrachium and Apollonia are springs which discharge a great quantity of pitch with their water. In Babylon, a lake of very great extent, called Lake Asphaltitis, has liquid asphalt swimming on its surface, with which asphalt and with burnt brick Semiramis built the wall surrounding Babylon. At Jaffa in Syria and among the Nomads in Arabia, are lakes of enormous size that yield very large masses of asphalt, which are carried off by the inhabitants thereabouts.
3.8. Alii autem per pingues terrae venas profluentes uncti oleo fontes erumpunt, uti Solis, quod oppidum est Ciliciae, flumen nomine Liparis, in quo natantes aut lavantes ab ipsa aqua unguntur. similiter Aethiopiae lacus est, qui unctos homines efficit, qui in eo nataverint, et India, qui sereno caelo emittit olei magnam multitudinem, item Carthagini fons, in quo natat insuper oleum, odore uti scobe citreo; quo oleo etiam pecora solent ungere. Zacyntho et circa Dyrrachium et Apolloniam fontes sunt, qui picis magnam multitudinem cum aqua evomunt. Babylone lacus amplissima magnitudine, qui λίμνη ἀσφάλτιτις appellatur, habet supra natans liquidum bitumen; quo bitumine et latere testaceo structum murum Samiramis circumdedit Babyloni. item Iope in Syria Arabiaque Nomadum lacus sunt inmani magnitudine, qui emittunt bituminis maximas moles, quas diripiunt qui habitant circa.
3.9. 9. There is nothing marvellous in this, for quarries of hard asphalt are numerous there. So, when a quantity of water bursts its way through the asphaltic soil, it carries asphalt out with it, and after passing out of the ground, the water is separated and so rejects the asphalt from itself. Again, in Cappadocia on the road from Mazaca to Tyana, there is an extensive lake into which if a part of a reed or of some other thing be plunged, and withdrawn the next day, it will be found that the part thus withdrawn has turned into stone, while the part which remained above water retains its original nature.
3.9. Id autem non est mirandum; nam crebrae sunt ibi lapidicinae bituminis duri. cum ergo per bituminosam terram vis erumpit aquae, secum extrahit et, cum sit egressa extra terram, secernitur et ita reicit ab se bitumen. etiamque est in Cappadocia in itinere, quod est inter Mazaca et Tyana, lacus amplus, in quem lacum pars sive harundinis sive alii generis si demissa fuerit et postero die exempta, ea pars, quae fuerit exempta, invenietur lapidea, quae autem pars extra aquam manserit, permanet in sua proprietate.
3.10. 10. In the same way, at Hierapolis in Phrygia there is a multitude of boiling hot springs from which water is let into ditches surrounding gardens and vineyards, and this water becomes an incrustation of stone at the end of a year. Hence, every year they construct banks of earth to the right and left, let in the water, and thus out of these incrustations make walls for their fields. This seems due to natural causes, since there is a juice having a coagulating potency like rennet underground in those spots and in that country. When this potency appears above ground mingled with spring water, the mixture cannot but be hardened by the heat of the sun and air, as appears in salt pits.
3.10. Ad eundem modum Hierapoli Phrygiae effervet aquae calidae multitudo, e quibus circum hortos et vineas fossis ductis inmittitur; haec autem efficitur post annum crusta lapidea. ita quotannis dextra ac sinistra margines ex terra faciundo inducunt eam et efficiunt his crustis in agris saepta. hoc autem ita videtur naturaliter fieri, quod in îs locis et ea terra, quibus [is] nascitur, sucus subest coaguli naturae similis; deinde cum commixta vis egreditur per fontes extra terram, a solis et aeris calore cogitur congelari, ut etiam in areis salinarum videtur.
3.11. 11. There are also springs which issue exceedingly bitter, owing to a bitter juice in the soil, such as the river Hypanis in Pontus. For about forty miles from its source its taste is very sweet; then it reaches a point about one hundred and sixty miles from its mouth, where it is joined by a very small brook. This runs into it, and at once makes that vast river bitter, for the reason that the water of the brook becomes bitter by flowing through the kind of soil and the veins in which there are sandarach mines.
3.11. Item sunt ex amaro suco terrae fontes exeuntes vehementer amari, ut in Ponto est flumen Hypanis. ⟨is⟩ a capite profluit circiter milia XL sapore dulcissimo; deinde, cum pervenit ad locum, qui est ab ostio ad milia CLX, admiscetur ei fonticulus oppido quam parvulus. is cum in eum influit, tunc tantam magnitudinem fluminis facit amaram, ideo quod per id genus terrae et venas, unde sandaracam fodiunt, ea aqua manando perficitur amara.
3.12. 12. These waters are given their different flavours by the properties of the soil, as is also seen in the case of fruits. If the roots of trees, vines, or other plants did not produce their fruits by drawing juices from soil of different properties, the flowers of all would be of the same kind in all places and districts. But we find in the island of Lesbos the protropum wine, in Maeonia, the catacecaumenites, in Lydia, the Tmolian, in Sicily, the Mamertine, in Campania, the Falernian, between Terracina and Fondi, the Caecuban, and wines of countless varieties and qualities produced in many other places. This could not be the case, were it not that the juice of the soil, introduced with its proper flavours into the roots, feeds the stem, and, mounting along it to the top, imparts a flavour to the fruit which is peculiar to its situation and kind.
3.12. Haec autem dissimilibus saporibus a terrae proprietate perficiuntur, uti etiam in fructibus videtur. si enim radices arborum aut vitium aut reliquorum seminum non ex terrae proprietatibus sucum capiendo ederent fructus, uno genere essent in omnibus locis et regionibus omnium sapores. sed animadvertimus insula Lesbo vinum protropum, Maeonia Catacecaumeniten, Lydia Tmoliten, Sicilia Mamertinum, Campania Falernum, Terracina et Fundis Caecubum reliquisque locis pluribus innumerabili multitudine genera vini virtutesque procreari. quae non aliter possunt fieri, nisi, cum terrenus umor suis proprietatibus saporis in radicibus sit infusus, enutrit materiam, per quam egrediens ad cacumen profundat proprium loci et generis sui ⟨in⟩ fructus saporem.