1. If a man wants to make a useful war-horse look more stately and showy when ridden, he must avoid pulling his mouth with the bit, and using the spur and whip, means by which most people imagine that they show off a horse. In point of fact the results they produce are the very opposite of what they intend.
1. ἢν δέ τίς ποτε βουληθῇ χρῆσθαι τῷ χρησίμῳ εἰς πόλεμον ἵππῳ ὡς μεγαλοπρεπεστέρῳ τε καὶ περιβλεπτοτέρῳ ἱππάζεσθαι, τοῦ μὲν ἕλκειν τε τὸ στόμα τῷ χαλινῷ καὶ μυωπίζειν τε καὶ μαστιγοῦν τὸν ἵππον, ἃ οἱ πολλοὶ ποιοῦντες λαμπρύνειν οἴονται, ἀπέχεσθαι δεῖ· πάντα γὰρ τἀναντία οὗτοί γε ποιοῦσιν ὧν βούλονται.
2. For by dragging the mouth up they blind their horses instead of letting them see ahead, and by spurring and whipping, flurry them so that they are startled and get into danger. That is the behaviour of horses that strongly object to being ridden and that behave in an ugly and unseemly fashion.
2. τά τε γὰρ στόματα ἕλκοντες ἄνω ἀντὶ τοῦ προορᾶν ἐκτυφλοῦσι τοὺς ἵππους καὶ μυωπίζοντες καὶ παίοντες ἐκπλήττουσιν, ὡς τεταράχθαι καὶ κινδυνεύειν. ταῦτα δʼ ἐστὶν ἵππων ἔργα τῶν μάλιστα ἀχθομένων ἱππασίᾳ καὶ αἰσχρὰ καὶ οὐ καλὰ ποιούντων.
3. But if you teach the horse to go with a slack bridle, to hold his neck up and to arch it towards the head, you will cause the horse to do the very things in which he himself delights and takes the greatest pleasure.
3. ἐὰν δέ τις διδάξῃ τὸν ἵππον ἐν χαλαρῷ μὲν τῷ χαλινῷ ἱππεύειν, ἄνω δὲ τὸν αὐχένα αἴρειν, ἀπὸ δὲ τῆς κεφαλῆς κυρτοῦσθαι, οὕτως ἂν ἀπεργάζοιτο ποιεῖν τὸν ἵππον οἵοισπερ καὶ αὐτὸς ἥδεταί τε καὶ ἀγάλλεται.
4. A proof that he delights in them is that whenever he himself chooses to show off before horses, and especially before mares, he raises his neck highest and arches his head most, looking fierce; he lifts his legs freely off the ground and tosses his tail up.
4. τεκμήριον δὲ ὅτι τούτοις ἥδεται· ὅταν γὰρ αὐτὸς σχηματοποιεῖσθαι θέλῃ παρʼ ἵππους, μάλιστα δὲ ὅταν παρὰ θηλείας, τότε αἴρει τε τὸν αὐχένα ἄνω καὶ κυρτοῖ μάλιστα τὴν κεφαλὴν γοργούμενος, καὶ τὰ μὲν σκέλη ὑγρὰ μετεωρίζει, τὴν δὲ οὐρὰν ἄνω ἀνατείνει.
5. Whenever, therefore, you induce him to carry himself in the attitudes he naturally assumes when he is most anxious to display his beauty, you make him look as though he took pleasure in being ridden, and give him a noble, fierce, and attractive appearance. How we think that these effects may be produced we will now try to explain.
5. ὅταν οὖν τις αὐτὸν εἰς ταῦτα προάγῃ ἅπερ αὐτὸς σχηματοποιεῖται, ὅταν μάλιστα καλλωπίζηται, οὕτως ἡδόμενόν τε τῇ ἱππασίᾳ καὶ μεγαλοπρεπῆ καὶ γοργὸν καὶ περίβλεπτον ἀποφαίνει τὸν ἵππον. ὡς οὖν ἡγούμεθα ταῦτʼ ἂν ἀπεργασθῆναι νῦν αὖ πειρασόμεθα διηγεῖσθαι.
6. To begin with, you should possess two bits at least. One of these should be smooth and have the discs of a good size; the other should have the discs heavy and low, and the teeth sharp, so that when the horse seizes it he may drop it because he objects to its roughness, and when he is bitted with the smooth one instead, may welcome its smoothness and may do on the smooth bit what he has been trained to do with the aid of the rough one.
6. πρῶτον μὲν τοίνυν χρὴ οὐ μεῖον δυοῖν χαλινοῖν κεκτῆσθαι. τούτων δὲ ἔστω ὁ μὲν λεῖος, τοὺς τροχοὺς εὐμεγέθεις ἔχων, ὁ δʼ ἕτερος τοὺς μὲν τροχοὺς καὶ βαρεῖς καὶ ταπεινούς, τοὺς δʼ ἐχίνους ὀξεῖς, ἵνα, ὁπόταν μὲν τοῦτον λάβῃ, ἀσχάλλων τῇ τραχύτητι διὰ τοῦτο ἀφίῃ, ὅταν δὲ τὸν λεῖον μεταλάβῃ, τῇ μὲν λειότητι αὐτοῦ ἡσθῇ, ἃ δʼ ἂν ὑπὸ τοῦ τραχέος παιδευθῇ, ταὐτὰ δὲ καὶ ἐν τῷ λείῳ ποιῇ.
7. In case, however, he takes no account of it because of its smoothness, and keeps bearing against it, we put large discs on the smooth bit to stop this, so that they may force him to open his mouth and drop the bit. It is possible also to make the rough bit adaptable by wrapping it up and tightening the reins.
7. ἢν δʼ αὖ καταφρονήσας τῆς λειότητος θαμινὰ ἀπερείδηται ἐν αὐτῷ, τούτου ἕνεκα τοὺς τροχοὺς μεγάλους τῷ λείῳ προστίθεμεν, ἵνα χάσκειν ἀναγκαζόμενος ὑπʼ αὐτῶν ἀφίῃ τὸ στόμιον. οἷόν τε δὲ καὶ τὸν τραχὺν παντοδαπὸν ποιεῖν καὶ κατειλοῦντα καὶ κατατείνοντα.
8. But whatever be the pattern of the bits, they must all be flexible. For wherever a horse seizes a stiff one, he holds the whole of it against his jaws, just as you lift the whole of a spit wherever you take hold of it.
8. ὁποῖοι δʼ ἂν ὦσι χαλινοί, πάντες ὑγροὶ ἔστωσαν. τὸν μὲν γὰρ σκληρόν, ὅπῃ ἂν ὁ ἵππος λάβῃ, ὅλον ἔχει πρὸς ταῖς γνάθοις, ὥσπερ καὶ ὀβελίσκον, ὁπόθεν ἄν τις λάβῃ, ὅλον αἴρει.
9. But the other kind of bit acts like a chain: for only the part that you hold remains unbent, while the rest of it hangs loose. As the horse continually tries to seize the part that eludes him in his mouth, he lets the bit drop from his jaws. This is why little rings are hung in the middle on the axles, in order that the horse may feel after them with his tongue and teeth and not think of taking the bit up against the jaws.
9. ὁ δὲ ἕτερος ὥσπερ ἡ ἅλυσις ποιεῖ· ὃ γὰρ ἂν ἔχῃ τις αὐτοῦ, τοῦτο μόνον ἄκαμπτον μένει, τὸ δὲ ἄλλο ἀπήρτηται. τὸ δὲ φεῦγον ἐν τῷ στόματι ἀεὶ θηρεύων ἀφίησιν ἀπὸ τῶν γνάθων τὸ στόμιον· τούτου ἕνεκα καὶ οἱ κατὰ μέσον ἐκ τῶν ἀξόνων δακτύλιοι κρεμάννυνται, ὅπως τούτους διώκων τῇ τε γλώττῃ καὶ τοῖς ὀδοῦσιν ἀμελῇ τοῦ ἀναλαμβάνειν πρὸς τὰς γνάθους τὸν χαλινόν.
10. In case the meaning of the terms flexible and stiff as applied to a bit is not known, we will explain this too. “Flexible” means that the axles have broad and smooth links so that they bend easily; and if everything that goes round the axles has large openings, and does not fit tight, it is more flexible.
10. εἰ δέ τις ἀγνοεῖ, τί τὸ ὑγρὸν τοῦ χαλινοῦ καὶ τί τὸ σκληρόν, γράψομεν καὶ τοῦτο. ὑγρὸν μὲν γάρ ἐστιν ὅταν οἱ ἄξονες εὐρείας καὶ λείας ἔχωσι τὰς συμβολάς, ὥστε ῥᾳδίως κάμπτεσθαι· καὶ πάντα δὲ ὁπόσα περιτίθεται περὶ τοὺς ἄξονας ἢν εὐρύστομα ᾖ καὶ μὴ σύμπυκνα, ὑγρότερά ἐστιν.
11. “Stiff,” on the other hand, means that the pieces of the bit do not run over the axles and work in combination easily. Whatever the pattern may be, the same method of using it must be carried out in all the points that follow, assuming that you want your horse to have just the appearance I have described.
11. ἢν δὲ χαλεπῶς ἕκαστα τοῦ χαλινοῦ διατρέχῃ καὶ συνθέῃ, τοῦτʼ ἐστὶ τὸ σκληρὸν εἶναι. ὁποῖος δʼ ἄν τις ᾖ, τούτῳ τάδε γε πάντα ταὐτὰ ποιητέον, ἤνπερ γε βούληται ἀποδείξασθαι τὸν ἵππον οἷονπερ εἴρηται·
12. The mouth must neither be pulled so hard that he holds his nose in the air, nor so gently that he takes no notice. As soon as he raises his neck when you pull, give him the bit at once. Invariably, in fact, as we cannot too often repeat, you must humour you horse whenever he responds to your wishes.
12. ἀνακρουστέον μὲν τὸ στόμα τοῦ ἵππου οὔτε ἄγαν χαλεπῶς ὥστʼ ἐκνεύειν, οὔτε ἄγαν ἡσύχως ὡς μὴ αἰσθάνεσθαι· ἐπειδὰν δὲ ἀνακρουόμενος αἴρῃ τὸν αὐχένα, δοτέον εὐθὺς τὸν χαλινόν. καὶ τἆλλα δὲ δεῖ, ὥσπερ οὐ παυόμεθα λέγοντες, ἐν ᾧ ἂν καλῶς ὑπηρετῇ, χαρίζεσθαι τῷ ἵππῳ.
13. And when you notice that high carriage of his neck and lightness of hand give him pleasure, you should not deal hardly with him as though you were forcing him to work, but coax him as when you want to stop; for thus he will break into a fast pace with most confidence.
13. καὶ ὅταν δʼ αἴσθηται ἡδόμενον τὸν ἵππον τῇ τε ὑψαυχενίᾳ καὶ τῇ χαλαρότητι, ἐν τούτῳ οὐδὲν δεῖ χαλεπὸν προσφέρειν ὡς πονεῖν ἀναγκάζοντα, ἀλλὰ θωπεύειν ὡς ἱππάσασθαι βουλόμενον· οὕτω γὰρ μάλιστα θαρρῶν πρόεισιν εἰς τὴν ταχεῖαν ἱππασίαν.
14. There is plain proof that a horse takes pleasure in going fast: for when he breaks loose a horse never goes at a walking pace, but always runs. He instinctively takes pleasure in this, provided he is not compelled to run too far for his strength. Nothing in excess is ever pleasing either to horse or man.
14. ὡς δὲ καὶ τῷ ταχὺ θεῖν ἵππος ἥδεται τεκμήριον· ἐκφυγὼν γὰρ οὐδεὶς βάδην πορεύεται, ἀλλὰ θεῖ. τούτῳ γὰρ πέφυκεν ἥδεσθαι, ἢν μή τις πλείω τοῦ καιροῦ θεῖν ἀναγκάζῃ· ὑπερβάλλον δὲ τὸν καιρὸν οὐδὲν τῶν πάντων ἡδὺ οὔτε ἵππῳ οὔτε ἀνθρώπῳ.
15. When your horse has progressed so far as to bear himself proudly when ridden, he has, of course, already been accustomed in the early exercises to break into a quicker pace after turning. Now if after he has learnt this you pull him up with the bit and at the same time give him one of the signs to go forward, then being held back by the bit and yet roused by the signal to go forward, he throws his chest out and lifts his legs from the ground impatiently, but not with a supple motion; for when horses feel uncomfortable, the action of their legs is not at all supple.
15. ὅταν γε μὴν εἰς τὸ ἱππάζεσθαι μετὰ τοῦ κυδροῦ ἀφιγμένος ᾖ, εἰθισμένος μὲν δήπου ἡμῖν ἦν ἐν τῇ πρώτῃ ἱππασίᾳ ἐκ τῶν στροφῶν εἰς τὸ θᾶττον ὁρμᾶσθαι. ἢν δέ τις τοῦτο [μὲν] μεμαθηκότος αὐτοῦ ἅμα ἀντιλαμβάνηταί τε τῷ χαλινῷ καὶ σημήνῃ τῶν ὁρμητηρίων τι, οὕτως ὑπὸ μὲν τοῦ χαλινοῦ πιεσθείς, ὑπὸ δὲ τοῦ ὁρμᾶν σημανθῆναι ἐγερθείς, [καὶ] προβάλλεται μὲν τὰ στέρνα, αἴρει δὲ ἄνω τὰ σκέλη ὀργιζόμενος, οὐ μέντοι ὑγρά γε· οὐ γὰρ μάλα ὅταν λυπῶνται ὑγροῖς τοῖς σκέλεσιν ἵπποι χρῶνται.
16. But if, when he is thus excited, you give him the bit, then, mistaking the looseness of the bit for a deliverance from restraint, he bounds forward for very joy with a proud bearing and supple legs, exultant, imitating exactly in every way the graces that he displays before horses.
16. ἢν δέ τις οὕτως ἀνεζωπυρημένῳ αὐτῷ δῷ τὸν χαλινόν, ἐνταῦθʼ ὑφʼ ἡδονῆς τῷ διὰ τὴν χαλαρότητα τοῦ στομίου λελύσθαι νομίζειν, κυδρῷ μὲν τῷ σχήματι, ὑγροῖν δὲ τοῖν σκελοῖν γαυριώμενος φέρεται, παντάπασιν ἐκμιμούμενος τὸν πρὸς ἵππους καλλωπισμόν.
17. And those who watch the horse when he is like that call him well-bred, a willing worker, worth riding, mettlesome, magnificent, and declare his appearance to be at once pleasing and fiery. And here we conclude these explanations addressed to those who want this sort of thing.
17. καὶ οἱ θεώμενοι τὸν ἵππον τοιοῦτον ἐπικαλοῦσιν ἐλευθέριόν τε καὶ ἐθελουργὸν καὶ ἱππαστὴν καὶ θυμοειδῆ καὶ σοβαρὸν καὶ ἅμα ἡδύν τε καὶ γοργὸν ἰδεῖν. καὶ ταῦτα μὲν δή, ἢν τούτων τις ἐπιθυμήσῃ, μέχρι τούτων ἡμῖν γεγράφθω.